尼卡地平、硝普钠用于控制性降压对鼻内镜手术脑氧代谢的影响

目的比较鼻内镜手术中应用尼卡地平、硝普钠行控制性降压对脑氧代谢的影响。方法选择鼻息肉行内镜手术者30例,随机分为两组,分别采用尼卡地平(A组,n=15)和硝普钠(B组,n=15)行控制性降压。于不同时段降压前(T0)、降压后10 min(T1)、降压后30 min(T2)及停止降压后10 min(T3)行动静脉血气分析。结果①T1、T2时,B组HR明显快于T0时,且在此两时点HR明显快于A组(P<0.05)。②A组D(a-jv)O2、CERO2在T1、T2时较T0时明显下降,且在此两时点上明显低于B组(P<0.05)。结论尼卡地平、硝普钠均可安全用于鼻内镜手术中的控制性降压,都能降低脑氧代谢,但在降低脑氧代谢、改善脑氧合方面,尼卡地平优于硝普钠,有较好的脑保护作用。     

尼卡地平控制性降压对家犬脊髓血流的影响

目的　观察尼卡地平控制性降压对家犬脊髓血流的影响。方法　成年杂种犬 6只 ,体重 12 5～ 16kg ,以 2 5 %硫喷妥钠麻醉。股动脉置管监测MAP。以尼卡地平 8μg·kg 1·min 1持续静脉注射控制性降压。以激光多普勒血流仪测定脊髓血流 (SCBF)。结果　降压前MAP为 (12 5 7±10 6 )mmHg ,降压后为 (72 0± 11 2 )mmHg ,平均下降 4 2 8%。降压前SCBF为 (9 80± 1 0 5 )v ,降压后为 (8 0 4± 0 96 )v ,降低幅度为 18%。结论　尼卡地平控制性降压对SCBF影响较小 ,可安全用于脊髓手术。     

异丙酚复合麻醉下髋关节置换术患者瑞芬太尼控制性降压的效果

目的探讨异丙酚复合麻醉下髋关节置换术患者瑞芬太尼控制性降压的效果。方法择期行髋关节置换术患者30例,ASA分级Ⅱ级或Ⅲ级,随机分为2组(n=15):瑞芬太尼组(R组)和硝普钠组(N组)。2组麻醉诱导气管插管后在30min内静脉输注6%羟乙基淀粉200/0.5 15ml/kg行急性高容量血液稀释,桡动脉穿刺置管监测平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR),颈内静脉穿刺置管监测中心静脉压,术中维持脑电双频谱指数45～55。2组于切皮前开始降压,R组和N组分别持续静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.3～0.7μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)、硝普钠0.5～6.0μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1),使MAP降低到术前基础值的70%左右(60～70mm Hg)并维持至术毕。分别于急性高容量血液稀释后控制性降压前即刻(T_0)、控制性降压20min(T_1)、40min(T_2)、术毕(T_3)时抽取静脉血,测定血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(Hct)、乳酸(Lac)浓度,同时抽取动脉血,行动脉血气分析,记录开始降压至目标血压所需的时间(降压诱导时间)、停降压药后MAP恢复至基础值的时间(MAP恢复时间)及术中出血量、输血量。结果与N组比较,R组降压诱导时间、MAP恢复时间、血气分析指标及Lae水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),T_(1,2)时HR降低,出血量减少(P<0.05或0.01);N组有5例患者发生反射性心动过速,需使用艾司洛尔,T_3时有2例患者发生反跳性高血压,2组术后均未见并发症。结论异丙酚复合麻醉下髋关节置换术患者持续静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.3～0.7μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)控制性降压可控性好,降压及恢复平稳,且血液保护作用优于硝普钠。     

急性高容量血液稀释联合控制性降压对血液动力学及氧代谢的影响

目的 观察术中急性高容量血液稀释(AHH)联合硝普钠或尼卡地平控制性降压(CH)时血液动力学、氧代谢的变化,评价其可行性。方法 全麻手术病人30例,随机分为两组,每组15例。组Ⅰ AHH联合硝普钠CH;组ⅡAHH联合尼卡地平CH。手术开始后在30 min内输入15 ml·kg-1中分子羟乙基淀粉溶液。同时,以MAP基础值的70％为目标,行CH。分别于麻醉诱导后即AHH联合CH前(基础值,T0)、AHH联合CH后30min(T1)、60min(T2)记录血液动力学指标,同时采集中心静脉血、股动脉血测定血气及动脉血乳酸浓度(LAC),计算氧供(DO2)、氧耗(VO2)和氧摄取率(ERO2)。结果 与T0比较:两组Hb、Hct、MAP、SVR下降,HR增快(P<0.01),VO2、LAC无明显变化(P>0.05);组Ⅰ CO、CI、CVP均无明显变化(P>0.05),组Ⅱ上升(P<0.01);组Ⅰ ScvO2、DO2,显著性降低(P<0.01),组Ⅱ无明显变化(P>0.05);组Ⅰ ERO2增加(P<0.01),组Ⅱ无明显变化(P>0.05)。与组Ⅰ比较,组ⅡT0时各指标差异无显著性(P>0.05),T1、T2时CO、CI、CVP、ScvO2、DO2升高,而HR、SvR、ERO2降低(P<0.01)。结论 急性高容量血液稀释联合硝普钠或尼卡地平CH,能维持机体血液动力学和氧代谢的相对稳定,硝普钠减低容量负荷作用强于尼卡地平,而尼卡地平对机体氧代谢影响更小。     

急性高容量血液稀释联合控制性降压对脑代谢的影响

目的 :观察急性高容量血液稀释 (AHH)联合硝普钠或尼卡地平控制性降压 (CH)时对脑氧供需平衡、脑能量代谢的影响 ,评价其可行性。方法 :择期脑膜瘤切除术病人 30例 ,随机分为两组 ,每组 1 5例。Ⅰ组AHH联合硝普钠CH ;Ⅱ组AHH联合尼卡地平CH。同时以MAP基础值的 6 0～ 70 %行CH。连续监测HR、MAP、CVP ,并分别于麻醉诱导后即AHH联合CH前 (T0 )、AHH联合CH30min(T1)、AHH联合CH6 0min(T2 )采集桡动脉和颈内静脉血行血气分析 ,测定Hb、Hct值 ,并计算动 -颈内静脉氧含量差 (Da - jvO2 ) ;测定算出动 -颈内静脉血乳酸 (LD)、SOD、MDA含量差 (Da- jvL、Da - jvSOD、Da - jvMDA)。结果 :与T0 比较 :T1、T2 时点Ⅰ组的CjvO2 、Ⅱ组T1、T2 的Da - jvO2 显著降低 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,Ⅰ组Da - jvO2 、Ⅱ组CjvO2 显著增高 (P <0 .0 1 )。两组各时点动、颈内静脉血CaO2 、CaL、CjvL、Da - jvL、Da - jv SOD、Da - jvMDA值均无显著变化 (P >0 .0 5)。结论 :AHH联合硝普钠或尼卡地平CH能维持脑氧供需平衡、脑能量代谢的稳定 ;而尼卡地平对脑神经系统更安全。     

硝普钠-艾司洛尔用于神经外科控制性降压的临床研究

目的　研究硝普钠或硝普钠 艾司洛尔用于轻或中度颅内高压患者控制性降压对脑氧代谢和颅内压的影响。方法　 1 8例颅内压轻度增高的颅内肿瘤患者 ,在持续丙泊酚静脉麻醉 (目标血浓度 5 μg/ml)下行开颅手术。采用硝普钠或硝普钠 艾司洛尔控制性降压至动脉压 6 4～ 6 8/ 4 0～4 5mmHg,持续 1h。监测降压前后及降压期间颈内静脉血氧饱和度及动脉氧分压、颅内压、心率、血压变化。结果　在丙泊酚全身麻醉下硝普钠降压不引起颅内压增高 ,脑氧代谢良好。合并使用艾司洛尔 5 0 μg·kg 1 ·min 1 ,有助于维持较低的颅内压 ,并可减慢心率 ,防止硝普钠停药后反跳性高血压 ,硝普钠用量亦减少约 4 5 %。结论　硝普钠降压用于丙泊酚静脉麻醉的神经外科病人 ,脑氧代谢良好 ,联合使用硝普钠、艾司洛尔优于单纯使用硝普钠     

高容血液稀释联合控制性降压对腰椎手术病人肾小球功能和内环境的影响

目的 探讨术前急性高容血液稀释联合控制性降压对腰椎手术病人肾小球功能和内环境的影响。方法 将30例腰椎骨折椎板减压、切复内固定病人随机分为两组,术前急性高容血液稀释联合术中硝普钠控制性降压组(联合组)和单纯硝普钠控制性降压组(对照组),每组15例。测定联合组插管后稀释前(T0)、稀释后降压前(T1)、降压后30min(T2)和停降压后30min(T3)四个时间点,对照组插管后降压前(T1)、降压后30 min(T2)和停降压后30 min(T3)三个时间点动脉血K 、Na 、Ca2 、Cl-浓度和血气分析以及血浆β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)的变化。结果 pH值:联合组T1-3较T0降低(P<0.01),而且低于对照组(P<0.05),T1、T2和T3之间无明显改变(P>0.05)。两组K 、Na 、Ca2 、Cl-和BE的变化比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。联合组β2-MGT1低于T0(P<0.05);对照组T2较T1升高(P<0.05),而且高于联合组(P<0.05)。结论 硝普钠控制性降压可降低肾小球滤过率,术前急性高容血液稀释可以改善术中控制性降压对肾小球滤过率的影响,对内环境无明显影响。     

尼卡地平复合艾洛控制性降压在脊柱手术中的应用

目的探讨尼卡地平复合艾洛在脊柱手术中控制性降压的临床效果及对血流动力学的影响。方法选择择期行脊柱手术的ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级的患者60例,随机分为尼卡地平组(N组,n=30)和对照组(C组,n=30)。两组患者均采用气管插管全身麻醉。术中N组静脉滴注尼卡地平和艾司洛尔,记录两组患者手术过程中血压(SBP、DBP、MAP)和心率(HR)的变化及晶胶体输入量、尿量、输血量和出血量。结果N组患者在控制性降压期间血压明显下降(P<0.01),术中输血量和出血量N组明显少于C组(P<0.01),两组患者HR均维持平稳,晶胶体输入量和尿量组间无差异(P>0.05)。结论尼卡地平复合艾司洛尔可以安全有效地应用于脊柱术中的控制性降压。     

硝普钠对心脏瓣膜置换术后早期氧代谢的影响

目的　观察硝普钠对心脏瓣膜置换术后早期氧供需平衡的影响。方法　 2 4例心脏瓣膜置换术病人随机分为硝普钠组 (A组 )和对照组 (B组 ) ,每组 12例。A组病人在心肺转流 (CPB)复温时用硝普钠 1 0 μg·kg 1·min 1输注。停CPB后改为 0 8～ 4 6 μg·kg 1·min 1输注。观察两组病人氧供、氧耗、氧摄取率、混合静脉血氧饱和度、动脉血乳酸和心指数的变化。结果　停CPB后两组病人氧供 ,心指数同时点值比较无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;停CPB后 1、2h时A组病人氧耗、氧摄取率明显高于B组病人同时点值 (P <0 0 5 ) ,动脉血乳酸明显低于B组病人 (P <0 0 5 ) ,且A组病人呈病理性氧供依赖持续时间短于B组病人。结论　硝普钠与正性肌力药物合用可明显改善心脏瓣膜置换术早期氧代谢障碍     

右美托咪定联合硝普钠控制性降压在腔内隔绝术中的应用

目的探讨右美托咪定联合硝普钠控制性降压在腔内隔绝术中应用的安全性和有效性。方法选择诊断为DebakeyⅢ型夹层动脉瘤拟行腔内隔绝术的患者40例,男32例,女8例,年龄27~79岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机分为硝普钠组(S组)和右美托咪定联合硝普钠组(SD组),每组20例。SD组全麻诱导前给予右美托咪定1μg/kg,15min内泵注完毕;S组给予等量的生理盐水,两组均在切皮时泵注硝普钠实施控制性降压。记录两组患者入手术室时(T0)、泵注硝普钠后5min(T1)、10min(T2)及停止泵注硝普钠后5 min(T3)、10 min(T4)的SBP、HR;记录达到目标血压(70~90mm Hg)所用的时间、硝普钠的平均用量及手术麻醉过程中不良反应的发生情况。结果与T0时比较,T1~T3时S组、T1~T4时SD组的SBP明显下降,T3时S组、T1~T4时SD组的HR明显减慢(P0.05)。T3、T4时SD组的SBP明显低于S组,T1~T4时的HR明显慢于S组(P0.05)。SD组达到目标血压所用的时间明显短于S组(P0.05),硝普钠的平均用量明显少于S组(P0.05);SD组心动过速和术后躁动的发生率明显低于S组(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定联合硝普钠用于腔内隔绝术中控制性降压更平稳快速、安全有效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.