青海省三江源唐古拉地区蚤、蜱、虱调查

目的了解青海省三江源唐古拉地区蚤、蜱、虱种类分布及自然染疫状况。方法结合对该地区鼠疫疫源地的调查和监测工作,对捕获的小型兽类进行体外寄生虫采集,对蚤、蜱、虱标本分类鉴定,将部分标本送实验室做鼠疫细菌学培养。结果发现该地区蚤、蜱、虱有40种（或亚种）,隶属3目8科20属,其中蚤类5科17属36种,蜱类1科1属1种,吸虱2科2属3种（这些标本均保存在青海省地方病预防控制所）。13种喜马拉雅旱獭寄生蚤中自然感染鼠疫的蚤类有3种,即谢氏山蚤、斧形盖蚤、原双蚤指名亚种,亦从喜马拉雅旱獭体外寄生吸虱——古北拟颚虱中分离到鼠疫菌。结论加大该地区媒介昆虫生物学控制研究,为今后鼠疫防治工作服务。     

云南省香格里拉县鼠疫媒介蚤调查结果分析

目的 分析云南省香格里拉县小型兽类体表寄生蚤的构成和分布,为探讨滇西北高海拔地区是否存在喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫疫源地提供科学依据.方法 2011年6-7月,在香格里拉县6个乡镇,海拔2500～4900m区间4种景观带开展现场调查;分别采用夹线法、笼日法、圈套、吊杆扣和挖洞等方法捕获小兽,梳捡体蚤,分类计数.结果 从4目7科(亚科)14属21种425只小兽体表捡获寄生蚤334匹(3科7亚科15属26种);其中以迪庆额蚤和方叶栉眼蚤数量居多,分别占33.53％和13.17％;首次从云南省喜马拉雅旱獭体表和獭洞捡获青藏高原旱獭鼠疫疫源地主要媒介蚤种斧形盖蚤和谢氏山蚤,且为主要寄生蚤,分别占11.38％和6.59％.结论 迪庆额蚤为此次调查检获的优势种,从空间分布来看,不同海拔垂直梯度和4种景观都有分布,特新蚤指名亚种分布无论从景观还是海拔高度都未呈现集中优势,这与玉龙和剑川两块鼠疫疫源地有明显区别,而喜马拉雅旱獭体外寄生蚤斧形盖蚤和谢氏山蚤的客观存在,为推测当地存在喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫疫源地提供了极有价值的线索.     

青海格尔木西大滩高原训练基地主要媒介生物危害与防治策略

格尔木西大滩给部队有可能造成危害的主要媒介生物有喜马拉雅旱獭、高原鼠兔、藏系绵羊、蚤、蜱和蝇。喜马拉雅旱獭对驻训部队的威胁最大,高原鼠兔、蚤类、蜱、蝇类也给部队造成一定的威胁。藏系绵羊对驻训部队有潜在威胁。应该采取宣传教育、有限地灭獭和灭鼠、及时灭蝇等应对策略。     

四川省喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫自然疫源地的发现与研究

目的 调查四川地区是否存在喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫疫源地.方法 应用现场调查和实验室检测相结合方法,调查宿主动物及媒介蚤携带鼠疫菌的状况.结果 四川省德格县境内调查发现宿主动物10目30种(亚种);常见宿主动物为喜马拉雅旱獭和高原鼠兔,发现蚤类3科7属7种,喜马拉雅旱獭为鼠疫菌主要储存宿主,斧形盖蚤和谢氏山蚤为主要媒介,分离鼠疫菌13株;鼠疫间接血凝试验(IHA)阳性血清8份,牧犬血清最高滴度1:10 240,鼠疫反向血凝试验(RIHA)阳性19份,旱獭最高滴度1:409 600.四川省德格县境内鼠疫疫源地面积约4545 km2.结论 四川省存在喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫自然疫源地.     

2007-2010年德格县鼠疫相关标本检测结果分析

目的分析2007-2010年德格县鼠疫自然疫源地相关标本的检测结果,为四川省喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫自然疫源地防治提供科学依据。方法对鼠疫常规监测中的喜马拉雅旱獭等材料进行鼠疫菌分离培养、鼠疫间接血凝实验（IHA）和鼠疫反向血凝实验（RIHA）。结果 2007-2008年,细菌培养活体喜马拉雅旱獭223份,分离鼠疫菌2株,细菌培养自毙喜马拉雅旱獭汉89份,分离鼠疫菌27株;IHA检测喜马拉雅旱獭血清229份,阳性血清4份I,HA检测牧犬血清105份,阳性血清7份I,HA监测藏系绵羊血清117份,阳性血清0份;RIHA检测喜马拉雅旱獭脏器悬液89份,阳性32份,阳性率36.00%。结论 2007-2010年每年都分离出鼠疫菌,说明四川省德格县喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫自然疫源地处于活跃期,应加强人间鼠疫监测,防止人间鼠疫发生。     

青海省玉树地区鼠疫病原监测分析

1963年玉树地区首次从鼠疫患者尸体中检出鼠疫菌，同期开展的鼠疫自然疫源地调查结果支持该地区被判定为喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫自然疫源地。喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫每年4-lO月均有流行；藏系绵羊自然感染鼠疫导致的人间疫情从10月至翌年1月。     

青藏高原喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫疫源地内鼠疫菌某些生物学特性研究

青藏高原喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫疫源地内鼠疫菌某些生物学特性研究青海省地方病防治研究所（湟中总寨，８１１６０２）王丽，祁芝珍，李敏，师献卿，戴瑞霞，席亚芳青藏高原山地喜马拉雅旱獭（以下简称旱獭）鼠疫自然疫源地首次证实于１９５４年，在其后的４０年间，广大鼠防工...     

野生喜马拉雅旱獭实验室内对不同饵料的适口性观察

野生喜马拉雅旱獭是以选择性摄食带晨露的嫩草尖为主要食物来源的大型食草啮齿动物。在自然界中,对于放到洞口的食物均不取食,具有一定的攻击性。本研究旨在观察野生喜马拉雅旱獭对不同饵料的适口性[1],为现场工作条件下饲喂野生喜马拉雅旱獭提供途径和方法,同时为喜马拉雅旱獭实验动物化提供生物学基础。1材料与方法1.1材料来源野生喜马拉雅旱獭捕自青海省祁连县青羊沟村,共20只,体重3500~7500 g,雌性6只,雄性14只。     

2009年德格鼠疫自然疫源地检测结果分析

目的研究德格县喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫流行状况。方法对喜马拉雅旱獭等材料进行细菌分离培养、鼠疫间接血凝试验（IHA）和反间接向血凝试验（R IHA）。结果细菌培养检测自毙喜马拉雅旱獭18份,分离鼠疫菌10株,细菌培养检测活体喜马拉雅57份,分离菌株2株;IHA检测旱獭血清56份、阳性1份,牧犬血清24份、阳性2份;RIHA检测组织悬液18份,阳性9份均为旱獭。结论从喜马拉雅旱獭分离出鼠疫菌,说明四川省德格县2009年正在发生动物鼠疫流行。     

青藏高原喜马拉雅旱獭粪便携带腹泻相关病毒的调查分析

目的调查我国青藏高原喜马拉雅旱獭粪便中腹泻相关病毒的携带情况,并对检出病毒进行序列分析。方法根据腹泻相关病毒基因组保守区设计兼并引物,采用直接PCR或一步法RT-PCR方法对96份喜马拉雅旱獭粪便标本核酸进行检测;阳性PCR产物测序后与参考毒株进行序列比对;利用Phy ML 3.0软件对喜马拉雅旱獭粪便中病毒序列进行进化分析。结果 96份青藏高原喜马拉雅旱獭粪便中共检出星状病毒32份、小双节RNA病毒42份和嵴病毒5份,阳性率分别为35.4%、43.8%和5.2%;星状病毒、小双节RNA病毒和嵴病毒与参考毒株核苷酸一致性分别为78%、77%和93%,氨基酸一致性分别为77%、84%和91%。兼并引物未检测到腺病毒、札如病毒和诺如病毒。结论青藏高原喜马拉雅旱獭粪便中存在星状病毒、小双节RNA病毒和嵴病毒,为后续喜马拉雅旱獭携带病毒谱系研究提供了重要线索。     

青海三江源地区小型兽类体外寄生蚤多样性调查

目的了解三江源地区寄生蚤类的栖息环境特征与蚤类群落结构的关系。方法选用铗夜法,辅之以弓捕和枪击。结果本次调查从青海三江源区内不同生境中检获小兽体外寄生蚤954匹,隶4总科6科16属32种。高寒草甸生境中以哗倍蚤指名亚种为主,占45％;高寒沼泽草甸以细钩盖蚤为主,占48．65％;高山草原以斧形盖蚤为主,占28．92％;灌丛以棕形额蚤指名亚种为主,占22．29％;农田居民区主要是棕形额蚤指名亚种,占75％。甘肃鼠兔体外寄生蚤群落的多样性指数（1．90）最高,其优势种为长鬃双蚤,其次是朝鲜姬鼠和甘肃鼢鼠体外寄生蚤群落的多样性指数,分别为1．58和1．51,其他鼠体外寄生蚤多样性指数均较低。结论通过青海三江源区内小型兽类体外寄生蚤生物多样性调查,来监管和保护源头区域物种多样性,为病媒性疾病防制提供参考依据。     

Introduction of canine parvovirus 2 into wildlife on the Island of Newfoundland,Canada

Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) (species Carnivore protoparvovirus 1, family Parvoviridae) cause a severe gastrointestinal disease associated with immune depression in a broad range of terrestrial carnivores. We report here the first molecular epidemiological investigation of protoparvoviruses on the Island of Newfoundland, Canada. In particular, we investigated red foxes (Vulpes vulpes deletrix) and lynx (Lynx canadensis subsolanus), two autochthonous species, and coyotes (Canis latrans), which immigrated onto the island during the 1980s. CPV-2 was identified in coyotes (3/85, 3.5%), while no viruses were found in lynx (0/38) or foxes (0/22). Based on complete genome analyses, two of the identified viruses (which were 99.98% identical to each other) were variant CPV-2b, while the third strain was a CPV-2a variant. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the CPV-2b viruses were part of a group that also included viruses identified in wildlife in the USA (including coyotes) while the CPV-2a virus clustered with viruses identified in dogs. We conclude that the CPV-2b viruses could have been introduced into Newfoundland during the immigration of coyotes, while the CPV-2a virus was possibly introduced into the coyote population from an infected dog. Although a more extended screening effort is required, our preliminary data suggest that FPV is not circulating in Newfoundland and that CPV-2 viruses have not spread from coyotes to the other investigated autochthonous wild carnivores.     

Susceptibility of Wild Canids to SARS-CoV-2

We assessed 2 wild canid species, red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (Canis latrans), for susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. After experimental inoculation, red foxes became infected and shed infectious virus. Conversely, experimentally challenged coyotes did not become infected; therefore, coyotes are unlikely to be competent hosts for SARS-CoV-2.     

Serological evidence of Coxiella burnetii exposure in native marsupials and introduced animals in Queensland, Australia

The state of Queensland has the highest incidence of Q fever in Australia. In recent years, there has been an increase in human cases where no contacts with the typical reservoir animals or occupations were reported. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Australian native animals and introduced animals in northern and southeastern Queensland. Australian native marsupials sampled included the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and common northern bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus). Introduced species sampled included dingoes (Canis lupus dingo), cats (Felis catus), foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and pigs (Sus scrofa). Serum samples were tested by ELISA for both phase II and phase I antigens of the organism using an Australian isolate. The serological evidence of C. burnetii infection demonstrated in these species has public health implications due to their increasing movement into residential areas in regional Queensland. This study is the first known investigation of C. burnetii seroprevalence in these species in northern Queensland.     

2007-2009年四川省旱獭鼠疫流行病学监测

目的分析四川省2007-2009年喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫流行态势,为四川鼠疫防治提供科学依据。方法按照＂全国鼠疫总体规划＂和＂四川省鼠疫监测方案＂及实施细则进行调查。结果2007-2009年调查发现：每个年度均发生喜马拉雅旱獭动物鼠疫流行;发现染疫动物3种,包括喜马拉雅旱獭、牧犬和藏系绵羊;分离鼠疫菌25株,鼠疫间接血凝试验（IHA）阳性血清9份、旱獭血清最高滴度1∶10240,鼠疫反向血凝试验（RIHA）阳性28份、旱獭最高滴度1∶409600;发现蚤类4科10属11种,主要传播媒介为斧形盖蚤和谢氏山蚤。结论喜马拉雅旱獭动物鼠疫呈连续流行态势。     

Bovine tuberculosis in domestic and wild mammals in an area of Dorset. III. The prevalence of tuberculosis in mammals other than badgers and cattle

A large sample of the wild mammals found on a farm in South Dorset were trapped and examined for the presence of Mycobacterium bovis following the discovery of widespread infection in cattle and badgers. M. bovis was isolated from the lymph nodes of two out of 90 rats (rattus norvegicus) and one out of seven foxes (Vulpes vulpes) but no lesions of tuberculosis were observed. It was concluded that the badger was the only species of wild mammal which was a reservoir of M. bovis in this area.     

Bovine tuberculosis in domestic and wild mammals in an area of Dorset. III. The prevalence of tuberculosis in mammals other than badgers and cattle.

A large sample of the wild mammals found on a farm in South Dorset were trapped and examined for the presence of Mycobacterium bovis following the discovery of widespread infection in cattle and badgers. M. bovis was isolated from the lymph nodes of two out of 90 rats (rattus norvegicus) and one out of seven foxes (Vulpes vulpes) but no lesions of tuberculosis were observed. It was concluded that the badger was the only species of wild mammal which was a reservoir of M. bovis in this area.     

Bait-delivered cabergoline for the reproductive control of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes): estimating mammalian non-target risk in south-eastern Australia

Cabergoline (CAB) is a potent dopamine agonist and an inhibitor of prolactin (PRL). In red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), a single oral dose of 100 microg kg(-1) CAB can cause abortions and postnatal cub mortality from at least Day 21 of the 52-day pregnancy. The abortifacient activity of CAB is owing to the suppression of PRL, which is essential for luteotrophic support in some eutherian species. Postnatal cub mortality probably results from a reduction in the development of the mammary ductile system, which is also partially dependant on PRL during pregnancy. This paper investigates the potential risks faced by non-target mammalian species that may consume CAB baits intended for fox control. Baiting with CAB is proposed from 1 August until 1 October each year, to correspond with the time that most vixens are pregnant in south-eastern Australia. Thirty-four endemic mammals in south-eastern Australia (9 eutherians and 25 marsupials) are considered to be potentially bait-consuming (PBC) species. The percentage overlap of pregnancy and birth periods for each PBC species was compared with the duration of the proposed CAB baiting period. Only Antechinus (3 species) and Sminthopsis leucopus have greater than 40% overlap, whereas overlap in endemic rodents ranges from 0% to 22%. Overall, most PBC rodent populations appear to face little risk from CAB baiting, as their period of pregnancy does not overlap significantly with the proposed CAB baiting period. The Antechinus species, Phascogale tapoatafa and Dasyurus maculatus, are the only PBC mammals that are seasonally mono-oestrous and are thus probably more susceptible to disruption of breeding compared with polyoestrous species that may breed many times a year. At a baiting density of 8 baits km(-2), theoretical bait availability for small dasyurids, rodents and peramelids is low. This suggests a low potential for affecting these populations if CAB was indiscriminate in affecting reproductive success in all mammal groups. Presently, studies in a limited range of marsupials suggest that, unlike eutherians, the marsupial corpus luteum is independent of pituitary control and thus suppression of PRL is not likely to cause abortions in marsupials. As yet, CAB has not been shown to be orally active in any PBC species other than rodents and carnivores. Oral doses of CAB given post partum have not been found to affect lactation in Sminthopsis crassicaudata, Trichosurus vulpecula, Macropus eugenii and Setonix brachyurus. Further studies are required in order to assess the potential for high doses of oral CAB to affect pre-partum mammary development and early lactation post partum, especially in peramelids and larger dasyurids. Highly target-specific baiting techniques, may eliminate most PBC species from being exposed to CAB and these are briefly discussed.     

Leishmaniasis in Tuscany (Italy): (II) Leishmania from wild Rodentia and Carnivora in a human and canine leishmaniasis focus

From April 1977 to February 1978, wild mammals were trapped in a focus of low leishmanial endemicity (Baccinello) in the Province of Grosseto (Tuscany, Italy). Spleen homogenates of the trapped animals were injected i.p. into hamsters, from which spleen biopsies were taken after 60 days and impression smears carefully observed for the presence of Leishmania. Positive spleens were subinoculated into hamsters. 404 animals of 12 species were trapped: 31 insectivores, 317 rodents and 56 carnivores. Black rats (Rattus rattus) and field mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) were the rodent species most frequently trapped—160 and 139 respectively—of which 143 and 134 respectively were tested in hamsters for Leishmania. 35 foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were caught, of which 16 were tested for Leishmania.Four hamsters were found infested with Leishmania. Three of them had been injected with spleen homogenates from R. rattus and one from V. vulpes although liver and spleen impression smears of all trapped animals were negative for Leishmania on direct microscopical examination.The significance of Leishmania infection in wild animals in the leishmanial focus of Baccinello is discussed.