高效凝胶色谱一步法制备级纯化单克隆抗体

作者采用Ｐｈａｒｍａｃｉａ Ｓｅｐｈａｃｒｙｌ Ｓ－３００凝胶色谱柱，建立了ＩｇＧ类ＭｃＡｂ的一步法制备级纯化方法。该法是将ＭｃＡｂ腹水直接上样，用ｐＨ７．４１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＰＢＳ洗脱（流速０．５ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ），即得到纯化的ＭｃＡｂ。一次上样量４０￣５０ｍｌ腹水，回收率为８５％￣９０％。整个纯化周期４ｈ。纯化的ＭｃＡｂ经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ测定，纯度〉９０％，免疫组化ＡＢＣ法测定活性为１：８００００     

阴离子交换FPLC制备级纯化单克隆抗体

作者采用ＤＥＡＥ－４０ＨＲ阴离子交换柱。在快速蛋白液相色谱系统（ＦＰＬＣ）建立了ＩｇＧ类单克隆抗体制备级纯化方法。该法是将ＭｃＡｂ腹水经５０％饱和硫酸铵盐析粗分离后，再用阴离子交换色谱纯化，一次上样量相当于８０～１００ｍｌ腹水。可得纯化ＭｃＡｂ５００～６００ｍｇ，得率为６～７ｍｇ／ｍｌ腹水，回收率为５７～６７％．一次纯化周期仅需４５ｍｉｎ。经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ检测ＭｃＡｂ纯度为９５％，ＡＢＣ染色法测定ＭｃＡｂ活性为１：２００００（３．１３×１０－１０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）．     

阴离子交换FPLC制备级化单克隆抗体

作者采用ＤＥＡＥ－４０ＨＲ阴离子交换柱，在快速蛋白液相色谱系统（ＦＰＬＣ）建立了ＩｇＧ类单克隆抗体制备级纯化方法。该法是将ＭｃＡｂ腹水经５０％饱和硫酸铵盐析粗分离后，再用阴离子交换色谱纯化，一次上样量相当于８０～１００ｍｌ腹水，可得纯化ＭｃＡｂ５００～６００ｍｇ，得率为６～７ｍｇ／ｍｌ腹水，回收率为５７～６７％，一次纯化周期仅南非４５ｍｉｎ。经ＳＤＳ－ＦＡＧＥ检测ＭｃＡｂ纯度为９５％，ＡＢＣ染色法     

凝胶色谱法半制备级纯化单克隆抗体

作者采用ＳｅＰｌｌａｃｙｌＳ－２００凝胶色谱柱，在快速蛋白液相色谱系统（ＦＰＬＣ）建立了肝癌相关抗原单克隆抗体半制各级纯化方法。该法是将ＭｃＡｂ腹水经４０％饱和硫酸铵盐析粗分离后，再用凝胶色谱纯化，一次上样量相当于５～１０ｍｌ腹水，可得纯化ＭｃＡｂ３０～６０ｍｇ，得率为６～６．５ｍｇ／ｍｌ腹水，回收率为６３％，一次色谱纯化周期２ｈ，整个分离纬化可在３ｈ内完成。经ＳＤＳ—ＰＡＧＥ和ＤＥＡＥ离子交换色谱法检测ＭｃＡｂ纯度大于８０％，ＡＢＣ染色法测定ＭｃＡｂ活性为，１：４００００（１．５６×１０－１０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ），是一般实验室纯化ＩｇＧ类ＭｃＡｂ的实用方法。     

凝胶色谱法半制备级纯化单克隆抗体

作者采用Ｓｅｐｈａｃｙ１Ｓ－２００凝胶色谱柱，在快速蛋白液相色谱系统（ＦＰ－ＬＣ）建立了肝癌相关抗原单克隆抗体半制备级纯化方法。该法是将ＭｃＡｂ腹水经４０％饱和硫酸铵盐析粗分离后，再用凝胶色谱纯化，一次上样量相当于５～１０ｍｌ腹水，可得纯化ＭｃＡｂ３０～６０ｍｇ，得率为６～５．５ｍｇ／ｍｌ腹水，回收率为６３％，一次色谱纯化周期２ｈ，整个分离纬化可在３ｈ内完成。经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和ＤＥＡＥ离子交换色     

抗人胎盘层粘连蛋白P1单克隆抗体的制备与初步应用

在纯化人胎盘层粘连蛋白Ｐ１段（简称Ｐ１）的基础上，应用杂交瘤技术获得两株抗Ｐ１的单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）３Ａ１５和１Ｂ５。两株ＭｃＡｂ均属ＩｇＧ１，同人纤维连接蛋白和Ⅳ型胶原无交叉反应。纯化的腹水ＭｃＡｂ效价分别为６．４×１０－７（３Ａ１５）和２×１０－８（１Ｂ５），分别识别Ｐ１分子上的不同表位。利用ＭｃＡｈ３Ａ１５和１Ｂ５建立了双ＭｃＡｂ夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ，用于检测Ｐ１的下限为１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ，标准曲线在１０～５００ｎｇ／ｍｌ之间呈直线关系。对１００例健康献血员、１８例慢性肝炎患者和１２例肝硬化患者血清Ｐ１的检查结果分别为３３．８±１１．６、６７．３±３１．７和１０７．５±５８．４ｎｇ／ｍｌ。     

人心肌肌钙蛋白T单克隆抗体的研制及鉴定

以人心肌肌钙蛋白Ｔ（ｃＴｎＴ）为抗原，采用脾内免疫法，免疫ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠，取其脾淋巴细胞与小鼠Ｓｐ２／０细胞融合，经间接ＥＬＩＳＡ法筛选，三次克隆化后获得５株能稳定分泌抗ｃＴｎＴ单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）的杂交瘤细胞Ｇ３、Ｇ８、Ｇ１０、Ａ５和Ａ７。免疫球蛋白亚类鉴定其中１株为ＩｇＧ２ａ，４株为ＩｇＭ。染色体数目９２～１１０条。将Ｇ３、Ｇ８、Ｇ１０、Ａ５的单克隆抗体腹水做１：１００稀释与ＬＤＨ、ＣＫ、ＣＫＭＢ和ＧＯＴ等心肌酶均无交叉反应。５株ＭｃＡｂ的腹水效价为３．２×１０－６～１．６×１０－７。ＭｃＡｂ相加试验表明，Ａ５和Ｇ３可识别不同的抗原表位。     

抗重组人肿瘤坏死因子－α单克隆抗体的研制及其初步应用

应用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术获得１０株抗重组人肿瘤坏死因子－α（ｒＨｕＴＮＦ－α）ＭｃＡｂ。７株ＭｃＡｂ为ＩｇＧ１，２株为ＩｇＧ２ａ，１株为ＩｇＧ２ａ。１０株ＭｃＡｂ与淋巴毒素（ＬＴ或ｒＨｕＴＮＦ－β）、ｒＨｕＩＬ－６和载体菌菌体蛋白均无交叉反应。其中７株ＭｃＡｂ具有中和活性，７株ＭｃＡｂ能识到天然的ＴＮＦ－α。Ｇ１１和Ｅ６ＭｃＡｂ应用ＡＢＣ法免疫组化染色肝病患者组织细胞片得到明确的阳性结果。用２株识别不同表位的ＭｃＡｂ建立了一步夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法，检测ＴＮＦ－α的敏感性可达到１００ｐｇ／ｍｌ左右。     

FPLC纯化单克隆抗体（Fab＇）_2片段

作者采用ＤＥＡＥ－４０ＨＲ阴离子交换色谱柱，在Ｗａｔｅｒｓ６５０Ｅ快速蛋白液相色谱系统（ＦＰＬＣ）建立了抗肝癌单克隆抗体（ＨＡｂ１８）Ｆ（ａｂ＇）２片段的快速纯化方法。该法是将ＭｃＡｂ用胃蛋白酶消化１８ｈ后，上阴离子交换色谱柱纯化，用ｐＨ７．５１０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＰＢ洗脱，即得到纯化的Ｆ（ａｂ＇）２．一次纯化周期仅需２５ｍｉｎ，一次上样量１２０～１６０ｎｇ蛋白，Ｆ（ａｂ＇）２得率为３４％，回收率为５１％。经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ测定纯度大于９５％，免疫荧光法测定活性为１：４０００．该法操作简单、快速、实用性强，不需要高档次的色谱仪，只要有一台核酸／蛋白检测仪便可进行纯化，是实验室纯化Ｆ（ａｂ＇）２的理想方法．     

分泌抗金黄色葡萄球菌C1型肠毒素杂交瘤细胞系的建立及初步应用

应用常规方法建立了３株稳定分泌抗金黄色葡萄球菌Ｃ１型肠毒素（ＳＥＣ１）单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）的小鼠杂交瘤细胞系Ｂ３、Ｃ４和Ｇ８。其中Ｂ３和Ｃ４均为ＩｇＧ１（ｋ），Ｇ８为ＩｇＧ２ａ（ｋ）。Ｂ３和Ｇ８与ＳＥＡ、ＳＥＢ及ＳＥＤ均无交叉反应；Ｃ４虽与ＳＥＡ和ＳＥＤ无交叉反应，但与ＳＥＢ有交叉反应。间接ＥＬＩＳＡ测定小鼠腹水效价为１０－５～１０－８。应用识别不同表位的ＭｃＡｂ建立了双ＭｃＡｂ夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测ＳＥＣ１，敏感性可达１ｎｇ／ｍｌ。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.