The importance of peripheral angiography in elderly patients undergoing coronary angiography

Objectives Early and accurate diagnosis of peripheral atherosclerosis is of paramount importance for global management of patients with known coronary artery disease (CAD), especially in the elderly. We sought to evaluate the prevalence and clinical relevance of significant abdominal vessel stenosis or aneurysm (AVA ) in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Methods Medical records of consecutive > 75-year old patients who underwent coronary angiography at two public institutions over a 12-month period were evaluated. Angiographic results of patients who underwent coincident diagnostic abdominal aorta angiography to evaluate abdominal vessels on the basis of clinical and angiographic criteria were analyzed. Results During the study period, AVA was found in 90 (35.7%) of 252 consecutive patients (185 males, mean age 79±5.8 years) , renal artery stenosis in 13.1% of cases (33 patients) , aort-oiliac artery disease in 13.7 % (35 patients), and aortic aneurismal disease in 8.9% (22 patients). Logistic regression analyses revealed >3-vessel CAD (odds ratio [OR] :9.917, P = 0.002), and > 3 risk factors (OR: 2.8, P = 0.048) as independent predictors of AVA . Conclusions Aged patients with multivessel CAD frequently have a high risk profile and multiple vascular atherosclerotic distributions, suggesting the usefulness of a more global and comprehensive cardiovascular approach in aged patients. (J Geriatr Cardiol 2005;2(1) :42-45).     

腹主动脉瘤患者冠状动脉造影的临床意义

目的:探讨腹主动脉瘤(AAA)患者中冠心病(CAD)的检出率及其相关危险因素。方法:回顾性分析1994年9月至2009年2月收治的70例50岁以上同时进行腹主动脉造影和冠状动脉动脉造影检查的腹主动脉瘤患者的临床资料及影像学资料。结果:70例患者中,冠心病的检出率为90%,其中单支病变(SVD)20例(28.6%),2支病变(BVD)15例(21.4%),3支病变(TVD)22例(31.4%),左主干+3支病变(LM+TVD)6例(8.6%);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,周围血管病是AAA合并CAD的最重要预测因素。结论:50岁以上腹主动脉瘤,尤其是合并周围血管病的患者是冠心病高发人群,     

D-dimer is useful in assessing the vulnerable blood in elderly patients with coronary disease

Background and objective The value of D-dimer in the risk stratification of patients with coronary artery disease(CAD) and the relationship between D-dimer and the diseased coronary arteries remains controversial or unclear,especially in the elderly.This study was to evaluate the usefulness of D-dimer as a biomarker in assessing the vulnerable blood in the elderly patients with coronary disease.Methods Sixty elderly (≥60 years old) male patients with suspected CAD were enrolled in this prospective study. Patients were divided into CAD group (n=41,10 with stable angina and 31 with unstable angina) and control group (n=19) according to their coronary angiography Results Clinical information including age,body mass index (BMI),smoking index,and the complications of primary hypertension or diabetes,and CAD family history was collected.Venous blood was sampled serially for the determination of total cholesterol,HDL cholesterol,LDL cholesterol,triglycerides,apoA1,apoB,glucose,uric acid,homocysteine (Hcy),hs-CRP,soluble thrombomodulin (sTM),and markers of fibrinolytic system and hypercoagulability,such as D-dimer,fibrinogen, etc.The extent of coronary atherosclerosis was assessed,using the Gensini scoring system on the basis of coronary angiography. Results Compared with the controls,the patients with CAD had significantly higher levels of D-dimer.D-dimer level was significantly correlated to age,hs-CRP,Hcy,and PAI-1.Patients with D-dimer levels in the top triplicate of D-dimer level had significantly higher prevalence of unstable angina compared with patients in the lowest triplicate (OR=4.8,Z=3.28,P=0.001).In an ordinal logistic regression,the OR value of developing more serious CAD augmented 3.1-fold with each increasing triplicate of D-dimer. Patients with unstable angina had a significantly higher level of D-dimer than the controls (P=0.005),and an increasing trend compared with patients with stable angina (P=0.059),whereas there was no difference between the patients with stable angina and the controls (P=0.885     

Prevalence of and risk factors for aspirin resistance in elderly patients with coronary artery disease

Objective To assess the prevalence of and related risk factors for aspirin resistance in elderly patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods Two hundred and forty-six elderly patients (75.9 ± 7.4 years) with CAD who received daily aspirin therapy (≥ 75 mg) over one month were recruited. The effect of aspirin was assessed using light transmission aggregometry (LTA) and thrombelastography platelet mapping assay (TEG). Aspirin resistance was defined as ≥ 20% arachidonic acid (AA)-induced aggregation and ≥ 70% adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced aggregation in the LTA assay. An aspirin semi-responder was defined as meeting one (but not both) of the criteria described above. Based on the results of TEG, aspirin resistance was defined as ≥ 50% aggregation induced by AA. Results As determined by LTA, 23 (9.3%) of the elderly CAD patients were resistant to aspirin therapy; 91 (37.0%) were semi-responders. As determined by TEG, 61 patients (24.8%) were aspirin resistant. Of the 61 patients who were aspirin resistant by TEG, 19 were aspirin resistant according to LTA results. Twenty-four of 91 semi-responders by LTA were aspirin resistant by TEG. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that elevated fasting serum glucose level (Odds ratio: 1.517; 95% CI: 1.176–1.957; P = 0.001) was a significant risk factor for aspirin resistance as determined by TEG. Conclusions A significant number of elderly patients with CAD are resistant to aspirin therapy. Fasting blood glucose level is closely associated with aspirin resistance in elderly CAD patients.     

Management and risk factor control of coronary artery disease in elderly versus nonelderly: a multicenter registry

Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death in elderly because aging is the important non-modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis and also a predictor of poor outcomes. Underuse of guideline directed therapy may contribute to suboptimal risk factor control and worse outcomes in the elderly. We aimed to explore the management of CAD, risk factors control as well as goal attainment in elderly compared to nonelderly CAD patients. Methods The CORE-Thailand is an ongoing multicenter, prospective, observational registry of patients with high atherosclerotic risk in Thailand. The data of 4120 CAD patients enrolled in this cohort was analyzed comparing between the elderly (age ≥ 65 years) vs. nonelderly (age < 65 years). Results There were 2172 elderly and 1948 nonelderly patients. The elderly CAD patients had higher prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease. The proportion of patients who received coronary revascularization was not different between the elderly and nonelderly CAD patients. Antiplatelets were prescribed less in the elderly while statin was prescribed in the similar proportion. Goal attainments of risk factor control of glycemic control, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and smoking cessation except the blood pressure goal were higher in the elderly CAD patients. Conclusions The CORE-Thailand registry showed the equity in the treatment of CAD between elderly and non-elderly. Elderly CAD patients had higher rate of goal attainment in risk factor control except blood pressure goal. The effects of goal attainment on cardiovascular outcomes will be demonstrated from ongoing cohort.     

左室心肌致密化不全患者的冠状动脉病变特点及其预后分析

目的 总结左室心肌致密化不全(LVNC)患者的冠状动脉病变特点,并对LVNC预后的影响因素进行分析.方法 连续入选自2006年1月至2010年8月经超声心动图和(或)心脏磁共振成像确诊为LVNC并进行了冠状动脉造影或多排螺旋CT(MDCT)检查的患者共51例,总结其冠状动脉病变特点,并分析冠状动脉病变对LVNC预后的影响.结果 20例(39.22%)患者合并冠心病,其中单支病变9例,双支病变3例,三支病变5例,合并左主干病变3例;4例行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)和(或)经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI).合并冠心病组(20例)与非冠心病组(31例)比较,前者平均年龄及合并糖尿病、高血压病、高脂血症的比例均高于后者(P＜0.05);前者氨基末端B型利钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平低于后者(中位数:1078.3 pmol/L比1211.0 pmol/L);两组之间的心原性死亡和(或)心脏移植事件及心原性再住院的发生率差异无统计学意义;logNT-proBNP是LVNC预后的独立危险因素(HR=3.993,95%CI:1.140～13.988,P=0.030).结论 应当对LVNC患者常规进行冠状动脉检查;NT-proBNP是LVNC预后的独立危险因素;合并冠心病对LVNC预后没有显著影响.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and outcome of patients with left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC). Methods Fifty-one patients with LVNC evaluated by echocardiography and/or cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) from January 2006 to August 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Coronary angiography or MDCT was performed for detecting coronary artery disease. Predictors of the cardiac events were analyzed by Cox regression analysis. Results There were 31 LVNC patients without CAD and 20 LVNC patients with CAD including single vessel coronary disease in 9 cases, double vessel coronary disease in 3 cases, three vessel coronary disease in 5 cases and left main coronary disease in 3 cases. Coronary artery bypass graft and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were performed in 4 patients. Compared to LVNC patients without CAD, mean age ( P = 0. 008 ), incidence of hypertension (65.0% vs. 19. 4% , P = 0. 001 ), diabetes mellitus (40. 0% vs. 12. 9% , P = 0. 026) and hyperlipidemia ( 55.0% vs. 25. 8%, P = 0. 035 ) were significantly higher while NT-proBNP level was significantly lower( P = 0. 049 ) in LVNC patients with CAD. Incidence of major cardiac events was similar in LVNC patients with or without CAD. LogNT-proBNP is the independent prognostic factor for adverse cardiac events in patients with LVNC( HR 3.993,95% CI 1. 140-13. 988 ,P =0. 030). Conclusions Coronary artery disease is common in patients with LVNC and associated with traditional risk factors for CAD. Poor prognosis is associated with increased NT-proBNP but not with CAD in this patient cohort.     

Hepatitis B virus pre-S2 start codon mutations in Indonesian liver disease patients

AIM: To identify the prevalence of pre-S2 start codon mutations and to assess their association with liver disease progression. METHODS: The mutations were identified by direct sequencing from 73 asymptomatic carriers, 66 chronic hepatitis (CH), 66 liver cirrhosis (LC) and 63 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Statistical significances were determined using Fisher's exact test, χ 2 test, and t -test analyses whenever appropriate. Pre-S mutation as a risk factor for advanced liver disease was estimated by unconditional logistic regression model adjusted with age, sex, and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). P 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Mutation of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) pre-S2 start codon was found in 59 samples from 268 subjects (22.0%), with higher prevalence in patients with cirrhosis 27/66 (40.9%) followed by HCC 18/63 (28.6%), chronic hepatitis 12/66 (18.2%) and asymptomatic carriers 2/73 (2.7%) (P 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that pre-S2 start codon mutation was an independent factor for progressive liver disease. Other mutations, at T130, Q132, and A138, were also associated with LC and HCC, although this was not statistically significant when adjusted for age, sex, and HBeAg. The prevalence of pre-S2 start codon mutation was higher in HBV/B than in HBV/C (23.0% vs 19.1%), whilst the prevalence of T130, Q132, and A138 mutation was higher in HBV/C than in HBV/B. The prevalence of pre-S2 start codon mutation was higher in LC (38.9%) and HCC (40.0%) than CH (5.6%) in HBeAg(+) group, but it was similar between CH, LC and HCC in HBeAg(-) group. CONCLUSION: Pre-S2 start codon mutation was higher in Indonesian patients compared to other Asian countries, and its prevalence was associated with advanced liver disease, particularly in HBeAg(+) patients.     

Clinical features of coronary artery ectasia in the elderly

Objective To investigate the incidence, imaging and clinical characteristics in elderly patients with coronary artery ectasia （CAE）. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients with CAE who underwent coronary angiography between January 2006 and December 2012. According to age, the enrolled patients were divided into two groups （elderly group, age≥ 65 years; non-elderly group, age 〈 65 years）. The clinical feature, imaging characteristics and the 5-year survival rate of the two groups were compared.Results The preva-lence of CAE in elderly patients was 0.33%. Patients in elderly group were found to have significantly higher proportion of female （30.1%vs. 10.1%,P〈 0.001）, three-vessel disease （60.5%vs. 45.2%,P = 0.003） and localized ectasia （55.0%vs. 40.2%,P = 0.003）. In addition, body mass index （20.90 ± 2.71 kg/m2vs. 22.31 ± 2.98 kg/m2,P 〈 0.001） and percentage of current smokers （45.0%vs. 64.6%,P 〈 0.001） were significantly lower in elderly group. Cumulative survival curves demonstrated reduced 5-year cumulative survival at the follow-up in the elderly group compared with the non-elderly group （88.0%vs. 96.0%,P = 0.002）. But the 5-year event free survival rate failed to show a significant difference between the two groups （31.0%vs. 35.0%,P= 0.311）.ConclusionThe prevalence of CAE in elderly patients was 0.33%, which was about 1/3 of the entire numbers of CAE patients. There were significant differences between the elderly and the non-elderly patients with CAE in terms of coronary artery disease risk factors and coronary artery ectatic characteristics. CAE might be asso-ciated with increased mortality risk in the elderly.     

老年冠心病患者与抑郁障碍的相关性研究

目的 探讨抑郁障碍是否为老年冠心病的危险因素并观察冠心病伴抑郁障碍患者炎性标记物水平变化.方法 对188例入选者进行临床情况调查、汉密顿抑郁量表评分和血清炎性标记物水平测定,分析冠心病伴抑郁障碍患病率及影响冠心病发病的危险因素.结果 冠心病患者87例,其抑郁障碍患病率为29.9%(26例),非冠心病入选者101例,患病率为11.9%(12例),抑郁障碍在两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).年龄、高血压、糖尿病、脂代谢异常和抑郁障碍是冠心病的危险因素之一.冠心病伴抑郁障碍组和冠心病不伴抑郁障碍组入选者在突发生活事件、心功能分级差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).两组入选者在冠状动脉病变、冠状动脉病变治疗差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).冠心病伴抑郁障碍组和冠心病不伴抑郁组外周血炎性标记物水平比较显示,伴抑郁障碍组血清单核细胞趋化因子-1水平增高,高敏C反应蛋白和肿瘤坏死因子α差异无统计学意义.结论 老年冠心病患者伴抑郁障碍患病率高于老年非冠心患者群.抑郁障碍是影响冠心病发病的危险因素之一.老年冠心病患者抑郁障碍与炎性标记物之间可能存在一定关系.

Abstract：

Objective To explore whether depressive disorder is one of risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) in enrolled patients and observe the level of inflammation markers in coronary artery disease patients with depression. Methods In all patients, we recoded clinical information and data from Hamilton Depression Rating Scale for Depression( HRSD)and measured concentration of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and hypersensitive C-reaction protein (hsCRP). Results Among 87 patients with coronary artery disease, depressive disorder was diagnosed in 26 patients, the prevalence of depressive disorder was 29. 9%. Among 101 patients without coronary artery disease, 12 patients were suffering from depressive disorder, the prevalence of depressive disorder was 11.90%. The prevalence of depressive disorder in coronary artery disease group was statistically higher than that in non-coronary heart disease group (29.8% vs.11.9%, P<0. 01). The incidence of coronary artery disease was associated with age, hypertension,diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and depression. Life events and stage of heart function occurred differently between CAD patients with and without depression (P<0. 05). There were no differences in the degree of coronary artery stenosis and the type of treatment (P>0. 05) between the two groups. There were higher concentration of MCP-1 in coronary artery disease patients with depression, but no remarkable difference in hsCRP and TNFa. Conclusions There is high prevalence of depressive disorder, which is one of risk factor for coronary artery disease. The depressive disorder may be associated with inflammation biomarker in patients with coronary artery disease.     

Transarterial embolization for massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage following abdominal surgery

AIM:To evaluate the clinical results of angiography and embolization for massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage after abdominal surgery.METHODS:This retrospective study included 26 patients with postoperative hemorrhage after abdominal surgery. All patients underwent emergency transarterial angiography,and 21 patients underwent emergency embolization. We retrospectively analyzed the angiographic features and the clinical outcomes of transcatheter arterial embolization.RESULTS:Angiography showed that a discrete bleeding focus was detected in 21(81%) of 26 patients.Positive angiographic findings included extravasations of contrast medium(n = 9),pseudoaneurysms(n =9),and fusiform aneurysms(n = 3). Transarterial embolization was technically successful in 21(95%) of 22patients. Clinical success was achieved in 18(82%) of 22 patients. No postembolization complications were observed. Three patients died of rebleeding.CONCLUSION:The positive rate of angiographic findings in 26 patients with postoperative gastrointestinal hemorrhage was 81%. Transcatheter arterial embolization seems to be an effective and safe method in the management of postoperative gastrointestinal hemorrhage.     

Review of coronary artery disease in patients with infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm.

In the process of establishing a less invasive assessment strategy for coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), the incidence of CAD and the surgical and mid-term outcomes were reviewed. From January 1994 through September 2001, 94 elective surgical repairs of AAA were carried out. Preoperative coronary angiography showed 43 patients (45.7%) had CAD: 29 (67.4%) were asymptomatic, 23 had single-vessel disease (1VD), 12 had 2VD and 8 had 3VD. Of the 43 patients with CAD, 19 (44.2%) underwent coronary interventional therapy before aortic surgery (11 percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), 8 coronary artery bypass grafting). Eight asymptomatic patients underwent coronary interventional therapy. None of the patients died of cardiac causes or experienced a postoperative cardiac event. During the follow-up period, 10 late deaths occurred: 7 patients with CAD, and 3 cerebrovascular or cardiac deaths. There was no statistical difference in the survival rate between the groups with and without CAD. Two patients with CAD underwent PTCA during the follow-up period. The findings confirm the need for a less invasive assessment strategy of CAD that does not overlook asymptomatic myocardial ischemia, because the incidence of CAD in patients with AAA is high.     

Coronary disease in patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm]

The presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) evaluated with coronary angiography and eventual correction of CAD in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) patients has been considered the main determinant of early and late outcome after AAA repair. This study reports our experience in CAD and AAA patients in terms of diagnosis and therapy of CAD. In a population of 126 patients (122 males, 4 females, mean age 67.5 years, range 37-81) who were candidates to elective repair for AAA with a diameter > or = 5 centimeters, we included coronary arteriography in 1) patients who were symptomatic for angina (15.9%); 2) patients with previous myocardial infarction (33.3%); 3) patients with previous coronary artery bypass (4%). We identified a group of 45 patients (35.7%) with significant CAD who had been treated before AAA surgery by coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in 37 cases or percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in 8 cases. AAA repair was performed during the same hospital stay or at a later date. We did not report any morbidity and mortality related to cardiac or vascular procedures. We believe that among patients reporting cardiac symptoms (previous myocardial infarction, angina) the incidence of surgically-correctable CAD is not negligible (45/67, 67.2%). Therefore, invasive coronary study is strongly suggested in such cases to reveal and treat an eventual coronary artery stenosis prior to AAA repair. The absence of cardiac morbidity and mortality related to cardiac and vascular procedures supports this approach.     

Concomitant peripheral vascular and coronary artery disease: A new dimension for the global endovascular specialist?

BACKGROUND: Early and accurate diagnosis of peripheral atherosclerosis is of paramount importance for global ma agement of patients with known coronary artery disease (CAD). HYPOTHESIS: We sought to evaluate retrospectively the prevalence and clinical relevance of significant abdominal vessel stenosis or aneurysm (AVA) in patients undergoing coronary angiography. METHODS: Medical records of consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography at two public institutions over a 12-month period were evaluated. Angiographic results of patients who underwent diagnostic abdominal aorta angiography, based on clinical criteria, to evaluate abdominal vessels the same time as coronary angiography were analyzed. RESULTS: During the study period, AVA was reported in 180 (35.7%) of 504 consecutive patients (335 men, mean age 68 +/- 13.8 years): renal artery stenosis was found in 13.1% of cases (66 patients), aortoiliac artery disease in 13.7% (69 patients and aortic aneurysmal disease in 8.9% (45 patients). Logistic regression analyses revealed > or = 3-vessel CAD (odds ratio [OR] 9.917, p = 0.002), age >65 years (OR 3.817, p = 0.036), > or =3 risk factors (OR 2.8, p = 0.048) as independent predictors of AVA. CONCLUSION: Multiple vascular atherosclerotic distributions are frequent in elderly patients who have multivessel CAD and a high-risk profile, suggesting the usefulness of a more global and comprehensive cardiovascular approach.     

Frequency of abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients >60 years of age with coronary artery disease

Using B-mode ultrasound, we studied the prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA; diameter > or =3 cm) and its predictive risk factors in 109 consecutive patients who were >60 years of age and had coronary artery disease (CAD). A group of 60 age-matched patients who did not have CAD served as controls. The prevalence of AAA was higher in the CAD group than in the control group (14%, 16 of 109, vs 3%, 2 of 60, p <0.05). By multivariate analysis, only smoking was strongly associated with AAA (odds ratio 4.86, 95% confidence interval 1.55 to 15.25). In contrast, presence of diabetes mellitus was negatively associated with AAA in univariate analysis (odds ratio 0.11, 95% confidence interval 0.01 to 0.83) and a strong trend of inverse association remained in multivariate analysis (odds ratio 0.12, 95% confidence interval 0.01 to 1.03). Thus, systematic screening can detect AAA in 1 of 7 patients who are >60 years of age and have CAD. AAA shares some, but not all, risk factors of atherosclerosis.     

老年StandfordB型主动脉夹层患者冠状动脉造影的临床意义

目的探讨老年StandfordB型主动脉夹层患者中冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（冠心病）的检出率及其相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析134例50岁以上同时进行主动脉造影和冠状动脉造影的StandfordB型主动脉夹层患者的临床资料及影像学资料．对数据进行统计分析。结果134例患者中,冠心病的检出率为26．1％（35例）,其中单支病变22例（16．4％）,2支病变9例（6．7％）,左主干或3支病变4例（3．0％）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示．男性（OR=6．682,95％CI1．01—44．13,P=0．049）及吸烟（OR=3．513,95％CI1．05-11．70,P=0．041）是StandfordB型主动脉夹层合并冠心病的预测因素。结论50岁以上StandfordB型主动脉夹层患者共患冠心病的比例较高,在主动脉造影时有必要常规进行冠状动脉造影检查,以免漏诊。     

老年肾动脉狭窄与冠状动脉病变的关系及其相关因素

目的 在冠状动脉造影（CAG）的老年患者中观察并发肾动脉狭窄(RAS)的发生率,并分析并发RAS的影响因素。方法 CAG同时行肾动脉造影（RAG）患者277例,分析动脉粥样硬化的危险因素与RAS发生的关系。结果 经CAG证实冠心病患者212例,RAS发生率19%,CAG正常患者RAS发生率8%,冠脉多支病变组中RAS发生率明显高于单支病变组及冠状动脉正常组（P<0.01）,多因素分析,独立预测因子为冠状动脉病变程度（OR=1.89,95%可信区间:1.35-2.65,P<0.01）。结论 冠心病患者有较高RAS发生率,发现冠状动脉多支病变患者应常规行RAG检查。     

Prevalence of left main coronary artery disease,of three- or four-vessel coronary artery disease,and of obstructive coronary artery disease in patients with and without peripheral arterial disease undergoing coronary angiography for suspected coronary artery disease

Data from the present investigation showed that the prevalence of current cigarette smoking, current or ex-cigarette smoking, systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia was significantly higher in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) than in patients without PAD. The present report also showed that compared with patients without PAD undergoing coronary angiography for suspected coronary artery disease (CAD), patients with PAD undergoing coronary angiography for suspected CAD had a higher prevalence of left main CAD (18% vs <1%), a higher prevalence of 3- or 4-vessel CAD (63% vs 11%), and a higher prevalence of obstructive CAD (98% vs 81%).     

冠心病伴肾动脉狭窄的患病率及相关因素研究

目的探讨冠心病患者中肾动脉狭窄(ARAS)的患病率及其相关因素。方法228例冠脉造影患者同时行选择性双肾动脉造影检查,对临床资料和ARAS之间的关系进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果228例患者中,ARAS患病率为19.7%;经冠脉造影证实的152例冠心病患者中,ARAS患病率为27.6%;51例冠心病合并颈动脉粥样斑块的患者中,ARAS患病率为49.0%。45例ARAS患者中,左肾动脉狭窄的患病率显著高于右肾动脉(P<0.05)。单因素分析表明,年龄、糖尿病、肾功能不全、颈动脉粥样斑块、冠心病是ARAS的预测因素。多元Logistic回归分析表明,仅年龄、颈动脉粥样斑块、冠脉三支病变是ARAS的独立预测因素。结论对于冠心病患者,尤其是年龄≥60岁及合并颈动脉粥样斑块的患者,冠脉造影后应常规行肾动脉造影,以便早期发现ARAS。     

The value of hemodynamic changes induced by carotid sinus massage on the diagnosis of coronary artery disease

The aim of this study is to investigate the value of hemodynamic changes induced by carotid sinus massage (CSM) on the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). A total 108 patients (mean age, 54 +/- 10 years, range 33-70) who had no significant stenosis in the carotid artery by duplex ultrasonography (USG) and no history of syncope were included in this study. Carotid sinus massage was performed before coronary angiography with monitoring of electrocardiography and blood pressure. The patients were divided into three groups according to response to CSM: group 1 patients had a decrease in blood pressure or < 10 beats/minute (bpm); group 2 patients had a decrease between 10 and 20 bpm; and group 3 patients had > 20 mm Hg decrease in blood pressure or > 20 bpm. Coronary angiography was performed after CSM in all patients. There was single-vessel disease (VD) in 23 cases, two-VD in 24 cases, and three-VD in 35 cases. Coronary angiography results were normal in 26 cases. The changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate before and after CSM correlated with number of VD. These changes were highest in patients with three-VD, but lowest in patients with normal coronary angiography. The number of diseased vessels and total coronary artery score were lowest in group 1, but highest in group 3. The specificity and sensitivity of CSM-induced > 10 mm Hg in blood pressure (BP) or > 10 bpm changes in heart rate in the diagnosis of CAD were 85% and 71%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 93% and 49%, respectively in the diagnosis of CAD. At the end of this study, we concluded that CSM induced the fall in blood pressure and heart rate and was correlated with number of diseased vessels and the score of coronary artery disease. As dichotomized values, the decrease of > 10 mm Hg in blood pressure and/or > 10 bpm has highest specificity, sensitivity, and positive predictive value in the diagnosis of CAD.