缝合神经的指固有动脉背支血管链皮瓣修复指远端皮肤缺损

目的 探讨缝合神经的指固有动脉背支血管链皮瓣修复指远端皮肤缺损的疗效.方法 2008年12月至2009年11月,对24例26指指远端皮肤缺损患者,以指固有动脉背侧支形成的血管链为血供,于近节指体侧方设计皮瓣,皮瓣轴线为指体侧方中线,皮瓣蒂宽0.8～1.0cm,皮瓣转折点为中节指体中远端,逆行转移修复指远端皮肤缺损,皮瓣携带指固有神经背侧支或指背神经与创面指神经断端进行缝合修复,重建手指感觉.结果 术后26指皮瓣均存活.随访时间为6～8个月,皮瓣外形理想,质地良好,感觉恢复优良,两点分辨觉为4～8 mm,患指指间关节平均活动度恢复优良.结论 采用缝合神经的指固有动脉背支血管链皮瓣修复指远端皮肤缺损,操作简单,血供可靠,不牺牲指固有动脉、神经,供区损伤小,术后并发症少,并能重建感觉,是一种理想的手术修复方法.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the effect of using proper digital artery lateral cutaneous branch-chain flap with dorsal digital nerves or dorsal branch of proper digital nerye for repairing of fingertip defect.Methods From December 2008 to November 2009, 24 cases (26 digits) of fingertip defect were treated with proper digital artery lateral cutaneous branch-chain flap.The flap was designed on the lateral side of the proximal phalanx of the injured finger with its long axis running on the lateral midline of the finger.The vascular pedicle was 0.8 to 1.0 cm wide.The pivot point was at the distal 1/3 of the middle phalanx upon which the flap was reversed to repair the defect of the fingertip.The dorsal digital nerve or dorsal branch of proper digital nerve was included in the flap and coapted with the nerve in the wound to reconstruct sensation of the injured finger.Results All 26 flaps survived.Postoperative follow-up period was 6 to 8 months.All these flaps recovered with satisfying and quality, excellent sensation with 4 to 8 mm two-point discrimination.ROM of the interphalangeal joint of the injured finger was good.Conclusion Proper digital artery lateral cutaneous branchchain flap transfer with nerve coaptation is an ideal method for repairing fingertip defect.The surgery is simple.Reliable blood supply can be achieved without sacrificing the proper digital artery.Coaptation of the nerve restores sensation at the fingertip.There is minor donor site damage and very few complications.     

腹壁下动脉穿支分布特点及扩张穿支皮瓣临床应用

Objective To'explore the distribution of deep inferior epignstric perforator vessel and application of the expanded perforator flap for large sear on hand and forearm. Methods 20 healthy adults were selected to detect the distribution of deep inferior epignstrie perforator vessel. 10 cases with eieatricial constriction on hand and forearm were treated with expanded perforator flap. Results 425 perforator paints were detected on the skin surface of abdomen in 20 adults. 80% of the points are located within the area which is 1.1 ～5.8 cm far from the mid-line of abdomen. According to the Rand method, the percentage of the paints in zone Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ were 26%, 43%, and 30%, respectively. There were few points in zone Ⅳ. The area around navel had a high density of points. The paints were distributed asymmetrically at the two sides of abdomen, 10 cases were treated. Vascular deficiency happened at the distal end of one flap. All the other 9 flaps survived. Conclusions The expanded deep inferior epigastric perforator flap is thin and has a large size. It is very suitable for large sear on forearm or hand.     

皮神经营养血管对扩大穿支蒂皮瓣存活面积的实验研究

Objective To study the effects of nerocutneous vessels on perforator flap blood supply and survival area. Methods Thirty SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. The study of the vasculature and nerve disposition of rat dorsum was performed with 10 rats of one group. According to the study,a distal rectangle neurocutaneous flap based on deep circumflex iliac artery perforator, 10 cm long and 3 cm in the width, was elevated on the rest rats, and sutured back to the original situation. The axis of the experimental group's flap paralleles the posterior median line,while the control group flap's angulated about 30° with it. The blood flow of the flap was assessed by fluorescein angiography on the 1st and 7th day after surgery. The surviving rate and the capillary density of flap were assessed on the 7th day after surgery. Results The rat deep circumflex iliac perforator artery was a constant perforator artery, with an nutrition area about 4 cm× 3 cm. The dorsal cutaneous nerves run along the dorsomedian line, nourished by rich vessels. The blood perfusion 1st day after surgery was 42.85% in the experimental group, 37.94% in the control group(P ＞ 0.01 ).On the 7th day, it was 84.07% in the experimental group, 58.55% in the control group (P＜ 0.01). The mean survival rate of the experimental group was 83.93%, higher than control group's 59.95% (P＜0.01),and the density of the blood vessels was higher in experimental group than control group's. Conclusion The neurocutaneous vessels can improve the flap survival condition, which make the perforator flap bigger and safer.     

皮神经营养血管对扩大穿支蒂皮瓣存活面积的实验研究

Objective To study the effects of nerocutneous vessels on perforator flap blood supply and survival area. Methods Thirty SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. The study of the vasculature and nerve disposition of rat dorsum was performed with 10 rats of one group. According to the study,a distal rectangle neurocutaneous flap based on deep circumflex iliac artery perforator, 10 cm long and 3 cm in the width, was elevated on the rest rats, and sutured back to the original situation. The axis of the experimental group's flap paralleles the posterior median line,while the control group flap's angulated about 30° with it. The blood flow of the flap was assessed by fluorescein angiography on the 1st and 7th day after surgery. The surviving rate and the capillary density of flap were assessed on the 7th day after surgery. Results The rat deep circumflex iliac perforator artery was a constant perforator artery, with an nutrition area about 4 cm× 3 cm. The dorsal cutaneous nerves run along the dorsomedian line, nourished by rich vessels. The blood perfusion 1st day after surgery was 42.85% in the experimental group, 37.94% in the control group(P ＞ 0.01 ).On the 7th day, it was 84.07% in the experimental group, 58.55% in the control group (P＜ 0.01). The mean survival rate of the experimental group was 83.93%, higher than control group's 59.95% (P＜0.01),and the density of the blood vessels was higher in experimental group than control group's. Conclusion The neurocutaneous vessels can improve the flap survival condition, which make the perforator flap bigger and safer.     

腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管游离皮瓣修复手足软组织缺损

Objective To report the operative techniques and clinical results of the free psroneal artery perforator sural neurecutanecus flaps. Methods Free sural neurocutaneous flap with a single unit of perforating veins and artery arising from the peroneal artery was designed to repair skin defects of hand or from the ankle to distal end of the foot. After the flap was transposed to the defect, the perforating artery was anastomozed with a branch of a nearby artery, and the small saphenoas vein was anastomosed with the cephalic vein or the great sapheneous vein to establish the flap's circulation. An alternative way was to anastomose the perforating vessels only. The sural nerve was anastomosed to innervate the flap. Results From Jan 2005 to Dec 2007, 12 cases were treated with the flaps with no flap necrosis. The size of the flaps ranged from 12 crux7 cm to 18 cm× 11 cm. The follow-up period was 7 to 27 months. Both the cosmetic and functional results were satisfactory. Two point discrimination was 7 ～ 12 mm. Conclusions The flap has all the advantages of the h'ee flap, the perforator flap and the neurocutaneous flap. It is easily performed with reliable blood supply. It's a good choice for repairing the skin defects of hands and feet.     

腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管游离皮瓣修复手足软组织缺损

Objective To report the operative techniques and clinical results of the free psroneal artery perforator sural neurecutanecus flaps. Methods Free sural neurocutaneous flap with a single unit of perforating veins and artery arising from the peroneal artery was designed to repair skin defects of hand or from the ankle to distal end of the foot. After the flap was transposed to the defect, the perforating artery was anastomozed with a branch of a nearby artery, and the small saphenoas vein was anastomosed with the cephalic vein or the great sapheneous vein to establish the flap's circulation. An alternative way was to anastomose the perforating vessels only. The sural nerve was anastomosed to innervate the flap. Results From Jan 2005 to Dec 2007, 12 cases were treated with the flaps with no flap necrosis. The size of the flaps ranged from 12 crux7 cm to 18 cm× 11 cm. The follow-up period was 7 to 27 months. Both the cosmetic and functional results were satisfactory. Two point discrimination was 7 ～ 12 mm. Conclusions The flap has all the advantages of the h'ee flap, the perforator flap and the neurocutaneous flap. It is easily performed with reliable blood supply. It's a good choice for repairing the skin defects of hands and feet.     

腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管游离皮瓣修复手足软组织缺损

Objective To report the operative techniques and clinical results of the free psroneal artery perforator sural neurecutanecus flaps. Methods Free sural neurocutaneous flap with a single unit of perforating veins and artery arising from the peroneal artery was designed to repair skin defects of hand or from the ankle to distal end of the foot. After the flap was transposed to the defect, the perforating artery was anastomozed with a branch of a nearby artery, and the small saphenoas vein was anastomosed with the cephalic vein or the great sapheneous vein to establish the flap's circulation. An alternative way was to anastomose the perforating vessels only. The sural nerve was anastomosed to innervate the flap. Results From Jan 2005 to Dec 2007, 12 cases were treated with the flaps with no flap necrosis. The size of the flaps ranged from 12 crux7 cm to 18 cm× 11 cm. The follow-up period was 7 to 27 months. Both the cosmetic and functional results were satisfactory. Two point discrimination was 7 ～ 12 mm. Conclusions The flap has all the advantages of the h'ee flap, the perforator flap and the neurocutaneous flap. It is easily performed with reliable blood supply. It's a good choice for repairing the skin defects of hands and feet.     

腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管游离皮瓣修复手足软组织缺损

Objective To report the operative techniques and clinical results of the free psroneal artery perforator sural neurecutanecus flaps. Methods Free sural neurocutaneous flap with a single unit of perforating veins and artery arising from the peroneal artery was designed to repair skin defects of hand or from the ankle to distal end of the foot. After the flap was transposed to the defect, the perforating artery was anastomozed with a branch of a nearby artery, and the small saphenoas vein was anastomosed with the cephalic vein or the great sapheneous vein to establish the flap's circulation. An alternative way was to anastomose the perforating vessels only. The sural nerve was anastomosed to innervate the flap. Results From Jan 2005 to Dec 2007, 12 cases were treated with the flaps with no flap necrosis. The size of the flaps ranged from 12 crux7 cm to 18 cm× 11 cm. The follow-up period was 7 to 27 months. Both the cosmetic and functional results were satisfactory. Two point discrimination was 7 ～ 12 mm. Conclusions The flap has all the advantages of the h'ee flap, the perforator flap and the neurocutaneous flap. It is easily performed with reliable blood supply. It's a good choice for repairing the skin defects of hands and feet.     

腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管游离皮瓣修复手足软组织缺损

Objective To report the operative techniques and clinical results of the free psroneal artery perforator sural neurecutanecus flaps. Methods Free sural neurocutaneous flap with a single unit of perforating veins and artery arising from the peroneal artery was designed to repair skin defects of hand or from the ankle to distal end of the foot. After the flap was transposed to the defect, the perforating artery was anastomozed with a branch of a nearby artery, and the small saphenoas vein was anastomosed with the cephalic vein or the great sapheneous vein to establish the flap's circulation. An alternative way was to anastomose the perforating vessels only. The sural nerve was anastomosed to innervate the flap. Results From Jan 2005 to Dec 2007, 12 cases were treated with the flaps with no flap necrosis. The size of the flaps ranged from 12 crux7 cm to 18 cm× 11 cm. The follow-up period was 7 to 27 months. Both the cosmetic and functional results were satisfactory. Two point discrimination was 7 ～ 12 mm. Conclusions The flap has all the advantages of the h'ee flap, the perforator flap and the neurocutaneous flap. It is easily performed with reliable blood supply. It's a good choice for repairing the skin defects of hands and feet.     

腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管游离皮瓣修复手足软组织缺损

Objective To report the operative techniques and clinical results of the free psroneal artery perforator sural neurecutanecus flaps. Methods Free sural neurocutaneous flap with a single unit of perforating veins and artery arising from the peroneal artery was designed to repair skin defects of hand or from the ankle to distal end of the foot. After the flap was transposed to the defect, the perforating artery was anastomozed with a branch of a nearby artery, and the small saphenoas vein was anastomosed with the cephalic vein or the great sapheneous vein to establish the flap's circulation. An alternative way was to anastomose the perforating vessels only. The sural nerve was anastomosed to innervate the flap. Results From Jan 2005 to Dec 2007, 12 cases were treated with the flaps with no flap necrosis. The size of the flaps ranged from 12 crux7 cm to 18 cm× 11 cm. The follow-up period was 7 to 27 months. Both the cosmetic and functional results were satisfactory. Two point discrimination was 7 ～ 12 mm. Conclusions The flap has all the advantages of the h'ee flap, the perforator flap and the neurocutaneous flap. It is easily performed with reliable blood supply. It's a good choice for repairing the skin defects of hands and feet.     

前臂外侧皮神经的血供特点与皮神经营养血管皮瓣的设计

目的：为临床设计带外侧皮神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供依据。方法：用显微解剖测量法、标本透明法研究前臂外侧皮神经外科解剖与头静脉的关系以及其神经血管皮肤穿支的位置、长度、对皮神经的营养形式等。结果：前臂外侧皮神经共有４支神经血管皮肤穿支,其全程由神经旁血管和主要动脉共同营养。前臂外侧皮神经前支与头静脉紧密伴行。结论：顺沿头静脉,可切取带外侧皮神经营养血管筋膜蒂或血管神经蒂岛状皮瓣,用于修复肘部、前臂远端１／３段和腕部等部位软组织缺损。     

带前臂外侧皮神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：为带前臂外侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法：在３２侧成人上肢标本上，观测前臂外侧皮神经营养血管及其周围皮肤的供血情况。结果：前臂外侧皮神经近侧的血供为肱动脉末端和桡动脉起始部的肌皮支，起始处外径分别为１．４ｍｍ、１．１ｍｍ，穿出深筋膜前长为１．９ｃｍ、１．４ｃｍ；远侧主要为桡动脉的粗大皮支，起始处外径为０．８ｍｍ，穿出深筋膜前长０．８ｃｍ；此外，桡动脉的茎突返支及掌浅支的皮支营养其远端。其神经支在神经束间或神经旁相互吻合构成纵向（链式）血管网，并借分支与筋膜皮支所形成的皮下筋膜血管网沟通。结论：可设计带前臂外侧皮神经及其营养血管的筋膜皮瓣，顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的软组织缺损。     

皮神经营养血管皮瓣在手和足软组织缺损中的应用

目的　应用皮神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复手和足踝部的软组织缺损。方法　以前臂外侧皮神经、桡神经浅支和腓肠神经为轴线 ,分别根据手或足踝部受区大小、部位及供、受区距离设计出逆行岛状皮瓣。结果　腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部创面 4例 ,前臂外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复虎口部创面 1例 ,桡神经浅支营养血管皮瓣修复拇指软组织撕脱伤 1例 ,皮瓣全部成活。结论　根据皮神经营养血管与皮肤血管相互交通的关系设计出的皮神经营养血管皮瓣 ,为手和足踝部软组织缺损的修复提供了血供可靠、简便快捷的新方法     

前臂外侧皮神经营养血管远端蒂筋膜皮瓣的解剖和临床应用

目的 观察前臂外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣的血供和临床应用的可行性。 方法 用３７侧成人上肢标本,对前臂外侧皮神经营养血管的来源,行径,分支分布及其与头静脉的关系等进行解剖观察,并设计了前臂外侧皮神经营养血管远端蒂筋膜皮瓣,应用于临床修复手背疱痕切除后遗留创面。结果 前臂外侧皮神经前支与头静脉紧密伴行,其全程由４支节段性皮动脉发支营养。     

前臂外侧皮神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的临床应用

目的报道前臂外侧皮神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的临床应用疗效。方法根据前臂外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣血供来源及其与前臂筋膜皮肤血供的相互关系，在前臂外侧设计皮神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣，转位修复手部、腕部及前臂远端软组织缺损19例。结果术后皮瓣完全成活，创面一期愈合，经3～30个月随访，皮瓣外形与手部功能恢复满意。结论前臂外侧皮神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣解剖位置恒定，血液供应良好，手术方法简单，适用于修复手部、前臂软组织的缺损。     

股后皮神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨股后皮神经营养血管蒂皮瓣的解剖特点与临床应用疗效。方法 自1999年～2003年，在10侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人新鲜下肢标本中，解剖观测股后皮神经血供及其筋膜皮支的分布范围，并设计应用股后皮神经营养血管蒂皮瓣修复胴窝、髋关节周围软组织缺损12例。结果 股后皮神经营养血管主要来源臀下动脉和胴(股)动脉后侧穿支的升皮支，并在股后区形成网状吻合营养股后侧皮肤。本组皮瓣11例全部成活，仅1例皮瓣远端少量坏死，换药后愈合。经2—50个月随访，皮瓣无破渍，膝、髋关节功能良好。结论 股后皮神经营养血管蒂皮瓣是一种修复胭窝、髋关节周围软组织缺损较好的方法。     

前臂内侧皮神经的血供特点及其在皮瓣设计中的意义

目的 为临床设计前臂内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣提供形态学依据。方法 用量微解剖和标本透明法研究３７侧上肢人侧上神经解剖及其与贵要静脉的关系以及营养血管的来源、位置、口径、对皮神经的营养形式等。结果 前臂内侧皮神经全程由神经旁血管营养。神经旁血管由来源于肱动脉与尺动脉的皮肤动脉分支吻合形成。前臂内侧皮神经与贵要静脉在１ｃｍ左右范围内伴行。结论 顺沿贵要静脉,可切取前臂内侧皮神经、神经旁血管或神经皮肤穿支     

前臂外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复手及前臂创伤

目的探讨前臂外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣临床应用。方法自2006年3月-2009年1月，我科采用前臂外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复手部、腕部、虎口、肘部区域软组织缺损45例。结果本组45例伤口均一期愈合，2例术后第2d远端肿胀，呈紫红色，并有水疱，经手术探查发现蒂部旋转时过紧，经调整后3d，皮瓣颜色红润；7例术后第3d皮瓣肿胀加重，全皮瓣紫红色，伴头静脉充盈怒张，皮下结扎头静脉后，症状逐步改善。本组术后随访3～18月，皮瓣外形满意，无臃肿，皮瓣恢复部分感觉，手功能恢复良好。结论前臂外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣是修复手部、腕部、虎口、肘部区域软组织缺损较理想的手术方法。     

膝降动脉穿支蒂股内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 为膝降动脉穿支蒂股内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣提供解剖学基础.方法 在40侧动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上,以股骨内侧髁为观测标志解剖观测:股内侧皮神经走行与分布;膝降动脉穿支与股内侧皮神经营养血管间的吻合关系.另1侧新鲜标本进行摹拟手术.结果 股内侧皮神经体表投影为腹股沟韧带中点与股骨内侧髁的连线;膝降动脉(髌下支)穿支于股骨内侧髁下缘上约4 cm,在股内侧肌、大收肌腱与股骨内侧髁所围成的三角形凹陷内穿过深筋膜至皮下,并分出众多的细小血管与股内侧皮神经的神经旁和神经干血管链(网)密切吻合,在大腿内侧形成顺沿股内侧皮神经纵轴的血管丛.结论 根据膝降动脉穿支与股内侧皮神经营养血管吻合关系,可形成膝降动脉穿支蒂股内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣转位修复膝部软组织缺损.     

The reverse lateral upper arm flap for elbow coverage

Closure of soft tissue defects in the vicinity of the elbow has been attempted by numerous methods. The reverse lateral upper arm flap was conceived by applying concepts of previous work. Cadaver studies demonstrated the cutaneous territory and vascular anatomy of this region. The nature of the posterior recurrent radial artery and its perforators allows this fasciocutaneous flap to be perfused in a retrograde fashion. The flap can be used for covering various soft tissue defects around the elbow in a single stage with acceptable donor site morbidity. A case is presented in which the flap was used in a reverse flow fashion to cover an 8 X 11 cm acute cubital defect present after soft tissue release. Operative technique is discussed.