机械通气患者气管切开术的适应证、时机与方式

长期机械通气患者实施气管切开术的适应证、时机和方式尚存争议.近期的一些研究显示,早期气管切开增加了患者舒适度和依从性,可以减少镇静剂的使用,降低呼吸机相关性肺炎的发病率、缩短机械通气时间与ICU住院时间等.因此,早期气管切开可能使长期机械通气的患者受益,经皮扩张气管切开术是一种较好的气管切开方式,但要正确把握其适应证.     

高血压脑出血患者血气分析与临床治疗及预后关系的研究

目的:研究血气分析对高血压脑出血患者临床治疗及预后的影响,探讨高血压脑出血血气变化机制,以提高高血压脑出血的临床治疗水平.方法:进入实验组的高血压脑出血患者80例,收集患者一般资料,记录动脉血气分析及脉搏血氧饱和度监测结果,记录气管切开、机械通气等治疗措施及其前后血气分析结果变化,采用GOS评分表对患者近期预后(出院时)进行评定,利用统计学分析血气分析结果与气管切开、机械通气等治疗措施及预后的关系.采用SPSS统计软件进行数据处理.计量资料采用表示,计数资料用构成比表示,计量资料采用t检验,计数资料采用x2检验,p＜0.05具有统计学意义.结果:对于高血压脑出血患者,低氧血症(Pa02＜60 mmHg组)影响患者预后,与氧分压正常组相比差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05);酸碱失衡(pH＜7.35/pH＞7.45组)影响患者预后,与pH值正常组相比差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05);气管切开时间早晚影响患者预后,缺氧24小时后气管切开组与24小时内气管切开组相比差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05);气管切开后患者pH值、PaO2、PaCO2血气指标明显改善,与气管切开前相比差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05);机械通气治疗后患者PaO2、SpO2指标改善,与机械通气前相比,差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05);呼吸性碱中毒为高血压脑出血患者主要酸碱失衡类型.结论:1.低氧血症及酸碱失衡与高血压脑出血患者预后关系密切.2.气管切开可改善患者血气指标并影响预后.3.呼吸机辅助通气治疗可以改善患者血气指标并影响预后.4.血气分析可有效监测患者病情变化,指导临床治疗并影响患者预后.     

气管切开术的时机对颈髓损伤患者治疗的影响

[目的]评价需机械通气的颈髓损伤患者,早期及晚期气管切开的时机对其治疗的临床效果及安全性。[方法]回顾性分析本院2008年10月~2014年10月收治的颈髓损伤并行气管切开患者共36例。按气管切开的时机分为早期组及晚期组。观察患者机械通气时间(总时间及气管切开术后的时间),ICU住院时间(总时间及气管切开术后的时间),院内获得性肺炎的发病率,同时评估两组气管切开的并发症。[结果]早期组有明显较短的机械通气时间,包括总机械通气时间[(23.46±2.23)d VS(34.55±4.53)d]和气切后机械通气时间[(15.24±4.74)d VS(25.41±9.74)d],及较短的ICU住院时间[(21.92±5.94)d VS(39.04±15.95)d],两组患者在气管切开后肺炎的发生率无差别(60%VS 80.95%);两组总体并发症的例数,早期组要低于晚期组(1例VS 5例)。[结论]需机械通气的颈髓损伤患者,早期行气管切开术,可减少机械通气时间,减少ICU住院时间及长时间插管的并发症,且并未增加颈椎手术切口感染。但并不能减少与机械通气相关的肺部感染。     

超声评估膈肌功能在预测机械通气脱机中的应用进展

<正>临床上机械通气常应用于呼吸衰竭、危重症患者以及全麻手术患者的呼吸支持治疗。对于需脱离机械通气的危重患者来说,确定合适的拔管时机对其预后有着极其重要的意义。过早的拔管会导致患者呼吸衰竭,甚至再插管等不良结果,而延迟拔管使患者气管阻塞、气管狭窄引起肺炎,进而预后较差。因此,确定合适的拔管时机仍然是医护人员面临的挑战。膈肌是主要的呼吸肌,长时间机械通气可影响膈肌功能,导致膈肌萎缩、收缩功能障碍,成为呼吸机相关膈肌功能障碍(ventilat     

急性颈脊髓损伤患者气管切开时机的临床研究

目的探讨急性颈脊髓损伤需要长时间机械通气患者气管切开的最佳时机。方法回顾性分析2011年1月~2015年12月我科79例接受气管切开手术的急性颈脊髓损伤的临床资料。按气管切开距气管插管的时间将患者分为2组,甲组患者气管切开距气管插管≤10 d,乙组患者气管切开距气管插管10 d,比较2组患者机械通气时间、ICU住留时间、肺部感染发生率有无差异。结果甲组患者机械通气时间(192±58)h较乙组(348±53)h明显缩短(t=-12.490,P=0.000)。甲组患者ICU时间(9.8±2.7)d明显短于乙组(15.9±2.2)d(t=-11.058,P=0.000)。甲组患者肺部感染发生率16.2%(6/37),明显低于乙组38.1%(16/42)(χ~2=4.686,P=0.030)。2组成功撤离机械通气的例数分别为34、38例,无统计学差异(χ~2=0.000,P=1.000)。结论对于短时间内不能撤离机械通气的急性颈脊髓损伤患者,早期气管切开可减少机械通气时间,缩短ICU住留时间,降低肺部感染发生率。     

声门下吸引气管导管在ICU防治肺部感染中的临床应用

重症病房的肺部感染的发病率极高,尤其对气管插管或气管切开的患者,其病程较长,治疗上也较普通患者更困难,治愈后易复发,病死率高[1]。我院ICU自2004年12月～2007年3月收治61例重症病房须长期接受机械通气的患者,其中31例使用声门下吸引气管导管治疗,疗效显著,报道如下。资料与方法一般资料61例入住ICU的重症病房须长期接受机械通气的患者,气管插管15例,气管切开46例,其中男34例,女27例,年龄(46.08±2.57)岁。APACHEⅡ评分(16.47±3.52)分;其中42例有呼吸机(Servo-s)通气。入住ICU时常规查血常规、胸部CT,痰培养检查无肺部感染证据;…     

重症监护室患者肺部感染危险因素与预防对策研究

目的探讨重症监护室住院患者肺部感染发生相关影响因素,并提出合理的防治对策。方法选取2016年1月至2018年6月重症监护室收治的322例患者作为此次研究对象,分析重症监护室治疗患者发生肺部感染的相关因素。结果 322例患者中肺部感染发生率为22.05%(71/322);经单因素分析发现,ICU入住时间15天、基础疾病、单纯气管切开、气管插管/气管切开机械通气、留置中心静脉导管、雾化吸入、使用抗菌药物2种和抗菌药物使用时间2周为重症监护室患者肺部感染发生危险因素,P0.05。多因素分析发现,气管插管/气管切开机械通气、ICU入住时间15天、使用抗菌药物2种和抗菌药物使用时间2周及单纯气管切开为重症监护室患者发生肺部感染的独立性危险因素,P0.05。结论重症监护室患者发生肺部感染影响因素较多,因此可针对高危因素采取合理的防控措施以降低肺部感染发生率,促进其康复。     

纤支镜引导经鼻气管插管治疗银环蛇咬伤患者的效果观察

目的观察经纤支镜鼻气管插管机械通气治疗银环蛇咬伤中毒患者的临床效果。方法对15例银环蛇咬伤患者在常规治疗下采用经口、气管切开插管进行机械通气(对照组),对30例患者在常规治疗下采用纤支镜引导经鼻气管插管机械通气治疗。结果观察组气管插管时间、住院时间明显短于对照组(均P<0.05),且并发症发生率明显低于对照组,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论纤支镜引导经鼻气管插管治疗银环蛇咬伤中毒可为患者赢得抢救时间,减少并发症发生,缩短住院时间。     

重型颅脑外伤后肺部感染患者的临床分析

目的:探讨重型颅脑外伤患者肺部感染率及与其相关危险因素的关系,了解肺部感染的病原菌和耐药情况,为临床治疗提供依据.方法:对135例重型颅脑外伤合并肺部感染患者的临床资料进行回顾性调查,分析与气管切开、机械通气、基础疾病和年龄等相关危险因素的关系,统计病原菌及其耐药率.结果:重型颅脑外伤后行气管切开、机械通气和年龄＞60岁、有糖尿病、心肺疾病等因素的患者肺部感染率明显高于自然正常通气、年龄＜60岁和无基础疾病的患者,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.001);肺部感染的病原菌以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主占70.6％.结论:气管切开、机械通气和年龄＞60岁、并发有糖尿病、心肺疾病的患者是肺部感染的主要原因,减少和缩短气管切开、机械通气时间,合理应用抗菌药物,加强消毒隔离是控制重型颅脑外伤肺部感染的有效措施.     

两种气管导管预防机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎效果比较

目的探讨圆柱形与锥形气囊气管导管对机械通气患者微误吸致呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的预防效果。方法将机械通气≥48h的气管插管患者64例随机分为A组32例,采用圆柱形气囊气管导管;B组32例,采用锥形气囊气管导管。将机械通气≥48h的气管切开患者72例随机分为C组36例,采用圆柱形气囊气管导管;D组36例,采用锥形气囊气管导管。观察并记录四组患者VAP发生率和时间、机械通气时间、痰液变化量、声门下分泌物变化量、脱机成功率。结果 B、D组VAP发生率显著低于A、C组;痰液变化量和声门下分泌物变化量显著多于A、C组(P0.05,P0.01)。四组机械通气时间、7d内脱机成功率、14d内脱机成功率差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论使用锥形气囊的气管导管可以更好地预防微误吸的发生,从而预防VAP的发生。     

Closed tracheal suction systems for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia

We have assessed the evidence that closed tracheal suction systems (TSS) prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), using a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We searched PubMed and Cochrane databases to identify RCTs that compared closed with open TSS for the management of mechanically ventilated (MV) patients. Nine RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. There was no difference in the incidence of VAP between patients managed with closed and open TSS [odds ratio (OR)=0.96, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.72-1.28]. There was no heterogeneity among the eligible trials (I2=0, 95% CI 0-0.65). The compared groups did not differ with respect to mortality (OR=1.04, 95% CI 0.78-1.39) or intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay [two RCTs: 12.3 (sd 1.1) vs 11.5 (1.4) days and 15.6 (13.4) vs 19.9 (16.7) days]. Suctioning with closed systems was associated with longer MV duration (weighted mean differences: 0.65 days, 95% CI 0.28-1.03) and higher colonization of the respiratory tract (OR=2.88, 95% CI 1.50-5.52) than open TSS. The available evidence suggests that closed as opposed to open TSS usage did not provide any benefit on VAP incidence, mortality, or ICU stay of MV patients.     

Weaning from ventilator after cardiac operation using the Ciaglia percutaneous tracheostomy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the predictors of weaning from mechanical ventilation after cardiac operation with the Ciaglia percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) in our preliminary experience in the use of this technique. METHODS: We prospectively analysed 33 consecutive patients (mean age 70.9+/-12.7 years) who underwent PDT in our intensive care unit after cardiac operation. The investigation involved preoperative and postoperative clinical status, operative procedure, indication and timing for PDT. RESULTS: PDT was performed after a mean time of 7.7+/-5.0 consecutive days of translaryngeal intubation. Twenty-four (73%) patients were weaned from ventilator after a mean time of mechanical ventilation of 15.8+/-9.1 days. Time point of PDT was the only predictor of ventilator weaning (P=0.0029): there was significant association between PDT performed before the seventh consecutive day of translaryngeal intubation (early PDT) and successful weaning from ventilator (P=0.01; odds ratio=11.2, 95% confidence interval=1.2-104.3). Among the patients weaned from ventilator, those who underwent early PDT had significantly shorter times of mechanical ventilation, and intensive care unit and hospital stays than patients with later PDT (P=0.035, 0.011 and 0.0073, respectively). Nine (27%) patients died of their underlying disease while still being mechanically ventilated; another six (18%) spontaneously breathing but still incannulated patients died afterward. No major PDT-related complications were observed. Two minor peristomal bleedings and one self-resolving subcutaneous emphysema were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Early PDT was a safe and effective method to wean from mechanical ventilation the cardiosurgical patients of this series.     

Early tracheostomy versus prolonged endotracheal intubation in severe head injury

BACKGROUND: To see if early tracheostomy (fifth day) reduces duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, incidence of pneumonia and mortality in comparison with prolonged intubation (PI) in patients with head injury. METHODS: Patients were prospectively included in this study if they met the following criteria: isolated head injury, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score < or =8 on first and fifth day, with cerebral contusion on CT scan. On the fifth day, randomization was done in two groups: early tracheostomy group (T group, n = 31) and prolonged endotracheal intubation group (I group, n = 31). We evaluated total time of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, pneumonia incidence and mortality. Complications related to each technique were noted. Analysis of data were performed using Yates and Kruskall Walis tests. p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The two groups were comparable in term of age, sex, and Simplified Acute Physiologic Score (SAPS). The mean time of mechanical ventilatory support was shorter in T group (14.5 +/- 7.3) versus I group (17.5 +/- 10.6) (p = 0.02). After pneumonia was diagnosed, mechanical ventilatory time was 6 +/- 4.7 days for ET group versus 11.7 +/- 6.7 days for PEI group (p = 0.01). There was no difference in frequency of pneumonia or mortality between the two groups. CONCLUSION: In severe head injury early tracheostomy decreases total days of mechanical ventilation or mechanical ventilation time after development of pneumonia.     

A meta-analysis of noninvasive weaning to facilitate liberation from mechanical ventilation.

PURPOSE: To summarize the evidence comparing noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) and invasive positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) weaning on mortality, ventilator associated pneumonia and the total duration of mechanical ventilation among invasively ventilated adults with respiratory failure. SOURCE: Meta-analysis of randomized and quasi-randomized studies comparing early extubation with immediate application of NPPV to IPPV weaning. We selected randomized studies that 1) included adults, with respiratory failure, invasively ventilated for at least 24 hr; 2) compared extubation with immediate application of NPPV to weaning using IPPV; and 3) reported at least one clinically important outcome. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We searched MEDLINE (1966 to 2003), EMBASE (1980 to 2003) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2003) for randomized controlled trials comparing NPPV and IPPV weaning. Additional data sources included personal files, conference proceedings and author contact. Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality and abstracted data. Five studies enrolling 171 patients demonstrated that compared to IPPV, noninvasive weaning decreased mortality (relative risk, 0.41 [95% confidence interval [CI] 0.22-0.76]), ventilator associated pneumonia (relative risk, 0.28 [95% CI 0.09-0.85]) and the total duration of mechanical ventilation (weighted mean difference, -7.33 days [95% CI -11.45 to -3.22 days]). CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of a large randomized controlled trial, this meta-analysis demonstrated a consistent positive effect of noninvasive weaning on mortality. Notwithstanding, the use of NPPV to facilitate weaning, in mechanically ventilated patients, with predominantly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is associated with promising, but insufficient, evidence of net clinical benefit at present.     

Pre-transplant mechanical ventilation and outcome in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Mechanical ventilation for ventilatory failure has been considered a relative contraindication to subsequent lung transplantation. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who are intubated and mechanically ventilated before transplantation have poorer post-transplant outcomes than do patients who are not ventilated.We compared the outcomes of 8 patients with CF who underwent mechanical ventilation for 62 +/-20 days (range, 3-153 days) before bilateral lung transplantation with outcomes of 24 patients with CF who did not undergo pre-transplant mechanical ventilation.Although time to extubation after transplantation was prolonged significantly (11 vs 4 days) for the pre-transplant ventilated group, days to hospital discharge, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (percent predicted) at 1 year after transplantation, and post-transplant survival as determined using the Kaplan-Meier method did not differ statistically between the 2 groups.Patients with CF who undergo pre-transplant endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure have outcomes that do not differ significantly from those of patients with CF who do not require invasive ventilatory support before bilateral lung transplantation.     

Comparação de traqueotomia percutânea precoce e tardia em unidade de terapia intensiva para adultos

Background and objectivesPercutaneous tracheotomy has become a good alternative for patients thought to have prolonged intubation in intensive care units. The most important benefits of tracheotomy are early discharge of the patient from the intensive care unit and shortening of the time spent in the hospital. Prolonged endotracheal intubation has complications such as laryngeal damage, vocal cord paralysis, glottic and subglottic stenosis, infection and tracheal damage. The objective of our study was to evaluate potential advantages of early percutaneous tracheotomy over late percutaneous tracheotomy in intensive care unit.MethodsPercutaneous tracheotomies applied to 158 patients in adult intensive care unit have been analyzed retrospectively. Patients were divided into two groups as early and late tracheotomy according to their endotracheal intubation time before percutaneous tracheotomy. Tracheotomies at the 0–7th days of endotracheal intubation were grouped as early and after the 7 th day of endotracheal intubation as late tracheotomies. Patients having infection at the site of tracheotomy, patients with difficult or potential difficult intubation, those under 18 years old, patients with positive end‐expiratory pressure above 10 cmH₂O and those with bleeding diathesis or platelet count under 50,000 dL^‐1 were not included in the study. Durations of mechanical ventilation and intensive care stay were noted.ResultsThere was no statistical difference among the demographic data of the patients. Mechanical ventilation time and time spent in intensive care unit in the group with early tracheotomy was shorter and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05).ConclusionEarly tracheotomy shortens mechanical ventilation duration and intensive care unit stay. For that reason we suggest early tracheotomy in patients thought to have prolonged intubation.     

Predictors of prolonged mechanical ventilation in a cohort of 3,269 CABG patients

BACKGROUND: Prolonged mechanical ventilation after heart surgery is associated with increased patient morbidity and mortality (4.9% vs 22-38%). A prospective observational cohort study was carried out to assess the predictors of prolonged mechanical ventilation and its impact on hospital survival in a cardiac surgical patient cohort admitted to our 8 bed postoperative ICU from January 1997 through June 2004. METHODS: All of the patient perioperative and ICU variables were input into an electronic database. Patients were divided into: 1) an Early Extubation group, undergoing a successful extubation within 12 h and 2) a Delayed Extubation group, needing mechanical ventilation longer than 12 h. RESULTS: A total of 3,269 patients undergoing a coronary artery bypass graft operation were admitted. A multivariate Logistic Regression model allowed us to identify: 1) redo surgery (OR = 3.090, 95% CI = 1.655-5.780); 2) cardiopulmonary bypass time longer than 91' (OR = 1.390, 95% CI = 1.013-1.908); 3) intraoperative transfusions of more than 4 units of red blood cells (OR = 3.144, 95% CI = 2.331-4.255) or fresh frozen plasma (OR = 2.976, 95% CI = 1.984-4.830); and 4) left ventricular ejection fraction = or < 30% (OR = 2.444, 95% CI 1.291-3.205) as independent predictors of prolonged mechanical ventilation. The Early Extubation group showed a significantly higher cumulative survival 180 days after the ICU admission (Log-Rank = 16.617, p=0.000). CONCLUSION: This audit allowed us to assess a predictive model identifying a priori coronary artery bypass graft patients that are more likely to undergo prolonged mechanical ventilation.     

Submental endotracheal intubation: an alternative to tracheotomy in patients with midfacial and panfacial fractures

BACKGROUND: The submental route for endotracheal intubation has been proposed as an alternative to tracheotomy in the surgical management of patients with maxillofacial trauma. The purpose of this study was to review our experience with this procedure. METHODS: Medical records of 25 patients who had surgical reduction of midfacial or panfacial fractures while securing their airway with submental intubation were reviewed. After standard orotracheal intubation, a passage was created by blunt dissection with a hemostat clamp through the floor of the mouth in the submental area. The proximal end of the orotracheal tube was pulled through the submental incision. Surgery was completed with minimal interference from the endotracheal tube. At the end of surgery, the tube was pulled back to the usual oral route. RESULTS: Mean duration of surgery was 7.9 hours (range, 2-16 hours). Mean duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation was 5.2 days (range, 1-24 days). Fourteen of these patients required prolonged (>24 hours) postoperative mechanical ventilation because of associated injuries. Two patients later required a tracheotomy because of prolonged respiratory failure. One patient died of multiple organ failure. One complication of the submental intubation was observed: a superficial infection of the submental wound. CONCLUSION: Submental intubation is a simple technique associated with a low morbidity. It is an attractive alternative to tracheotomy in the surgical management of selected cases of maxillofacial trauma.     

The timing of tracheotomy. Advantages of early timing

Tracheotomy is widely performed in Intensive Care Units, but no general agreement exists about its correct timing in ventilated patients. Many articles examine the complications of long-term endotracheal intubation and tracheotomy; few data, however, relate these damages and ventilated patients outcome to tracheotomy timing. No universally accepted guidelines exist, but last years clinical practice prefer early tracheotomy, particularly if performed by percutaneous approach. Many authors suggest prospective and randomized clinical trials in order to evaluate tracheotomy performance correct time. At this time decision making must consider risks and benefits related to patient clinical conditions: at this regard some reports seem to advantage early tracheotomy.     

谷氨酰胺增强型肠内营养对危重病患者临床结局的影响:随机对照试验的系统评价

目的 系统评价谷氨酰胺(Gln)增强型肠内营养治疗对危重病患者预后及治疗费用的影响.方法 检索8个生物医学数据库(<中国生物医学文献数据库>、、<科学引文索引数据库>等)1976年以后的文献资料.鉴定随机对照试验(RCT),纳人研究的标准包括:(1)采用随机对照的临床研究,设立平行对照;(2)危重病患者,急性生理与慢性健康评估评分Ⅱ大于10分或烧伤面积大于30%TBSA者;(3)以肠内营养中是否添加Gln作为研究组与对照组的惟一差别;(4)临床结局指标包括患者死亡、院内感染、器官功能衰竭发生情况、住院日及费用.研究方法学质量按照Cochrane系统评价员手册及Jadad评分量表进行评定.用Rev Man 5.0软件进行Meta分析.结果 224篇相关文献中,共7项RCT符合全部纳入标准.死亡情况:共5项研究报告了545例患者中的死亡例数,研究间无异质性(P=0.46),合并相对危险度(RR)为0.94,95%置信区间(CI)为0.68～1.30,P=0.70.Gln组死亡风险与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).院内感染:共3项研究报告了489例患者中的院内感染发生情况.研究间无异质性(P=0.08),采用固定效应模型,合并RR=0.72,95%CI为0.52～0.99,P=0.04.与对照组比较,Gln组院内感染率下降了28%.器官功能衰竭:共3项研究报告了460例患者中发生器官功能衰竭或MODS的情况,研究间无异质性(P=0.65),采用固定效应模型,合并RR=1.27,95%CI为0.70～2.30,P=0.43.Gln组与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).住院时间:4项研究报告了患者入住重症监护病房(ICU)的时间,其中3项研究以中位数(四分位间距)形式表示结果,2组患者比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);另1项研究给出了2组患者入住ICU时间的x±s,差异亦无统计学意义(P>0.05).此外,有3项关于重症烧伤患者的研究给出了住院时间,研究间无异质性(P=0.08),采用固定效应模型,合并均数差值为-7.24,95%CI为-13.28～-1.19,P=0.02.与对照组比较,Gln组住院时间约缩短7.24 d.结论 Gln增强型肠内营养用于危重病患者,可以降低院内感染的发生率,有可能缩短重症烧伤患者住院时间,但病死率及经济学指标尚需进行更多大样本研究进一步验证.