儿童遗传性视网膜疾病的眼底自身荧光表现

目的 观察儿童遗传性视网膜疾病的眼底自身荧光(FAF)特征.方法 回顾性分析22例临床资料完整、年龄5～14岁之问的遗传性视网膜疾病患儿的FAF检查结果.其中,Best卵黄样病变8例16只眼,Stargardt病3例6只眼,视锥细胞营养不良3例6只眼,原发性视网膜色素变性(RP)5例10只眼,X连锁青少年型视网膜劈裂症3例6只眼.仔细询问现病史及家族史,行视力、裂隙灯显微镜眼前节检查,间接眼底镜检查,彩色眼底像和FAF照相,其中部分患儿接受了荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)、视网膜电流图、眼电图、光相干断层扫描检查.对上述患儿的FAF结果特征进行归纳总结,并与其眼底照相和/或FFA结果进行比较分析.结果 3例Stargardt病患儿的6只眼及3例视锥细胞营养不良患儿的6只眼FAF检查显示黄斑区可见对称性的圆形、近圆形弱荧光或荧光缺如区,2例视锥细胞营养不良患儿的4只眼及1例Stargardt病患儿的2只眼可见弱荧光或荧光缺如区外缘环以强荧光;Best卵黄样病变患儿黄斑区可见一个强度均匀或不均匀的强FAF病灶;RP患儿后极部视网膜FAF增强,黄斑区周围可见宽度不等的环形强荧光带,拱环区FAF正常;3例X连锁青少年型视网膜劈裂症患儿中5只眼中心凹部位FAF检查可见蜂窝或颗粒状强荧光.结论 Stargardt病及视锥细胞营养不良患儿黄斑区为近圆形弱荧光,部分病变区外缘环以强荧光;Best卵黄样病变患儿黄斑区为强度均匀或不均匀的强FAF病灶;RP患儿后极部视网膜FAF增强,拱环区FAF正常,黄斑区周围可见宽度不等的环形强荧光带;X连锁青少年型视网膜劈裂症患儿中心凹部位为蜂窝或颗粒状强荧光.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the autofluorescence (AF) manifestation in children with hereditary retinal diseases. Methods The clinical data of 22 children (aged from 5 to 14 years) with hereditary retinal diseases were retrospectively analyzed. There were 8 children (16 eyes) with Best vitelliform macular dystrophy, 3 children (6 eyes) with Stargardt macular dystrophy, 3 children (6 eyes) with macular cone dystrophy, 5 children (10 eyes) with primary retinitis pigmentosa, and 3 children (6 eyes) with X-linked juvenile retinoschisis. The routine clinical examinations included present history, family history, visual acuity, silt-lamp microscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, color fundus photography and fundus autofluorescence angiography (FAF). Some patients received fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA),electroretinogram (ERG), electrooculogram (EOG), and ocular coherence tomography (OCT). The characteristics of AF in all the children were analyzed, and were compared with the images of color fundus and/or FFA. Results Symmetry round macular fluorescent weak or absent area was found in all Stargardt disease and cone dystrophy. Weak AF area with surrounded circular increased AF was found in 2 children (4 eyes) with cone dystrophy and 1 child (2 eyes) with Stargardt macular dystrophy. A central round area with regular or irregular intense AF was observed in Best vitelliform macular dystrophy. RP children showed increased AF out of the macular region. Cellular or granular strong AF was found in the fovea of 3 children (5 eyes) with X-linked juvenile retinoschisis. Conclusion The children with hereditary retinal diseases had special AF changes.     

Lipofuscin-and Melanin-related Fundus Autofluorescence in Patients with Submacular Idiopathic Choroidal Neovascularization

Purpose:.To compare melanin-related near-infrared fundus autofluorescence (NIA; excitation 787 nm, emission> 800 nm) with lipofuscin-related fundus autofluorescence (FAF; excitation 488 nm, emission > 500 nm) in patients with idiopathic choroidal neovascularization (ICNV). Methods: FAF, NIA, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and indocyanine green angiography.(ICGA).were obtained using a confocal scanning laser Ophthalmoscope HRA2 (Heidelberg Retina Angiograph 2).in 18 eyes of 18 patients with ICNV. Results:.Eighteen eyes had classic CNV, and autofluorescence imaging showed hypoautofluorescence at the site of CNV..A well-defined hyperautofluorescent ring was detected surrounding the CNV in all 18 eyes with NIA imaging. In our sample,.the FAF patterns around the CNV were classified as normal (n=1,.5.56%), well-defined hyperautofluorescent ring (n=7,.38.89%), or ill-defined hyperautofluorescent ring (n=10, 55.56%). Conclusion:.The patterns of FAF and NIA indicated different involvement of lipofuscin and melanin in the pathophysiological process of ICNV. Compared to FAF imaging, NIA imaging appears to be a superior noninvasive method for in vivo visualization of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) abnormalities in ICNV patients.     

中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变荧光素渗漏点的自身荧光改变

目的 观察中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变(CSC)患者荧光渗漏点区域的眼底自身荧光(FAF)改变特点.方法 采用海德堡视网膜血管造影仪对CSC患者67例67只眼行荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)检查.其中,年龄≤45岁者47只眼,＞45岁者20只眼;急性CSC患者25只眼,慢性或复发性CSC 患者42只眼.使用488 nm波长激光采集FAF图像,观察荧光渗漏点区域的FAF改变特点.结果 67只眼中,FFA荧光渗漏点位置FAF无异常者35只眼,占52.2%;FAF呈点状弱荧光者16只眼,占23.9%;FAF呈小片状弱荧光或斑驳荧光者10只眼,占14.9%;FAF呈强荧光者6只眼,占9.0%.年龄≤45岁的47只眼中,FFA荧光渗漏点区域FAF无异常者26只眼,占55.3%;FAF呈点状弱荧光者11只眼,占23.4%;FAF呈小片状弱荧光或斑驳荧光者7只眼,占14.9%.FAF呈稍强荧光者3只眼,占6.3%.＞45岁的20只眼中,FFA荧光渗漏点位置FAF无异常者9只眼,占45.0%;FAF呈点状弱荧光者5只眼,占25.0%;FAF 呈片状弱荧光或斑驳荧光者3只眼,占15.0%,FAF呈强荧光者3只眼,占15.0%.急性CSC 25只眼中,FFA荧光渗漏点位置FAF无异常改变者20只眼,占80.0%;FAF呈点状弱荧光者4只眼,占16.O%FAF 呈小片状弱荧光或斑驳荧光者1只眼,占4.0%.慢性或复发性CSC 42只眼中,FFA荧光渗漏点区域无异常改变者15只眼,占35.7%;FAF呈点状弱荧光者12只眼,占28.6%;FAF呈小片状弱荧光或斑驳荧光者9只眼,占21.4%;FAF呈强荧光者6只眼,占14.3%.结论 不同年龄和病程的CSC患者FFA荧光渗漏点位置具有特征性的FAF改变.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the characteristics of fundus autofluorescence (AF) in the leakage site of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Methods Sixty-seven CSC patients (67 eyes)underwent fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) examination with a confocal scanning angiography (HRA2). Autofluorescence was elicited by the wavelength of 488 nm. The patterns of autofluorescence corresponding to the leakage site on FFA were observed. All the enrolled patients were grouped by age (age≤45 in 47 eyes and age ＞45 in 20 eyes) and courses (acute CSC in 25 eyes and chronic or recurrent CSC in 42 eyes). the patterns of autofluorescence were analyzed respectively. Results There are 4 patterns of AF in the leakage site on FFA of CSC patients: no AF changes, punctuate hypo-AF, expanded hypo-AF or speckled AF, hyper-AF. The percentages of those patterns in all 67 eyes are 52. 2%, 23. 9% , 14. 9% and 9.0% respectively. The percentages of those patterns in the group of age ≤45 (n=47) are 55.3%,23. 4% , 14. 9% and 6. 3% respectively. The percentages of those patterns in the group of age ＞45 (n=20)are 45. 0% , 25. 0% , 15. 0% and 15. 0% respectively. The percentages of those patterns in acute CSC (n=20) are 80.0%, 16.0%, 4.0% and 0% respectively. The percentages of those patterns in chronic or recurrent CSC (n=42) are 35.7%, 28.6%, 21.4% and 14.3% respectively. Conclusion There are different patterns of fundus autofluorescence in different age and courses of CSC patients.     

眼底荧光血管造影在1期糖尿病视网膜病变诊断中应用价值

目的 探讨糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)国际临床分类法1期病变患者眼底荧光血管造影(FFA)表现,评价FFA对早期DR的诊断价值.方法 对76例(152只眼)诊断为糖尿病视网膜病变国际临床分级标准1期病变患者进行眼底及眼底荧光血管造影检查,分析其造影表现.结果 检眼镜下152只眼眼底全部未见异常表现,FFA正常48只眼(31.58%).FFA异常104只眼(68.42%),异常表现中单纯微动脉瘤(MA)强荧光56只眼(53.84%),MA合并毛细血管扩张15只眼(14.41%),MA合并黄斑水肿5只眼(4.81%),黄斑拱环破坏3只眼(2.87%),小片状毛细血管无灌注2只眼(1.92%),窗样缺损23只眼(22.15%).结论 被诊断为DR国际临床分类法1期的患者,大部分已经出现了不同程度的FFA异常表现.因此,FFA是DR早期诊断的较好方法,能提高对DR早期诊断的准确度.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the fundus fluorescence angiography (FFA) performance of diabetic retinopathy (DR) according to the international clinical classification of period l's patients. To evaluate the diagnostic value of FFA in early DR. Methods Fundus and fundus fluorescence angiography examination were performed and analyzed in 76 of period 1 patients (152 eyes) for the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy according to the international clinical classification standard of. Results All 152 eyes fundus had no abnormal performance under ophthalmoscope, FFA normal 48 eyes (31.58%); FFA abnormal 104 eyes (68.42%), abnormal performance among a simple micro-aneurysms (MA), high fluorescence 56 eyes (53.84%), MA merge in telangiectasia 15 eyes (14.41%), MA merge in macular edema 5 eyes (4.81%), macular arch ring had damaged 3 eyes (2.87%), small flake with capillary nonperfusion 2 eyes (1.92%), window defect 23 eyes (22.15%).Conclusions DR is diagnosed with period 1 patients according to the international clinical classification, most of the emergence of difference degrees abnormal performance of the FFA. Therefore, FFA is the better method in early diagnosis of DR. It can increase the accurate of diagnosis for DR.     

原田病药物治疗后吲哚青绿眼底血管造影观察

目的 探讨利用吲哚青绿血管造影检查作为原田(Harada)病临床观察指标的意义.方法 对经药物治疗后19例(38只眼)原田病患者同时行荧光素眼底血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography,FFA)及吲哚青绿血管造影(indocyanine green angiography,ICGA)检查资料进行分析.结果 FFA检查发现有4例(8只眼)视盘轻度染色,视网膜未发现异常改变;ICGA早期及中期无异常表现,但后期8只眼(包括FFA中视盘染色的4只眼)在中周及后极部出现了点状或斑片状弱荧光;3例6只眼FFA及眼底正常,在ICGA后期后极部出现了斑点状弱荧光;24只眼脉络膜大、中血管影像减少,其中12只眼dalen-fuchs结节着色.结论 ICGA可较好提供原田病的脉络膜循环损害的信息,并在评价疗效上有意义.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical value of indocyanine green angiography(ICGA)in patients with Harada disease.Methods Fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)and indocyanine green angiography(ICGA)were used for comparative analyses in 26 cases(52 eyes)of Harada disease after treatment.Results Mild dyeing in disk was found only in 4 cases(8 eyes),and the others were not found any abnormal in FFA.There were no any abnormal found in early period and middle period of ICGA,but of 8 eyes(include 4 eyes of dyeing in disk in FFA)multifocal lower fluorescence were found in the mid-periphery and posterior pole of the fundus in the late phase.Of 3 cases(6 eyes)were normal in FFA,however multifocal lower fluorescence were found in the posterior pole of the fundus in the late phase of ICGA.Of 24 eyes were found decreased fluorescence in large and middle choroidal vessel,and 12 eyes of Dalen-Fuchs were colored.Conclusions ICGA may assist in providing valuable information on choroidal circulation of Harada disease and be useful in evaluating the curative effects.     

中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变的两种眼底自发荧光特征观察

背景 眼底自发荧光(AF)成像是一种新的非侵人性眼底荧光检测技术,可利用共焦激光扫描检眼镜获得两种眼底AF,包括脂褐素相关的AF(FAF)和黑色素相关的近红外AF(NIA).目的 探讨中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变(CSC)患者眼底FAF和NIA两种AF特征.方法 对CSC患者23例28眼进行FAF、NIA和荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)检查,其中急性期CSC 15例17眼,慢性迁延性CSC 8例11眼.结果 急性期CSC患者FFA荧光素渗漏点AF改变有3种特征:(1)AF增强,包括FAF增强2眼,占11.76％;NIA增强4眼,占23.53％.(2)无AF,包括FAF 10眼,占58.82％;NIA 13眼,占76.47％.(3)AF正常,包括FAF 5眼,占29.42％;NIA 0眼.视网膜浆液性脱离区AF改变有2种特征:(1)AF减弱,包括FAF减弱12眼,占70.59％;NIA减弱10眼,占58.82％.(2)AF增强,包括FAF增强5眼,占29.41％;NIA增强7眼,占41.18％.慢性迁延性CSC患者AF像中,FFA检查视网膜色素上皮(RPE)渗漏点位置表现为无AF,部分无AF点在相应位置的FFA像未见RPE渗漏点,而N1A像中所见的无AF点常常多于FAF.慢性CSC视网膜浆液性脱离区常表现为颗粒样无AF、AF增强及AF减弱等多种AF改变并存的复合病灶,并且AF像显示的异常荧光范围常常大于对应的FFA显示的异常荧光区.结论 AF技术为研究CSC提供了一种活体观察RPE细胞代谢和功能改变的手段.     

Evaluation of fundus autofluorescence patterns in age-related macular degeneration

AIM: To study the various morphological patterns of fundus autofluorescence (FAF) images in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in Indian population. METHODS: Totally 179 eyes of 104 patients with clinical diagnosis of AMD were recruited into the study. Autofluorescence images were captured using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and the patterns of FAF were classified. RESULTS: Of 179 eyes, 27 (15.08%) were early AMD, 58 (32.41%) were intermediate AMD, 94 eyes (52.51%) were late AMD. Of 94 eyes with late AMD, 79 (84.04%) were neovascular AMD and 15 (15.96%) were central geographic atrophy. In eyes with early and intermediate AMD, 9 patterns of FAF were noted. Six patterns (normal, minimal change, focal increased, patchy increased, linear, reticular) were similar to that in the published classification. Two patterns (lacelike and speckled) described in the published classification were not found. Three new patterns (focal hypo-fluorescence, patchy hypo-fluorescence, mixed focal hypo-fluorescence and hyper-fluorescence) were detected. In eyes with neovascular AMD, 6 morphological patterns of FAF were noted. Two patterns (mixed hypo-fluorescence and hyper-fluorescence, central hypo-fluorescence with hyper-fluorescent rim) were similar to that in published classification. Two patterns (normal, near normal or normal background fluorescence in the centre of hypo-fluorescent area) described in the published classification were not found. Four new patterns (minimal change, hypo-fluorescent patch, central hypo-fluorescence with surrounding reticular, bull’s eye) were recognized. In eye with central geographic atrophy 5 morphological patterns were noted and these were similar to that in published classification. CONCLUSION: Phenotypic differences in the pattern of FAF exist in the study population compared to existing classification systems.     

眼底血管样条纹临床及荧光造影表现

目的 分析眼底血管样条纹(angioidstreaks,AS)的临床特征与眼底荧光血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography,FFA)及吲哚青绿血管造影(fundus indocyanine green Angiography,ICG)表现.方法 对7例(14只眼)血管样条纹患者行眼科常规检查,眼底照相.其中6例(12只眼)患者行FFA及ICG检查.结果 眼底表现:14只眼眼底见视盘周围血管样放射状条纹,7只眼黄斑区视网膜下出血,黄白色硬性渗出,大小不一的灰黄色病灶(50.00%),3只眼见黄斑区萎缩瘢痕灶(21.43%);FFA表现:血管样条纹10眼表现为透见荧光(83.33%),2只眼表现为中央低荧光,两侧高荧光(16.67%),7只眼在黄斑区出现脉络膜新生血管(choroidalneovascularization,CNV)的强荧光(58.33%),3只眼黄斑区萎缩瘢痕灶晚期荧光着染(25.00%);ICG表现:12只眼血管样条纹表现为早期不显影,中期呈强荧光,7只眼CNV表现为强荧光,3只眼黄斑区萎缩瘢痕灶中2只眼见边界不清斑状CNV.结论 眼底血管样条纹患者的眼底较典型,FFA及ICG能进一步明确诊断,对疾病治疗有指导意义.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical manifestations, features of fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)and fundus indocyanine green angiography(ICG)with angioid streaks. Methods Seven patients(14 eyes)with bilateral angioid streaks were examined by the routine ophthalmological examination, FFA and ICG. Colorfundus photographs were also taken. Results Fundus findings: angioid streaks were visualized in the posterior pole of 14 eyes and the macular areas of 7 eyes,(50.00%)had subretinal hemorrhages with neovascularization. FFA: streaks were hyperfluorescent in 10 eyes(83.33%), hypofluorescentareas between hyperfluorescent edges in 2 of the 12 eyes(16.67%), hyperfluorescent were seen in choroidal neovascularization (CNV)of macular in 7 eyes(58.33%). ICG: the result of streaks in 12 eyes showed hypofluorescence at the early phase and hyperfluorescence at the late phase, hyperfluorescent were seen in CNV of macular in 7 eyes, 2 eyes presented occult CNV. Conclusion In all eyes, angioid streaks are well visualized. FFA and ICG results may contribute to the diagnosis and treatment for patients with angioid streaks.     

虹膜荧光素血管造影在虹膜新生血管诊断中的应用

目的 探讨虹膜荧光素血管造影(IFA)在缺血性视网膜中央静脉阻塞(CRVO)虹膜新生血管(NVI)诊断中的价值.方法 经荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)检查确诊的CRVO患者51例51只眼纳入研究.所有患者均行视力、裂隙灯显微镜检查、眼前节彩色照相、眼压及FFA+IFA检查.根据FFA检查结果分为非缺血性和缺血性CRVO,分别为20、31只眼.非缺血性CRVO20只眼中,男性11只眼,女性9只眼;年龄41～59岁.缺血性CRVO31只眼中,男性21只眼,女性10只眼;年龄28～62岁.采用德国海德堡眼底荧光血管造影仪进行FFA+IFA检查,将典型图像存入计算机图像处理系统进行分析.对比观察裂隙灯显微镜和IFA NVI的检出率.缺血性CRVO31只眼均行全视网膜激光光凝(PRP)治疗,其中,完成治疗27只眼,未坚持完成治疗4只眼.完成治疗后6个月,随访观察NVI消退情况.结果 非缺血性CRVO20只眼裂隙灯显微镜检查瞳孔缘及虹膜未见新生血管,占100.0%;IFA检查虹膜未见显影,呈色素遮蔽荧光,占100.0%.缺血性CRVO31只眼中,裂隙灯显微镜检查显示瞳孔缘及虹膜有细小新生血管13只眼,占41.9%;IFA检查显示NVI 23只眼,占74.2%.2种检查方法NVI检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.425,P=0.001).IFA检查NVI分别表现为小团状、细线状或不规则交叉网状强荧光染色及渗漏.完成PRP治疗的27只眼IFA检查结果显示,瞳孔缘及虹膜表面未见荧光染色及渗漏;未坚持完成PRP治疗4只眼,1～2个月后出现新生血管性青光眼(NVG).结论 IFA可以提示眼前节的缺血状态,具有较高的特异性,辅助CRVO缺血型早期诊断,预测是否发展NVG.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the application value of iris fluorescein angiography (IFA) in the diagnosis of ischemic center retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Methods Fifty-one patients (51 eyes) with CRVO which had been diagnosed by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) were studied. All patients underwent the examination of visual acuity, slit lamp biomicroscope, anterior segment color photography,intraocular pressure, FFA and IFA. The patients were classified as non-ischemic CRVO (20 eyes) and ischemic CRVO (31 eyes). The 20 non-ischemic CRVO patients included 11 males and nine females, aged from 41 to 59 years. The 31 ischemic CRVO patients included 21 males and 10 females, aged from 28 to 62 years. FFA and IFA were performed for all the patients using Heidelberg retina angiograph, and the classic pictures were analyzed by the computer image processing system. The detection rate of iris neovascularization (NVI) by slit lamp biomicroscope and IFA was analyzed. All ischemic CRVO eyes underwent panretinal photocoagulation (PRP), and PRP was completed in 27 eyes and not completed in four eyes. Six months after PRP the regression of iris NVI was followed up. Results All non-ischemic CRVO eyes (100. 0% ) had no neovascularization on papillary margin and iris by slit lamp biomicroscopy, and had no fluorescence (pigment blocked fluorescence) on IFA. Thirteen eyes (41.9%) and 23 eyes (74.2%) of the 31 ischemic eyes had NVI by slit lamp biomicroscope and IFA, respectively. The NVI detection rate of those two methods was statistically different (Z= - 3. 425, P = 0. 001 ). NVI showed strong fluorescence and leakage with variable patterns (small blocks, thin lines and irregular cross-links) by IFA. There was no fluorescence staining and leakage on papillary margin and iris in 27 eyes who completed the PRP, but the neovascular glaucoma (NVG) occurred in one eyes who discontinued the PRP treatment after one to two months. Conclusions IFA has a high specificity in CRVO which hints the ischemic state of anterior segment. It is helpful to the early diagnosis of ischemic CRVO and the turnover of NVG.     

家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变的荧光素眼底血管造影特征及其诊断价值

目的 观察家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变(FEVR)的荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)特征,评价FFA对FEVR的诊断价值.方法 经临床检查诊断为FEVR的患儿34例68只眼及其父母64名128只眼纳入本研究.所有受检者均采用裂隙灯显微镜检查眼前节、间接检眼镜检查眼底.患儿同时应用RetcamⅡ视网膜成像系统检查眼底,患儿父母同时行最佳矫正视力检查.根据以上检查表现,对患儿及其父母行FEVR分期.采用RetcamⅡ视网膜成像系统在全身麻醉状态下对患儿行FFA检查;用海德堡HR2眼底血管造影设备对患儿父母行常规FFA检查.观察患儿及其父母不同分期FEVR的FFA特征.结果 患儿68只眼中,正常者3只眼,占4.41%;1期4只眼,占5.88%;2期7只眼,占10.29%;3期2只眼,占2.94%;4期8只眼,占11.76%;5期44只眼,占64.71%.患儿父母128只眼中,正常者74只眼,占57.81%;1期51只眼,占39.84%;2期1只眼,占0.78%;A;5期2只眼,占1.56%.患儿FFA检查发现,1期主要表现为视网膜血管发育不完全,未发育至周边即终止,视网膜周边无灌注.2期在1期FFA表现的基础上,在视网膜异常吻合处有新生血管形成和(或)视网膜渗出异常.3期在2期FFA表现的基础上,存在玻璃体牵引诱发的周边视网膜脱离,但未累及黄斑.4期主要表现为累及黄斑的视网膜脱离.5期主要表现为全视网膜脱离.患儿父母FFA检查发现,1期主要表现为视网膜血管近赤道部突然中止,出现周边无灌注区.2期在1期FFA表现的基础上,在视网膜无灌注区附近有动静脉短路和新生血管形成和(或)视网膜下渗漏.5期主要表现为眼球萎缩.结论 不同分期的FEVR存在不同程度的FFA特征表现;FFA检查可以发现FEVR患者的早期眼底改变,具有重要的诊断价值.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the characteristics and diagnostic value of fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)for familial exudative vitreoretinopathy(FEVR).Methods 34 children(68 eyes)with FEVR and 64 parents(1 28 eyes)were included.All the clients were received examinations of slit-lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy.Meanwhile the children were examined by Retcam Ⅱ,the best corrected visual acuity of parents were recorded.The children and their parents were classified according to the ocular findings.Among 68 eyes of children,3 eyes(4.41% )were normal,4 eyes(5.88% )were in stage 1,7 eyes(10.29% )were in stage 2,2 eyes(2.94% )were in stage 3,8 eyes(11.76% )were in stage 4 and 44 eyes(64.71% )were in stage 5.Among 128 eyes of parents,74 eyes(57.81% )were normal,51eyes(39.84% )were in stage 1,1 eyes(O.78% )were in stage 2 and 2 eyes(1.56% )were in stage 5.FFA was performed on the children with RetcamⅡunder anesthesia and on the parents with HR2 in order to observe the FFA characteristics in different stage.Results FFA characte ristics in children included uncompleted vascularization of the periphery,peripheral avascular zone(stage 1);neovascularization and/or peripheral subretinal and intraretinal exudation(stage 2);subtotal retinal detachment with attached foyea (stage 3);subtotal retinal detachment with detached foyea(stage 4)and total retinal detachment(stage 5).FFA characteristics in parents included abrupt cessation of the peripheral retinal capillary network and a peripheral avascular zone(stage 1); abnormal peripheral arteriovenous shunts, neovascularization or exudation(stage 2)and atrophia bulbi(stage 5).Conclusions FEVR in different stage has different FFA characteristics.FFA plays an important role in early diagnosis of FEVR.     

年龄相关性黄斑变性患者眼底玻璃膜疣的自发荧光特征

目的 探讨非渗出性年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)患者眼底玻璃膜疣的自发荧光特征.方法 回顾性病例系列研究.对明确诊断的63例(78只眼)非渗出性AMD患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.所有患者均采用海德堡共焦激光眼底扫描仪(HRA2-cSLO)拍摄眼底玻璃膜疣自发荧光图像,同时与Kowa Nonmyd 7型眼底照相机和频域相干光断层扫描仪(OCT)拍摄的眼底彩色照片和三维OCT图像进行对比观察,分析AMD患者眼底玻璃膜疣自发荧光特征.结果 63例(78只眼)非渗出性AMD患者眼底玻璃膜疣的自发荧光图像并不与眼底彩色照片和频域OCT图像显示的玻璃膜疣病灶完全吻合.78只眼中,仅有68只眼显示异常自发荧光,根据这些异常自发荧光的形态特点可将其分为7种类型,即微小病变型、局部融合型、线条型、斑片型、花边型、斑驳型及散在不均一型;其余10只眼在彩色眼底照片上显示很小的点状或簇状玻璃膜疣,但用HRA2-cSLO拍摄其眼底荧光图像时并未显示异常自发荧光,而表现为均匀一致型似正常眼底的自发荧光.此外,15例患者的双眼均出现异常自发荧光,且其中13例双眼的自发荧光类型不对称,说明患者双眼的眼底病变程度和范围不对称.结论 HRA2-cSLO可清晰拍摄非渗出性AMD患者眼底玻璃膜疣的异常自发荧光图像,形态各异的自发荧光图像可反映AMD发展的不同程度,动态监测异常自发荧光图像特征对评估AMD的发生、发展具有重要的临床意义.     

中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变眼底红外线和自发荧光的影像特征

目的:观察中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变(central serous chorioretinopathy,CSC)的眼底红外线(infrared ray,IR)和自发荧光(autofluorescence,AF)的影像特征。方法:采用Spectralis HRA海德堡共焦激光扫描系统的IR模式和AF模式,对76例80眼CSC患者进行IR眼底照相、AF眼底照相、荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)检查。结果:患者80眼中,CSC病灶的IR影像:黄斑水肿区色暗,浆液性感光视网膜脱离边界清楚,可见白色斑点状病灶,尤其是对应于荧光造影时的渗漏部位。CSC病灶AF表现为黄斑区盘状的弱AF者18例18眼,占22.50%;黄斑区弱AF中包含较多点状强AF者13例13眼,占16.25%;黄斑区弱AF中包含弥漫性强AF者11例11眼,占13.75%;黄斑盘状脱离区边缘强AF环者3例3眼,占3.75%;弱AF和斑点状强AF相连的复合病灶者19例21眼,占26.25%;后极部局灶性密集强AF和低AF者3例3眼,占3.75%;黄斑区弱AF中散在点片状低或强AF者9例11眼,占13.75%。FFA荧光素渗漏点或异常荧光与异常AF相对应者45例47眼,占58.75%;不一致者31例33眼,占41.25%。眼底红外像IR与FFA荧光素渗漏点相一致者65例68眼,占85.00%;不一致者11例12眼,占15.00%。结论:IR,AF检测为CSC的诊断提供了一个新的、快速、非创性检查手段,结合FFA检查,可以对CSC影像观察起到相互补充的作用。     

Multimodal imaging of dry age‐related macular degeneration

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand clinical significance of near‐infrared reflectance (NIR), blue fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and near‐infrared autofluorescence (NIA) in dry age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), by correlation with fluorescein angiography (FA) and cross‐sectional spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT). Methods: We evaluated 110 eyes (62 patients, mean age: 64 ± 8 years) diagnosed with dry AMD between January 2010 and December 2010, which underwent NIR (λ = 830 nm), FAF and FA (excitation λ = 488 nm; emission λ > 500 nm), NIA (excitation λ = 787 nm; emission λ > 800 nm), and simultaneous SD OCT scanning using a combined confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope/SD OCT device (Spectralis HRA + OCT; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). Results: Drusen showed variable increased/decreased NIR, FAF, NIA and FA, which corresponded to variable increased/decreased thickness of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and possible presence of subretinal deposits on SD OCT. Geographic atrophy (GA) was present in 43/110 eyes (39.0%) and showed increased NIR and fluorescence (FA), absent FAF and NIA, and loss of RPE on SD OCT. The hyperautofluorescence of the GA margin was never larger in FAF than that in NIA, while in 16.2% of cases, it was larger in NIA than that in FAF and corresponded to mild choroidal hyperreflectivity on SD OCT. Conclusions: Simultaneous recording of SD OCT scans provided ultrastructural data for the evaluation of NIR, FAF, NIA and FA in dry AMD. Near‐infrared autofluorescence might detect earlier than FAF areas of RPE cell loss at the GA margin.     

红外线及自发荧光影像在糖尿病性黄斑水肿诊断中的价值

目的　观察糖尿病性黄斑水肿（ｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃｍａｃｕｌａｒｅｄｅｍａ,ＤＭＥ）的眼底红外线（ｉｎ-ｆｒａｒｅｄｒａｙ,ＩＲ）和自发荧光（ａｕｔｏｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｃｅ,ＡＦ）的影像学特点并初步评估它们在ＤＭＥ临床诊断中的应用价值。方法　采用ＳｐｅｃｔｒａｌｉｓＨＲＡ海德堡共焦激光扫描系统的ＩＲ模式和ＡＦ模式,对１３３例２３９眼ＤＭＥ患者行ＩＲ及ＡＦ眼底照相、眼底荧光血管造影（ｆｕｎｄｕｓｆｌｕｏ-ｒｅｓｃｅｎｃｅａｎｇｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＦＦＡ）及光学相干断层扫描（ｏｐｔｉｃａｌｃｏｈｅｒｅｎｃｅｔｏｍｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＯＣＴ）检查,分析ＩＲ和ＡＦ的影像学特点。结果　２３９眼中,ＡＦ有异常影像的１８２眼（７６．１５％）,ＩＲ有异常影像的１６１眼（６７．３６％）。ＡＦ及ＩＲ同时有异常影像的有１６１眼（６７．３６％）,其中ＡＦ、ＩＲ同时为低荧光者３８眼（１５．９０％）,ＡＦ、ＩＲ同时为高荧光者３５眼（１４．６４％）,ＡＦ为低荧光、ＩＲ呈高荧光者５１眼（２１．３４％）,ＡＦ为高荧光、ＩＲ呈低荧光者２７眼（１１３０％）,ＡＦ、ＩＲ同时存在低、高荧光者１０眼（４．１８％）;ＡＦ异常、ＩＲ正常２１眼（８．７９％）;ＡＦ及ＩＲ均正常５７眼（２３．８５％）。结论　ＡＦ诊断ＤＭＥ的敏感度较高,ＡＦ联合ＩＲ诊断ＤＭＥ更能较准确地判断ＤＭＥ患者的视网膜及脉络膜的损伤程度。     

以临床前期糖尿病视网膜病变为例分析医学图像人工智能系统在自发荧光图像识别中的应用

目的：以临床前期糖尿病视网膜病变为例分析医学图像人工智能系统对于自发荧光图像识别的能力，为早期诊断治疗提供技术支持。方法：连续收集2017年8月至2018年5月在温州医科大学附属第三医院眼科门诊就诊患者的眼底自发荧光图像，按是否患有糖尿病标准，纳入正常组102例（200 眼），糖尿病组105例（200眼）。受检者均行裂隙灯显微镜、前置镜、裸眼视力或矫正视力、眼底自发荧光影像等检查。采用基于二维格子复杂性度量的医学图像特征提取和识别系统对糖尿病组及正常组图像进行分析。结果：该系统分析临床前期糖尿病视网膜病变眼底自发荧光图像与正常视网膜自发荧光图像具有可识别差异，提取出具有比较意义的25个特征。针对25个特征进行单个特征及多个特征的10折交叉检验以及5折交叉检验，准确率为82.47%。结论：复杂性分析医学图像人工智能系统可用于识别临床前期糖尿病视网膜病变的眼底自发荧光改变，准确率高。     

Chloroquine retinopathy: lipofuscin- and melanin-related fundus autofluorescence,optical coherence tomography and multifocal electroretinography

Purpose To evaluate melanin-related near-infrared fundus autofluorescence (NIA, excitation 787 nm, emission > 800 nm), lipofuscin-related fundus autofluorescence (FAF, excitation 488 nm, emission >500 nm), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) in patients with chloroquine (CQ) retinopathy. Methods Two patients with progressed CQ retinopathy underwent clinical examination, ISCEV mfERG evaluation, and FAF and NIA imaging using a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (Heidelberg Retina Angiograph 2) with either a 30° or wide-angle field-of-view. OCT3 imaging was performed in one of these patients. Results In the foveola, FAF and NIA were relatively normal. Parafoveal loss of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was indicated by absent FAF and NIA. An area of reduced FAF and NIA surrounded the parafoveal region of RPE loss. In the adjacent area, FAF was increased and increased NIA marked the peripheral border of increased FAF. Wide-field imaging revealed increased FAF in association with retinal vessels. Retinal thickness was markedly reduced in the OCT predominantly in the parafoveal region. Visual field loss and mfERG amplitude reduction corresponded to areas with increased or reduced FAF and NIA. Conclusion Patterns of FAF and NIA indicate different stages of pathophysiologic processes involving lipofuscin and melanin in the RPE. Combined retinal imaging and functional testing provides further insights in the pathogenesis and development of retinal degenerative disease. An association of CQ retinopathy with retinal vessels architecture is hypothesized.     

中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变眼底自身荧光的影像特征

目的 观察中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变（CSC）眼底自身荧光（AF）的影像特征。方法 采用海德堡激光扫描眼底造影系统和Kowa眼底彩色照相系统，对72例CSC患者的85只患眼进行眼底彩色照相、无赤光照相、荧光素眼底血管造影（FFA）检查，使用488 nm波长激光获取灰白的AF图像并与眼底彩色照相、无赤光照相及FFA图像进行对比分析。 结果 85只患眼中，CSC病灶AF表现为单发的弱AF12例14只眼，占16.5%；弱AF中包含较弥漫的强AF病灶32例39只眼。占45.9%；弱AF和斑点状AF相连的复合病灶22例25只眼，占29.4%；后极部局部斑点状密集或散在强弱AF5例7只眼，占82%。FFA荧光素渗漏点或异常荧光与异常AF相对应者54例60只眼，占70.6%；眼底改变和FFA、眼底AF变化不一致者18例25只眼，占29.4%。不同病程的CSC病灶AF表现不一，发病期表现为单发的盘状弱AF池，以及弱AF池内或外斑点状强AF复合病灶；慢性迁延期可见斑点状强弱AF交织，范围大小不等的多发病灶。 结论 C的AF以单发的弱AF池、强弱AF交织的复合病灶以及黄斑区AF多发病灶多见；AF检查结合眼底彩色照相、FFA检查，可以对CSC的影像观察起到相互补充的作用。     

Fundus autofluorescence imaging compared with different confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopes

BACKGROUND: With the advent of confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopes (cSLO), fundus autofluorescence (FAF) resulting mainly from lipofuscin accumulation on the level of the retinal pigment epithelium can be visualised in vivo. Various cSLOs are available to document FAF. The authors analysed and compared results of FAF using three different instruments. METHODS: Eight eyes of eight normal volunteers and 18 eyes of 12 patients with different retinal diseases (age related macular degeneration, macular dystrophy, central serous retinopathy) were examined. FAF images were recorded from each subject with the Heidelberg retina angiograph (HRA), the Rodenstock cSLO (RcSLO) and the Zeiss Prototype SM 30-4024 (ZcSLO). For excitation an argon laser (488 nm) was used (barrier filter: HRA 500 nm; RcSLO 515 nm; ZcSLO 521 nm). 32 FAF images were aligned and averaged using the same software for all cSLOs. FAF distribution was measured and grey scale values as well as root mean square (RMS) contrast were compared. RESULTS: Mean age of all subjects was 55.5 (SD 21.4) years. The maximum grey scale value averaged across all eyes was 76.19 (39.34) for the HRA, 61.44 (22.12) for the ZcSLO and 37.0 (9.97) for the RcSLO. The RMS contrast was 0.46 (0.20) for the ZcSLO, 0.40 (0.12) for the HRA, and 0.13 (0.05) for the RcSLO. The differences between the cSLOs were statistically significant with higher grey scale levels and more contrast for the HRA and ZcSLO than the RcSLO (repeated measures ANOVA; p<0.0001). The differences between the HRA and the ZcSLO were not significant (post hoc comparisons; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: All cSLOs allow clinically useful FAF imaging in retinal diseases. However, grey scale levels and contrast were much lower on the RcSLO. Therefore, RcSLO images appear much darker than HRA or ZcSLO images. Furthermore, not all cSLOs have a fixed photodetector gain and a standardised value for the argon laser amplification, which is mandatory for an absolute comparison of FAF imaging results.     

Autofluorescence Imaging in Rubella Retinopathy

Purpose: To demonstrate that fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging aides the diagnosis of rubella retinopathy (RR). Methods: Four patients with sensorineural hearing loss underwent ophthalmic exams, electro-retinogram testing (ERG), and FAF in both eyes. Fluorescein angiogram (FA) was performed in one case. Results: Salt-and-pepper retinopathy was observed in seven eyes. FAF highlighted the fundus abnormalities with stippled fluorescence in all seven eyes. ERG showed normal retinal function in all eyes. Choroidal neovascularization was identified by FA in one eye. Conclusions: FAF is sensitive to the retinal pigment epithelium disturbance caused by rubella and noninvasively helps establish the diagnosis of RR.