Recurrent spontaneous coronary artery dissection: First case report in men with three episodes of spontaneous coronary dissection in separate vascular territories

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare cause of acute coronary syndrome. In the literature, more than 1,200 cases of SCAD have been reported, with a low rate of recurrent spontaneous coronary artery dissection (r‐SCAD) described in only 63 cases. Among these patients with r‐SCAD, just three cases had three separate episodes of dissection and all were in women. We report the first case of r‐SCAD in men, with three episodes of dissection in different coronary arteries and review the published literature on predisposing factors for r‐SCAD and its management. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in patients with renal transplantation

We describe two patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) while on immunosuppressive therapy following renal transplantation. The role of cyclosporine A as a potential etiologic factor in spontaneous coronary artery dissection is discussed. A review of the recent literature on spontaneous coronary artery dissection highlights the changing clinical presentation and management of these patients.     

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: case series and review

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare but important cause of acute coronary syndromes. SCAD can cause unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, and sudden death. Predisposing factors include atherosclerosis, the peripartum period, and structural and inflammatory conditions affecting the arterial wall. The diagnosis of coronary dissection is usually made by coronary angiography. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of patients with dissection improves survival. Therapeutic options include medical therapy, percutaneous coronary intervention, and surgery. We present a series of patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection at our institution. The etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with coronary dissection are reviewed.     

自发性冠状动脉夹层的临床及影像学分析

目的 分析自发性冠状动脉夹层（SCAD）的临床、影像学特点及治疗情况。 方法 回顾性分析11例SCAD患者的临床特点、造影及其他腔内影像学资料、治疗方法及预后。 结果 11例SCAD患者均为女性,冠状动脉造影可见冠状动脉呈“鼠尾样”改变,血管内超声（IVUS）或光学干涉断层成像（OCT）可确诊,其中3人行PCI手术,1人在IVUS引导下进行,手术顺利,另外2人术中植入支架时血肿扩散至血管急性闭塞,其余8人药物保守治疗,11人预后均较好,一年随访无复发。 结论 SCAD好发于中年女性,预后较好,腔内影像引导可增加PCI手术成功率。     

Postpartum dissection of the left main coronary artery

Peripartum coronary artery dissection is rare, but it is an increasingly recognized risk to women of childbearing age. Literature reviews reveal that about 80% of the population with spontaneous coronary artery dissections (SCAD) are female, and approximately 25-33% of cases occurred while the woman was pregnant or in the peripartum phase. Most cases have presented within 2 weeks of delivery. The left anterior descending is the most commonly affected vessel. The etiology is poorly understood, but many reports suggest that SCAD occurs as a result of protease release secondary to an eosinophilic vasculitis resulting in vessel lysis. Many investigators have examined the correlation between peripartum SCAD and estrogen levels; however, case studies have shown conflicting results regarding estrogen levels as the putative causative factor. Optimal treatment remains controversial. Presently, stenting appears to be best employed in the patients who have single-vessel dissection not involving the left main coronary artery (LMCA). Surgical revascularization via coronary artery bypass graft remains the optimal therapy in patients whose dissection involves the LMCA, in patients with concurrent multivessel dissection, and in patients with disease refractory to medical management. It is important to consider coronary artery dissection in the differential of any young woman who presents with signs or symptoms consistent with acute coronary syndrome, particularly if she is peripartum. Furthermore, once suspected, it is imperative that a definitive diagnostic study, that is, coronary angiography, be completed prior to the initiation of treatment whenever possible.     

Left main and triple vessel dissection 2 months postpartum

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare cause of acute coronary syndrome. The majority of cases reported in the literature involve a single vessel; multivessel and left main (LM) coronary artery involvement is rare. We present a case of triple vessel and LM SCAD in a postpartum patient and review the literature regarding percutaneous coronary intervention in the setting of SCAD.     

冠状动脉自发性夹层的临床特点与治疗策略

目的回顾分析冠状动脉自发性夹层（SCAD）患者的临床资料,探讨治疗策略。方法回顾分析2010年7月至2013年3月单中心冠状动脉造影患者4517例,检出SCAD13例,借用冠状动脉夹层分型系统对病变进行分类,分析不同类型SCAD的发生率、影像特点及随访临床事件。结果13例SCAD患者中,2例（2／13,15．4％）发生2处夹层,共存在15处夹层。12例（92．3％）发生临床事件,包括心肌梗死10例（76．9％）与心绞痛2例（15．4％）。发生于右冠状动脉夹层9处（9／15,60％）,前降支6处（6／15,40％）,左回旋支未见夹层。A型病变1处（6．7％）,B型2处（13．3％）,D型8处（53．3％）,E型2处（13．3％）,F型1处（6．7％）,壁间血肿1处（6．7％）。4例5处保守治疗,9例10处病变给予经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）,9处病变PCI治疗成功,1处未成功改为冠状动脉旁路移植术。1例D型夹层患者药物治疗6个月后复查冠状动脉造影,夹层无明显变化,无心绞痛发作;l例D型夹层患者药物治疗3个月,仍有心绞痛,给予PCI治疗;1例A型夹层患者PCI后12个月复查冠状动脉造影未见夹层复发,无再狭窄。其余患者电话随访6～12个月无临床事件。结论SCAD可以按照NHLB1分型。A、B、E型及壁间血肿采取PCI治疗相对容易。D型夹层占比例最高。D、F型治疗难度最大。关键在于早期确诊。可以根据病变的类型、长度,选择性地采取PCI治疗,保守治疗是否可以自愈仍需长期随访。     

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: report of two cases and a 50-year review of the literature

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare condition that can cause acute myocardial infarction and sudden death. This entity occurs predominantly in women. Although several mechanisms have been postulated, no single etiology completely explains the pathogenesis of SCAD. Patients who survive SCAD have been treated with various modalities. Prompt diagnosis and early institution of appropriate treatment are usually associated with successful outcome. We report two cases of SCAD successfully identified and treated with coronary stenting as well as a comprehensive review of cases of SCAD published since 1952.     

Recurrent spontaneous coronary artery dissection.

Recurrence of spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a rare event with limited documentation of its existence in the world's literature. We present a case of recurrent spontaneous coronary artery dissection treated with coronary artery bypass surgery and discuss the literature regarding this entity.     

A complicated spontaneous left main coronary artery dissection. Is the initial conservative management safe in asymptomatic patients?

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare cause of acute coronary syndrome. Knowledge of this condition is scarce and, at present, no consensus exists with regards to the aetiology, prognosis, and treatment.Among patients with SCAD, cases involving the left main (LM) and the left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex (Cx) arteries bifurcation are even more exceptional. Furthermore, the treatment of asymptomatic patients with involvement of these major vessels poses a major challenge for the cardiologists and cardiac surgeons.We report a case of complicated spontaneous left main coronary artery dissection in which we question what is the best initial treatment in these asymptomatic patients: conservative or early aggressive.     

Idiopathic spontaneous coronary artery dissection: incidence, diagnosis and treatment

BACKGROUND: Less is known about characteristics, treatment and follow-up of patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) without associated pregnancy or underlying atherosclerosis. METHODS: We reviewed 5054 consecutive coronary angiographies for SCAD in patients without atherosclerosis or associated pregnancy and performed follow-up angiography in eligible patients. RESULTS: SCAD were assessed in five patients (mean age 44 +/- 8.7 years). Interestingly, all were premenopausal women. Three had no cardiovascular risk factors, whereas two were previous smokers and one had slightly elevated cholesterol levels. Clinical presentation was acute myocardial infarction in four cases and unstable angina pectoris in one of them. Dissection was localized in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) in three cases and in the first marginal branch of the left circumflex artery in two cases. Three patients were treated conservatively with antithrombotic therapy and beta-blocker, whereas in one patient rescue-PCI with stenting of the ostium of the LAD was performed after failed thrombolysis. The fifth woman with dissected proximal LAD underwent CABG. Follow-up angiographies after 5.9 +/- 4.4 months showed complete angiographic resolution of the dissection in the medically treated patients and a perfect angiographic result of the stented LAD. All patients were free of symptoms after a mean follow-up of 13 +/- 10 months. CONCLUSIONS: Idiopathic SCAD is a rare cause of acute coronary syndrome in premenopausal women. In case of single vessel dissection and normal blood flow of the dissected vessel, medical treatment with aspirin, clopidogrel and beta-blockade leads to complete angiographic resolution within a few months.     

Coronary bifurcation bench test using multimodality imaging: Impact of stent strut link location on stent deformity and jailed side‐branch orifices during re‐proximal optimizing technique

Conservative management is the first‐line treatment for spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) with stable haemodynamic status and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction three flow on angiography. However, in a few very specific patients, recurrent ischemia, or haemodynamic instability necessitates revascularization. Here, we describe a case of successful optical coherence tomography (OCT)‐guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with a cutting balloon. We performed fenestration at multiple decompression sites prior to stenting in an intramural haematoma with luminal compression. Rescue management of SCAD with luminal compression is a critical issue, because SCAD is an emergent clinical condition affecting young patients with a severe prognosis. To our knowledge, there are no large published series evaluating procedural success rates and long‐term follow‐up of this technique.     

Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection in a 35 Year-Old Woman with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Successfully Treated by Angioplasty

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an unusual cause of acute myocardial ischaemia with complex pathophysiology; it has been associated with several conditions such as atherosclerosis, connective tissue disorders and the peripartum period. SCAD has exceptionally been reported (three published cases) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this work, we report the original case of a 35 year-old woman with a known history of SLE who presented with an acute coronary syndrome caused by an extensive dissection of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the diagonal and who was successfully treated by an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided percutaneous angioplasty.     

Spontaneous dissection of left main coronary artery associated with hypertensive crisis: a probable fatal complication detected by intravascular ultrasound

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare cause of acute ischemic coronary events with complex pathophysiology. It usually occurs in middle-aged women during pregnancy and postpartum period without traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). Those patients over age 40 are more likely to have dissections associated with atherosclerosis. Several drugs and clinical conditions are associated with SCAD. It is frequently fatal and a great number of cases have been diagnosed at necroscopy. The quick recognition of SCAD and initiation of treatment may be life saving. In this report, we define a case of dissection of left main coronary artery, possibly triggered by hypertensive crisis, with no apparent atherosclerotic involvement detected by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and successfully treated with surgical revascularization.     

A case of spontaneous multivessel coronary artery dissection presenting with acute myocardial infarction and ventricular tachycardia

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare cause of myocardial ischemia. Multivessel SCAD is much rarer than single vessel involvement and acute coronary syndrome remains the most common clinical presentation of a patient with SCAD. It predominantly occurs in association with atherosclerosis or in the absence of atherosclerosis. We, hereby, present a case of spontaneous multivessel coronary artery dissection in a 35‐year‐old male patient presenting with chest pain and ventricular tachycardia following emotional stress and discuss the etiology and treatment options. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection during hemodialysis in the post-abortion period

Spontaneous coronary dissection (SCAD) is an unusual cause of acute myocardial infarction with complex pathophysiology. We present a case of acute inferior myocardial infarction resulting from spontaneous coronary artery dissection of the right coronary artery in a 33-year-old woman during the hemodialysis due to a recent abortion and consequent curettage at first trimester of her pregnancy. This report describes a previously healthy woman without traditional cardiovascular risk factors who presented with an acute inferior myocardial infarction. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) should be considered as a cause of the acute myocardial infarction in young patients without traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease, in females in the both peri-partum and post-abortion period.     

Ventricular tachycardia in a man with spontaneous coronary artery dissection

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare cause of acute ischemic coronary events. It is more prevalent in young women, particularly in the peripartum period. In men it is an extremely rare cause. We described the clinical course of a patient, man, presenting pain chest and ventricular malignant arrhythmias. Four days after admission the patient underwent coronary angiography, showing a large SCAD. After this, he had undergone coronary artery bypass surgery. He presented an angiography and clinical resolution and he was still asymptomatic at a 6-month clinical follow up. Pathophysiologic aspects and treatment options of spontaneous coronary artery dissection are discussed.     

Optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous coronary artery dissection

The diagnosis of spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is not always readily apparent on coronary angiography. Even if the diagnosis is suspected, angiography often conveys limited information about the underlying pathology, much of which is crucial for successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Due to the dissection flap and the resultant double lumen, SCAD poses unique challenges for PCI, specifically in securing wire access to the true lumen without propagation of the dissection. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a wire-based intravascular imaging modality with a high resolution of 10-20 μm. We present a case demonstrating the use of OCT in emergency PCI of SCAD, where OCT was integral not only to the diagnosis of SCAD, but also to successful PCI of the condition. It is a valuable aid to PCI in cases where there is uncertainty regarding the precise guidewire location, proving its use in the cardiac catheterization laboratory beyond that of merely a diagnostic tool.     

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) should be considered as a cause of the acute coronary syndrome in young patients with few apparent risk factors for coronary artery disease, in females in the peripartum period, and in patients who are at a higher risk for this condition. SCAD can also present as sudden death and cardiogenic shock. Several mechanisms have been described in the pathophysiology of this condition. Urgent coronary angiography is indicated if SCAD is suspected. Percutaneous coronary artery stenting and coronary artery bypass grafting are the main treatment strategies.