Rapid screening method for inhibitors of protein kinase C

Specific inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) were screened for with a unique detection system, named bleb forming assay. When K562, a human chronic myeloid leukemia cell, was treated with phorbol 12,13-dibutylate (PDBu) or teleocidin which are activators of PKC, many blebs appeared on the cell surface of K562 within 10 minutes. This appearance of blebs is inhibited by staurosporine and H7 which are known to be PKC inhibitors. Teleocidin and PDBu did not induce bleb formation of HL60, a human acute promyelocytic leukemia cell, and the mouse Friend leukemia cell, even though their morphology was changed 24 hours after treatment with teleocidin or PDBu. Many inducers of terminal differentiation of K562 have the same effect on HL60 and Friend cells. However, the bleb inducing activity of PKC activators seems to be specific for K562. The bleb forming assay satisfied the criteria (simplicity and specificity) required for preliminary screening of activators or inhibitors of PKC. Teleocidins A and B, and tautomycin (a new antibiotic isolated in our laboratory) were identified as activators of PKC, and also staurosporine and isoflavones (daidzein and genistein) as inhibitors.     

Effects of tautomycin, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, on recycling of mammalian cell surface molecules.

The effects of tautomycin, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, on recycling of cell surface molecules were studied with transferrin receptor (TFR) of human myeloid leukemia K562 cells and with CD4 of murine thymocytes. Tautomycin increased expression of TFR of K562 cells whereas phorbol dibutylate (PDBu) decreased it. Tautomycin inhibited PDBu-induced down-regulation of CD4 although it did not induce up-regulation. Okadaic acid also inhibited down-regulation of CD4 which was induced by PDBu. The results suggest that certain inhibitors of protein phosphatases preferentially inhibit endocytosis of cell surface molecules.     

一种新二萜类化合物的体外抗肿瘤研究

目的研究一种新二萜类化合物凤厥内酯Ａ（Ｆ－Ａ）的抗肿瘤活性。方法采用体外培养的人癌细胞株——早幼粒细胞白血病ＨＬ－６０和红白细胞白血病Ｋ５６２作对象，观察Ｆ－Ａ对其抑瘤活性、诱导分化、细胞周期的影响。结果Ｆ－Ａ对ＨＬ－６０和Ｋ５６２细胞２４ｈ的半数抑制浓度ＩＣ５０分别为７．６ｍｇｇ－１和９．１ｍｇｇ－１，在４ｍｇＬ－１时即明显抑制ＨＬ－６０细胞的对数生长；对３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ参入作用在培养４８ｈ后有一定抑制作用；透视电镜显示肿瘤细胞有损伤表现；细胞周期分析显示Ｇ２＋Ｍ期细胞增多；ＮＢＴ还原反应试验阴性。结论Ｆ－Ａ明显抑制ＨＬ－６０和Ｋ５６２细胞生长，抗肿瘤活性强，对细胞周期的影响提示Ｍ期阻滞，研究初步提示Ｆ－Ａ不具细胞诱导分化作用。     

Activity of protein kinase C modulates the apoptosis induced by polychlorinated biphenyls in human leukemic HL-60 cells

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) induce apoptotic cell death of HL-60 cells. In the present study, we examined the possible involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) in PCB-induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells. Treatment of cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an activator of PKC, suppressed DNA fragmentation induced by PCBs in HL-60 cells. Treatment with another active phorbol ester, phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), also suppressed PCB-induced DNA fragmentation, whereas 4alpha-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate (4alphaPDD), an inactive phorbol ester, did not affect PCB-induced apoptosis of HL-60 cell. Moreover, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG), an activator of PKC that is not a phorbol ester, also suppressed PCB-induced DNA fragmentation. However, 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7), an inhibitor of PKC, increased DNA fragmentation induced by PCBs. These results demonstrate that the activation of PKC is responsible for the suppression of PCB-induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells. Furthermore, inhibition of PKC promotes DNA fragmentation of HL-60 cells treated with PCBs, thereby suggesting the involvement of PKC activity in PCB-induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells.     

Riccardin D, a novel macrocyclic bisbibenzyl, induces apoptosis of human leukemia cells by targeting DNA topoisomerase II

We studied the effect of riccardin D, a macrocyclic bisbibenzyl, which was isolated from the Chinese liverwort plant, on human leukemia cells and the underlying molecular mechanism. Riccardin D had a significant antiproliferative effect on human leukemia cell lines HL-60, K562 and its multidrug resistant (MDR) counterpart K562/A02 cells, but showed no effect on the topoisomerase-II-deficient HL-60/MX2 cells, as measured by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The pBR322 DNA relaxation assay revealed that riccardin D selectively inhibited the activity of topoisomerase II (topo II). The suppression of topo II activity by riccardin D was stronger than that of etoposide, a known topo II inhibitor. After treatment with riccardin D, nuclear extracts of leukemia K562 and K562/A02 cells left the majority of pBR322 DNA in a supercoiled form. Further examination showed that riccardin D effectively induced HL-60, K562 and K562/A02 apoptosis as evidenced by externalization of phosphatidylserine and formation of DNA ladder fragments. The activation of cytochrome c, caspase-9, caspase-3 and cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) was also enhanced, as estimated by Western blot analysis. By contrast, riccardin D was unable to induce apoptosis in the topoisomerase-II-deficient HL-60/MX2 cells, indicating that the induction of apoptosis by riccardin D was due to the inhibition of topo II activity. In addition, riccardin D was able to significantly decrease P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression in K562/A02 cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate that riccardin D is a novel DNA topo II inhibitor which can induce apoptosis of human leukemia cells and that it has therapeutic potential for both regular and MDR strains of leukemia cells.     

二氢青蒿素下调粒系白血病细胞转铁蛋白受体表达

通过建立常铁HL60和K562细胞以及富铁K562细胞体外模型，研究二氢青蒿素对粒系白血病细胞转铁蛋白受体(transferrin receptor，TfR)的调控作用。采用流式细胞术检测二氢青蒿素对粒系白血病细胞TfR密度的调控作用，Western blotting和RT-PCR法检测二氢青蒿素对粒系白血病细胞TfR表达的调控作用，原子吸收分光光度法检测二氢青蒿素对常铁和富铁K562细胞铁含量的影响，以及MTT法和台盼蓝拒染法分析二氢青蒿素对粒系白血病细胞增殖的作用。结果显示，二氢青蒿素能显著降低常铁HL60和K562细胞TfR的密度和下调TfR蛋白的表达，且呈浓度和时间依赖性，并能有效地抑制细胞增殖，IC₅₀值分别为1.74和11.33 μmol·L^-1。二氢青蒿素对富铁K562细胞的TfR蛋白和mRNA表达能进一步增强下调作用，与常铁培养组比较，10 μmol·L^-1二氢青蒿素对富铁K562细胞TfR蛋白和TfR mRNA表达量分别下调了28.1%(P<0.01)和26.2%(P<0.05)，并能显著下降富铁K562细胞铁的含量(P<0.05)，更有效地抑制富铁K562细胞增殖。由此可见，二氢青蒿素能下调粒系白血病细胞TfR密度以及TfR蛋白和mRNA的表达，有效抑制常铁HL60和K562细胞的增殖，对富铁K562细胞增殖的抑制作用能进一步增强。     

人白血病HL60细胞的分化状态对细胞凋亡的影响

用细胞培养和流式细胞术等方法,研究人白血病HL60细胞诱导分化后,对三尖杉酯碱(Har)和喜树碱(Cam)诱导细胞凋亡的影响。结果表明,12-豆蔻酰及13-乙酸佛波酯以16nmol·L^-1浓度处理HL60细胞24h,细胞向单核/巨噬细胞方向分化,阻断于G_{1期;分化细胞抗Har和Cam诱导的细胞凋亡,但其c-myc基因的表达无变化。1.4%二甲基亚砜处理HL60细胞48h,细胞向粒细胞方向分化,阻断于G1期;分化细胞抗Cam,而不抗Har诱导的细胞凋亡;分化细胞的c-myc基因表达明显下降。结果提示,人白血病HL60细胞的分化状态,明显影响三尖杉酯碱和喜树碱诱导的细胞凋亡,但可能与c-myc基因的表达变化无关。}     

The mitotic-arresting and apoptosis-inducing effects of diosgenyl saponins on human leukemia cell lines

Diosgenyl saponins are the most abundant steroid saponins, and exert a large variety of biological functions. In a previous report, we showed that dioscin was able to induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human myeloblast leukemia HL-60 cells. This study further investigated the action mechanisms underlying this effect. The activation of caspase-9 and -3, but not caspase-8, together with the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein, demonstrated that the apoptotic signaling triggered by dioscin was mediated through the intrinsic mitochondria-dependent pathway. We also investigated its anti-proliferative effect on human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed that dioscin treatment induced the accumulation of cells in the G(2)/M phase. Cytomorphology with DAPI and Wright-Giemsa staining demonstrated the enlargement of cell volume and multinucleation in the treated cells. Subsequent apoptosis was delineated with phosphatidylserine externalization and DNA hypodiploidy. Trillin was one of the hydrolysates of dioscin. We demonstrated that it could induce multinucleation in HL-60, K562 and human promyelocytic leukemia NB(4) cells, suggesting its extensive mitotic-arresting effects. As the diosgenyl sapogenin, diosgenin was also shown to be able to induce multinucleation and apoptosis in K562 cells in a similar manner to dioscin. These findings suggest that diosgenyl saponins have the properties to induce mitotic arrest and apoptosis, suggesting that they may be a new kind of antimitotic agent.     

蒙古黄芪凝集素对K562细胞的增殖抑制和诱导凋亡

目的研究蒙古黄芪凝集素(AMML)对慢性髓系白血病细胞系K562的生长抑制作用及对细胞周期和凋亡的影响。方法用MTT法测定AMML对K562细胞的生长抑制作用;荧光染色和流式细胞术分析检测AMML诱导K562细胞周期变化和凋亡的影响。结果AMML对K562细胞的生长增殖具有明显的抑制作用,呈剂量和时间依赖性。60mg.L-1的AMML处理K562细胞72h后其生长抑制率高达89%。AMML处理的K562细胞呈现典型的细胞凋亡形态改变,如胞核破裂、染色质固缩。流式细胞仪(FCM)分析结果说明AMML可以引起K562细胞S期阻滞,并诱导K562细胞凋亡。结论AMML通过S期阻滞抑制K562细胞的增殖并诱导其凋亡,AMML在抗肿瘤新药开发中具有潜在的应用价值。     

Modulation of ATPase activity by cholesterol and synthetic ether lipids in leukemic cells.

Synthetic ether lipids (EL) exert their antiproliferative action on leukemic cells through localization in the plasma membrane with subsequent biochemical effects which are still being elucidated. In the present study, the modulation of membrane-linked ATPase activity was investigated in relation to changes in membrane fluidity of HL60 and K562 human leukemic cells. Incubation of HL60 and K562 cells with EL under non-cytotoxic conditions caused significant membrane fluidization which was related to the membrane cholesterol (CHOL) levels. HL60 cells, which are sensitive to the cytotoxic action of EL, had a lower basal CHOL content. When HL60 cells were loaded with CHOL, Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity was reduced significantly compared to that of untreated cells. In contrast, CHOL-deprived K562 cells had twice the Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity of unmodified K562 cells. Na+K(+)- and Mg(2+)-ATPase activities were stimulated significantly in both cell lines by EL at concentrations lower than 20 microM. This stimulation was greater in cells richer in CHOL, such as K562 cells and CHOL-enriched HL60 cells. In contrast, Na+,K(+)-ATPase in both cell lines was inhibited by EL above 20 microM regardless of the CHOL content. Mg(2+)-ATPase activity was not related to cell CHOL content and was not inhibited by EL above 20 microM.     

Increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations and the corresponding intracellular acidification are early steps for induction of apoptosis by geranylgeraniol in HL60 cells

To elucidate the mechanism of induction of apoptosis by geranylgeraniol (GGO), which is a potent inducer of apoptosis in various lines of human cancer cells, we examined the role of intracellular acidification during GGO-induced apoptosis using human leukemia HL60 cells. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that apoptosis induced in human leukemia HL60 cells by GGO was associated with intracellular acidification. Both GGO-induced intracellular acidification and apoptosis as analyzed by DNA fragmentation were inhibited by phorbol myristate acetate (TPA) and O'-bis(2-aminophenyl)ethyleneglycol-N,N,N',N-tetraacetic acid tetraacetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA-AM), an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator, but not by ethyleneglycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). These results suggest that the early concentration change of intracellular Ca(2+) and the corresponding decrease in intracellular pH are required for the induction of apoptosis in HL60 cells by GGO.     

Modification by heme oxygenase inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin, of cellular differentiation of human myeloid leukemia K562 cell line.

Human myeloid leukemia K562 cells can be induced to differentiate to mature cells bidirectionally, i.e., hemin induces erythroid differentiation, while 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) induces differentiation to monocytes. TPA is also a potent inducer of heme oxygenase (HO), which catabolizes heme to biliverdin. We show here that TPA suppresses hemin-induced erythroid differentiation of K562 cells, while retinoids augment it. Further, an HO inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin (SnPP), suppresses TPA-induced K562 cell differentiation to monocytes. It was also found that co-treatment of K562 cells with SnPP and TPA induces erythroid differentiation of K562 cells, though SnPP alone or TPA alone does not induce erythroid differentiation, suggesting a role of HO in the directional switch of differentiation.     

Chemical control of cell differentiation of human myeloleukemia K562 cell line

Human myeloid leukemia K562 cells can be induced to differentiate to mature cells bidirectionary, i.e., hemin induces erythroid differentiation, while 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) induces differentiation to monocytes. The differentiation-inducing activity of various hemin-related compounds suggested certain structural requirements for the activity: 1) the iron moiety of hemin is not essential, and 2) the propionic acid side chains of hemin play an important role in the differentiation and induction. In addition, we have examined the influence of some bioresponse-modifying factors on hemin/protoporphyrin IX-induced differentiation of K562 cell line. Retinoids and tubulin-disruptors, themselves did not induce differentiation, enhanced hemin/protoporphyrin IX-induced differentiation of K562 cells. We also examined the possible involvement of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) in hemin/protoporphyrin IX-induced differentiation on K562 cell lines. The PBR specific ligands modified hemin-induced differentiation. These results suggest a requirement for retinoids (or retinoids-like cofactors) for hemin/protoporphyrin IX-induced differentiation of K562 cells and the involvement of PBR in erythroid differentiation of K562 cell line. Further we showed that TPA suppresses hemin-induced erythroid differentiation of K562 cells, while retinoids augment it. TPA is a potent inducer of heme oxygenase (HO), which catabolizes heme to biliverdin. An HO inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin (SnPP), suppresses TPA-induced K562 cell differentiation to monocytes. It was also found that cotreatment of K562 cells with SnPP and TPA induces erythroid differentiation of K562 cells, though SnPP alone or TPA alone does not induce erythroid differentiation, suggesting a role of HO in the directional switch of differentiation.     

4-[4″-(2″,2″,6″,6″-四甲基-1″-哌啶氮氧自由基)氨基]-4′-去甲表鬼臼毒素对K562/ADM细胞的抑制作用

目的比较4-[4″-(2″,2″,6″,6″-四甲基-1″-哌啶氮氧自由基)氨基]-4′-去甲表鬼臼毒素(GP-7)对多药耐药人慢性粒细胞白血病K562的多柔比星耐药株细胞(K562/ADM细胞)的抑制作用是否优于依托泊苷。方法以依托泊苷和K562细胞为对照,用不同浓度GP-7处理K562/ADM细胞不同时间,MTT比色法测定细胞增殖,流式细胞仪测定细胞周期和细胞凋亡率,普通光学显微镜观察细胞凋亡形态,琼脂糖凝胶电泳观察细胞DNA凋亡性降解。结果8~128mol.L-1GP-7处理48h或64μmol.L-1GP-7处理24~72h,GP-7对K562/ADM细胞的增殖抑制呈剂量依赖性(r=0.947,P<0.05)和时间依赖性(r=0.999,P<0.01)。GP-7及依托泊苷对K562/ADM的IC50分别为(45.9±1.8)及(68.7±4.6)μmol.L-1;64μmol.L-1GP-7作用48h可使G2/M期细胞明显增多,相同情况下依托泊苷则使S期细胞明显增多;GP-7可引起K562/ADM和K562细胞凋亡,但其引起的K562/ADM和K562细胞凋亡率与依托泊苷无明显差异;GP-7可引起K562/ADM和K562细胞典型的凋亡形态学变化和DNA凋亡性降解,但GP-7引起的K562/ADM细胞DNA凋亡性降解弱于K562细胞;128及256μmol.L-1GP-7或依托泊苷处理K562/ADM和K562细胞48h,GP-7诱导DNA凋亡性降解的作用强于依托泊苷,但32和64μmol.L-1时作用则相反。结论GP-7可抑制多药耐药白血病细胞株K562/ADM的增殖,诱导细胞凋亡。GP-7抑制多药耐药白血病细胞株K562/ADM的作用优于依托泊苷。     

A new inhibitor of protein kinase C, RK-286C (4'-demethylamino-4'-hydroxystaurosporine). I. Screening, taxonomy, fermentation and biological activity

In the course of our screening program using a bleb-forming assay, a new inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) was found in the fermentation of a streptomycete. The inhibitor, RK-286C (4'-demethylamino-4'-hydroxystaurosporine), inhibited the morphological change of K562 cells, a human chronic erythroleukemia cell, induced by phorbol 12,13-dibutylate at the concentration of 3 microM. The same concentration of the compound inhibited the activity of PKC in vitro and the aggregation of rabbit platelets induced by collagen and arachidonic acid.     

Polyphyllin D induces apoptosis and differentiation in K562 human leukemia cells

Polyphyllin D, a compound derived from Paris polyphylla rhizoma, demonstrated strong anticancer activities in a previous study. Our results demonstrated that polyphyllin D exerts a growth inhibitory effect by inducing apoptosis and differentiation in the human erythroleukemia cell line K562. Polyphyllin D induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, as evidenced by the decreased Bcl-2 and Bcr/Abl expression levels, the disruption of MMP and increased Bax, cytochrome c and cleaved-caspase-3 levels. At a low dose, polyphyllin D increased CD14 expression on the surface of K562 cells and induced cells to differentiate into monocytes or mature macrophages. These data suggest that polyphyllin D has the potential to be a potent therapeutic agent for treating human chronic myelogenous leukemia.     

不同靶点的反义bcl—2寡核苷酸对白血病细胞足叶乙甙敏感性影响的研究

目的探讨针对bcl-2mRNA蛋白编码区的反义寡核苷酸对足叶乙甙诱导HL-60和K562细胞凋亡的影响。方法应用MTT法和流式细胞仪检测反义寡核苷酸与足叶乙甙联合作用的HL60和K562细胞中bcl-2蛋白表达和细胞凋亡及足叶乙甙IC50值。结果10μmol     

二烯丙基二硫诱导人白血病HL-60细胞分化差异表达cDNA文库的构建

目的　应用抑制性消减杂交技术构建二烯丙基二硫(diallyldisulfide ,DADS)诱导人白血病细胞分化的消减杂交cDNA文库 ,以期克隆DADS诱导人白血病HL 6 0细胞分化的相关基因。方法　用DADS诱导人白血病HL 6 0细胞分化 ,提取polyA+ RNA ,反转录合成cDNA ,消化成短片段后分成两组 ,分别与两种不同的接头连接 ,再与未处理的白血病细胞cDNA进行两次消减杂交及两次抑制性PCR扩增 ,将PCR产物与pGEM T线性载体连接 ,转化大肠杆菌进行文库扩增 ,随机挑取克隆进行酶切鉴定。结果　成功地构建了具有高消减效率的DADS诱导白血病细胞分化的cDNA文库 ,随机挑取消 2 0 0个克隆制备质粒并酶切分析 ,其中 84 5 %的克隆均具有 1 0 0～ 6 0 0bp左右的插入片段 ,说明每一克隆中均含有特异性的目的片段 ,从而为大批量筛选、克隆DADS诱导人白血病细胞分化的相关未知新基因奠定了基础。结论　DADS能诱导人白血病HL 6 0细胞分化 ,并引起相关的基因发生改变 ,而抑制性消减杂交技术能有效地分离差异表达的基因。     

冬凌草甲素诱导HL-60细胞凋亡

目的　研究冬凌草甲素诱导人白血病HL 6 0细胞凋亡的作用。方法　形态学观察 ,DNA凝胶电泳及流式细胞术。结果　冬凌草甲素能显著地诱导HL 6 0细胞发生凋亡 ,其作用呈明显的浓度效应关系和时间依赖性。形态学观察可见凋亡小体的形成 ,琼脂糖凝胶电泳可见明显的DNA梯带 ;流式细胞仪检测到G1亚峰。结论　冬凌草甲素能诱导HL 6 0细胞凋亡 ,并与其细胞杀伤活性相互平行 ,提示冬凌草甲素的抗癌活性与诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡相关