全麻上腹部手术后肺部并发症的预见性护理

目的观察全麻上腹部手术对呼吸的影响，提出护理对策。方法回顾性分析249例全麻上腹部手术患者术后肺部并发症的情况。结果综合治疗后治愈好转出院246例，死亡3例。全麻上腹部手术后肺部并发症发生率高且较严重。结论全麻上腹部手术易对呼吸造成不良影响，对此类患者进行临床预防性护理，可以预防或减少手术后肺部并发症的发生，尤其是对高龄、吸烟及原有肺部疾病的高危人群来说具有十分重要的意义。     

阻塞性肺疾病危险因素与术后肺部并发症关系的研究

目的分析围手术期合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)者的自身因素、手术因素与手术后肺部并发症(PPC)发生的关系及术前各项肺功能指标和动脉血氧分压(PaO2)与PPC的关系。方法对2002年9月至2004年11月中国医科大学附属第一医院重症医学科收治的54例围手术期COPD病人按年龄、体重指数(BMI)、手术时间及手术部位分别分组,对不同组间PPC的发生率进行χ2检验;利用SPSS11.12统计软件对术前动脉血氧分压(PaO2)和肺功能指标与PPC间的关系、对术前动脉血氧分压(PaO2)和肺功能指标与术后机械通气(MV)时间的关系进行多元相关分析。结果54例病人中30例(55.6%)发生PPC。年龄>70岁组与年龄≤70岁组的PPC发生率差异无显著性意义;BMI≥24组的PPC发生率显著高于BMI<24组;手术时间≥2h组的PPC发生率显著高于<2h组;上腹部手术组PPC的发生率显著高于下腹部组。术前PaO2和各肺功能指标与PPC的发生呈负相关趋势;而肺通气功能的各项指标与术后机械通气(MV)时间也呈负相关趋势。结论围手术期COPD病人,BMI≥24、手术时间≥2h者,上腹部手术者,术前肺通气功能较差者,PPC的发生率高;术前阻塞性肺通气功能障碍越重,MV时间越长。     

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随着腹部外科手术技术、围手术期处理和监护设施的改善，手术后肺部并发症(postoperative pulmonary complications，PPC)而有所减少，但其发生率仍高达约30％，这不能不引起外科医生足够的重视。因此，准确评估病人术前的肺功能，降低腹部手术PPC的发生率，是一项具有临床应用价值和实际意义的研究课题。目前，预测病人是否     

腹部手术病人肺部并发症的预防及护理

手术后的肺部并发症是导致围手术期病死率增加的重要原因。在接受腹部手术的病人,腹部并发症远较心脏异常更普遍,其患病率平均约为30%[1]。因此,在围手术期就应采取预防措施以减少肺部并发症的发生。1术前护理1.1术前综合评估:为了预测手术后发生呼吸道并发症的可能性,从而对高危病人采取防范、保护措施,在手术前必须对病人的有关情况进行综合评估。外科病人发生肺部并发症的高危因素包括:①一般情况:吸烟(>400支/年)、高龄、肥胖(体重测量指数>25)。肥胖能够导致病人出现肺容积下降、通气血流比例失调和相对性低氧血症,在手术后阶段上述改…     

老年结、直肠癌术后肺部并发症危险因素分析

为探讨老年结、直肠癌患者术后肺部并发症的相关危险因素。 笔者回顾性分析近4年间手术治疗的330例60岁以上结、直肠癌患者术后肺部并发症（PPC）发生的情况。结果示330例中有72例出现PPC，发生率为21.80%，死亡5例，病死率占全组患者的1.51%，占PPC患者的6.94％。PPC发生率如下：年龄﹥80岁者为42.30%；体重指数﹥25者为27.38%；有吸烟史者为37.00%；有慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）史者为33.56%；上腹部手术为37.39%；手术时间﹥2h者为24.60%。提示PPC的发生与高龄、肥胖、吸烟史、COPD史、手术部位、手术时间有明显关系，是相关的危险因素。     

高龄普胸手术患者围术期心血管并发症的防治

目的　为减少高龄患者普胸手术后心血管并发症的发生率 ,提高手术疗效 ,探讨其防治措施。　方法　分析 86例 70岁以上普胸手术患者的临床资料 ,包括术前心电图检查结果、术前合并心血管病情况和术后心血管并发症发生率 ,并进行统计学分析。　结果　高龄普胸手术患者术前合并心血管病发生率 (34.9% )和术后心血管并发症发生率 (2 0 .9% )均较高 ,明显高于术前未合并心血管病患者 (χ2 =5 .75 ,P<0 .0 5 )。行肺叶、全肺切除术的患者 ,术后心血管并发症发生率明显高于其它术式 (χ2 =4 .0 4 ,P<0 .0 5 )。　结论　高龄患者术后心血管并发症的防治重点为术前全面检查 ,发现并系统治疗合并的心血管病和隐匿性心脏病 ;对高龄肺癌患者要严格掌握手术适应证 ,在尽可能根治的前提下 ,适当缩小手术范围 ,保护心肺功能 ;术后消除心血管并发症的诱发因素。     

80岁以上高龄患者腹部手术后肺部感染的诊断与治疗:附79例报告

为总结高龄患者腹部手术后并发肺部感染的临床表现和诊疗经验。 笔者对近9年高龄患者腹部手术后肺部感染进行回顾性分析。 结果显示术后肺部感染发生率为34.2%,死亡率为7.4%。因高龄患者腹部手术后并发肺部感染临床表现不典型，病情较复杂，病程长，因此及时诊断，合理治疗，做好围手术期处理是降低高龄患者腹部手术后并发肺部感染的重要措施。     

综合干预措施预防腹部手术后肺部感染86例

腹部手术后并发肺部感染是临床上常见的严重并发症之一,发生率文献报道差别很大(6%～76%),其病死率高居各种并发症之首[1]。所以有效预防腹部手术后肺部感染对于提高手术成功率至关重要,而腹部手术后肺部感染有着多种危险因素[2],如中上腹部手术、麻醉方式、术后疼痛、术后肠功能恢复时间等。所以笔者针对相关危险因素制定出     

腹部手术后并发肺部感染的危险因素杨映弘

将1996年8月～1997年12月间312例腹部手术病人分为肺部感染组(43例)和正常组(269例)。对12个可能的危险因素即年龄、肥胖、吸烟、原有呼吸道疾病、入院时白蛋白水平、术前住院时间、胃肠道手术、留置胃管、全麻病人、上腹部切口、术中失血量、手术时间等进行对比分析。其结果显示,腹部手术后肺部感染的危险因素为年龄≥65岁、肥胖、原有呼吸道疾病、上腹部切口、术中失血≥1 200 ml。预防措施为术前控制体重,进行胸部理疗,术中尽量减少失血。     

腹部手术后肺部感染的处理

据报道,手术后肺部并发症(POP)的发生率为2%～19%。常见的术后肺部并发症主要包括肺部感染、肺不张、支气管痉挛、肺栓塞、呼吸衰竭和胸腔积液等。除肺部感染外,其他并发症如迁延时日,或处理不当,最终均可发展成为肺部感染。腹部手术后易于发生医院获得性肺炎[1],其发生率可高达10.7%,由此导致的死亡率高达19%～45%,感染性腹部手术其死亡率甚至可增加至65%[2]。近年来,术后肺部感染的发生率超过伤口感染、尿路感染,成     

老年胃癌术后肺部并发症危险因素分析

目的：探讨老年胃癌术后肺部并发症的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2013年8月195例70岁以上老年胃癌手术患者的术后肺部并发症发生的情况，采用 SPSS13．0统计软件，组间计数资料比较用χ2检验，以 P﹤0．05为差异有显著性。结果195例老年胃癌手术患者，出现术后肺部并发症50例，发病率为25．64％（50／195）。患者年龄大于80岁、体重指数＞25、有吸烟史、慢性阻塞性肺气肿史、低蛋白血症、糖尿病史等术前状况因素与术后的肺部并发症发生有关，差异均有统计学意义（χ2＝5．63、6．28、7．32、8．62、6．56、6．95， P﹤0．05）。手术方式包括近端胃切除术、全胃切除术、联合脾切除术及全麻插管时间超过3h等因素与术后的肺部并发症发生有关，差异均有统计学意义，（χ2＝8．26、8．52、8．67、9．12， P﹤0．05）。结论术后肺部并发症的发生与高龄、肥胖、吸烟、慢性阻塞性肺气肿史、低蛋白血症、糖尿病、手术方式有明显关系，是主要的危险因素。     

胃肠手术后肺部并发症228例临床分析

目的探讨胃肠手术患者术后发生肺部并发症的易患因素. 方法回顾性分析228例胃肠手术后肺部并发症患者(并发症组)的有关临床资料,以同期774例胃肠手术后无肺部并发症作为对照(对照组). 结果并发症组患者平均年龄、有吸烟史和基础心肺疾病者所占的比例、血清尿素氮和肌酐水平、术中出血和输血量、术中气管插管时间、术后留置胃管和机械通气时间均显著高于对照组;并发症组血清白蛋白水平显著低于对照组. 结论高龄、有吸烟史和基础心肺疾病、血清白蛋白水平低于正常、术中出血量多、气管插管时间长、术后留置胃管及机械通气时间长的胃肠手术患者易发生肺部并发症.     

Relationship between postoperative hypoxemia and the operative site

The effect of the site of operation on postoperative hypoxemia was studied in 104 patients undergoing thoraco-abdominal, thoracic, upper abdominal, lower abdominal, extra-abdominal and non-thoracic operations. The degree of postoperative hypoxemia was the most extensive in patients undergoing thoraco-abdominal, moderate in thoracic and upper abdominal operations, and minimal in lower abdominal and other operations. On the other hand, the duration of hypoxemia also differed with the surgical procedures. Arterial oxygen tension returned to almost control values by the 3rd postoperative day in cases of lower abdominal and extremity operations and by the 7th postoperative day in those undergoing thoracic and upper abdominal surgery. Postoperative hypoxemia, however, remained throughout the fourteen day study period, in patients undergoing thoraco-abdominal operation. True shunt was measured in 27 patients with thoraco-abdominal, thoracic and upper abdominal operations. An increase in true shunt was evident postoperatively in the entire group of patients. The increase was significantly larger and longer lasting in cases of thoraco-abdominal incision than that in cases of thoracic and upper abdominal incision alone. Differences in postoperative true shunt between cases of thoracic and upper abdominal incisions were nil.     

Relationship between postoperative hypoxemia and the operative site

The effect of the site of operation on postoperative hypoxemia was studied in 104 patients undergoing thoraco-abdominal, thoracic, upper abdominal, lower abdominal, extra-abdominal and non-thoracic operations. The degree of postoperative hypoxemia was the most extensive in patients undergoing thoraco-abdominal, moderate in thoracic and upper abdominal operations, and minimal in lower abdominal and other operations. On the other hand, the duration of hypoxemia also differed with the surgical procedures. Arterial oxygen tension returned to almost control values by the 3rd postoperative day in cases of lower abdominal and extremity operations and by the 7th postoperative day in those undergoing thoracic and upper abdominal surgery. Postoperative hypoxemia, however, remained throughout the fourteen day study period, in patients undergoing thoraco-abdominal operation. True shunt was measured in 27 patients with thoraco-abdominal, thoracic and upper abdominal operations. An increase in true shunt was evident postoperatively in the entire group of patients. The increase was significantly larger and longer lasting in cases of thoraco-abdominal incision than that in cases of thoracic and upper abdominal incision alone. Differences in postoperative true shunt between cases of thoracic and upper abdominal incisions were nil.     

有上腹部手术史的腹腔镜胆囊切除术580例报告

目的探讨对有上腹部手术史者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）的可行性及手术特点。方法回顾性分析我院1994年4月-2008年5月对有上腹部手术史的580例行LC的临床资料。结果本组成功完成手术528例，手术成功率为91．0％；中转开腹52例，中转率为9．0％。全部病人痊愈出院，无术后并发症发生。结论对有上腹部手术史的病人可常规行LC。     

Pulmonary complications after upper abdominal surgery: their prevention with intercostal blocks

A prospective study of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) appearing during the hospital stay was carried out in 417 patients undergoing surgery through a subcostal or midline incision. Postoperative pain was relieved either by intercostal block and centrally-acting analgesics on demand or by centrally-acting analgesics alone. Pulmonary complications were diagnosed from combined physical and radiological signs. After biliary surgery through a subcostal incision, PPC were less frequent (P less than 0.05) in patients receiving intercostal blocks (6%) than in those given centrally-acting analgesics (11%). After surgery through a midline incision, the complication rate was higher, 15-57%, and was related to the type of surgery, the highest incidence being found after partial gastrectomy and operations for malignancy, and no significant reduction in the rate of PPC after intercostal blocks with this incision was found in any age group. Indeed, an increased rate of PPC was found in our patients over the age of 60 who had received bilateral intercostal blocks. Irrespective of the type of incision, surgery or method of postoperative pain relief, the patients with PPC more often had respiratory or other disorders preoperatively or a surgical complication intra- or postoperatively than those with normal postoperative recovery. Predisposing physical factors and high age were more common among the patients developing PPC in spite of treatment with intercostal blocks compared to those without such treatment.     

老年患者腹部手术对呼吸功能的影响

目的评价老年患者腹部手术后呼吸功能的变化及其影响因素.方法60岁以上(包括60岁)择期腹部手术患者35例,分别在手术前和手术后第1、3、5、10d,应用脉冲振荡肺功能测定仪(IOS)测定最大肺活量(VCmax);用力肺活量(FVC)、第1s用力呼气容积(FEV10)、FEV1.0/FVC、最大通气量(MVV);呼气流速峰值(PEF)、用力肺活量为25%、50%和75%时的气流量(FEF25、FEF50、和FEF7s);中心气道阻力(Rc)、周边气道阻力(Rp)、共振频率(Fres)、呼吸总阻抗(Zrs)以及不同振荡频率下的通气阻力5赫兹时呼吸阻力(R5)、20赫兹时呼吸阻力(R20)和5赫兹时呼吸电抗(X5).结果与手术前相比,手术后第1、3、5dVCmax、FVC、FEV10、MVV、PEF、FEF25、FEF50均明显降低(P<0.01),并以手术后第1d最为明显,手术后第1dFres、Zrs和R5明显增加(P<0.01或0.05),而R20和R5不变.年龄70～79岁组较60～69岁组患者手术前和手术后第1、3、5dFEF10、MVV、PEF均显著降低(P<0.01或0.05);手术前ASA≥Ⅱ级患者肺通气功能(PEF、MVV)明显低于ASAⅠ级患者(P<0.05或0.01),而麻醉类型、手术部位、伤口疼痛程度、手术时间、术后胃肠减压持续时间及患者体重系数对手术后肺通气功能无明显影响(P>0.05).结论老年患者腹部手术后呼吸功能的改变主要发生于手术后早期,除表现为限制性通气障碍外,还存在阻塞性通气障碍,其改变程度与患者的年龄和术前伴随疾病有关.     

Preoperative spirometry predicts perioperative pulmonary complications after major vascular surgery.

This study determined utility of preoperative spirometry for prediction of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) defined as pneumonia, ventilator dependence greater than 48 hours, and adult respiratory distress syndrome in 147 patients undergoing vascular surgery from June 1988 through March 1990 [39 aortic aneurysm repairs, 21 carotid procedures, and 87 operations for occlusive disease including aorto-ileofemoral, infra-inguinal, and visceral]. The incidence of PPC was 12.9 per cent, while cardiac complications (myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and ventricular arrhythmias) were present in 9.8 per cent. Prior or current smoking, which was present in 80 per cent, was not predictive of PPC. FEV1 was 2.2 +/- 0.7 L/s (mean +/- 1 SD). Abnormal FEV1 (2.0 or less L/s) was present in 42 per cent (n = 62). For FEV1 of 2.0 or less, PPC rate was 22.5 per cent versus 5.8 per cent for FEV1 greater than 2.0 L/s (P less than 0.005, Fisher exact). The incidence of PPC was 30.7 per cent for aortic aneurysm repair, 8.0 per cent for occlusive disease, and 4.7 per cent for carotid procedures. Abdominal aortic procedures (performed in 67 patients: 39 for aortic aneurysm repair and 28 for aortoiliac occlusive disease) were associated with a PPC rate of 22.4 per cent versus 5.0 per cent for "nonabdominal" procedures (P less than 0.002, Fisher exact). Life table analysis after surgery demonstrated decreased survival for patients with PPC (P = 0.031, Mantel-Haensel) during follow-up (250 +/- 165 days). PPC are associated with abnormal FEV1 and abdominal vascular procedures. In conclusion, preoperative spirometry is useful for the prediction of PPC after vascular surgery.     

Smoking is a major risk factor for wound dehiscence after midline abdominal incision; case–control study

Background: The incidence of acute fascial wound dehiscence (AFWD) after major abdominal operations is as high as 3%. AFWD is associated with mortality rates of 15–20%. Male gender, advanced age and numerous systemic factors including malignancy hypoproteinemia and steroid use have been associated with increased risk. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between smoking prevalence and AFWD. Methods: Middlemore Hospital records were retrieved from the 1997–2006 period for patients who had undergone midline abdominal surgery and developed AFWD. A return to the operating theatre for closure of the fascial dehiscence was required for study group inclusion. Each patient in the study group was matched to two control patients who had been admitted in the same year for surgery and who had a similar initial surgical intervention. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals, representing the risk of developing fascial wound dehiscence in smokers compared with the non‐smoking group. Results: There were 52 patients (32 male, 20 female) and 104 controls (64 male, 40 female). Median age for both groups was 63 years. A history of heavy tobacco use (≥20 pack‐years) was more prevalent in those who had AFWD (46%) compared with the control group (16%; P = 0.0002; odds ratio 3.7). Conclusions: Smoking is associated with an increased incidence of acute fascial wound dehiscence following laparotomy. It is not known whether smoking is a causal or a surrogate factor.     

胃十二指肠手术后呼吸系统并发症的危险因素探讨

目的探讨胃、十二指肠手术患者术后发生呼吸系统并发症(postoperativepulmonarycomplications,PPC)的危险因素。方法对1999年12月至2003年12月接受胃十二指肠手术的连续病例共508例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。采用单因素、多因素Logistic回归分析的方法筛选与发生PPC相关的危险因素。结果508例患者有131例(25.8%)发生PPC。多因素Logistic回归分析筛选出与PPC有关的危险因素为:年龄(OR=1.052)、术前伴存呼吸疾病(OR=2.915)、血清白蛋白水平(OR=0.995)、术中气管插管时间(OR=1.005)、保留鼻胃管时间(OR=1.059)、术后机械通气时间(OR=1.367)。得出Logistic回归预测方程为:P(1)=1/犤1+e-(-3.780+0.051×Y+1.086×Rd-0.005×Alb+0.005×Dtc+0.057×Dnt+0.312×Dmv)犦。结论高龄、有基础呼吸疾病、血清白蛋白水平低于正常、术中和术后留置胃管、气管插管、机械通气时间长者,易于发生PPC。