仁青芒觉胶囊对二甲基亚硝胺诱导的大鼠肝纤维化的治疗作用

目的 观察仁青芒觉胶囊对二甲基亚硝胺（DMN）诱导的肝纤维化模型大鼠的治疗作用。方法 大鼠ip DMN制备肝纤维化模型,治疗给予低、中、高剂量（0.05、0.10、0.20 g/kg）的仁青芒觉胶囊,1.5 g/kg扶正化瘀胶囊作为阳性药,对照组及模型组给予同体积的蒸馏水,每天给药1次,连续4周。观察大鼠血清生化及胶原水平,肝脏组织蛋白、羟脯氨酸（Hyp）及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）水平的变化;取肝脏,测定肝脏指数;肝组织固定,HE及Masson染色,镜下观察肝脏组织结构和纤维化程度变化。结果 ①与模型组比较,仁青芒觉胶囊各剂量组动物体质量,高、低剂量组肝质量显著增加（P<0.05、0.01）,高剂量组动物肝脏系数明显增加（P<0.05）。②与模型组比较,仁青芒觉胶囊各剂量组血清总蛋白（TP）和白蛋白（ALB）含量显著升高,血清丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）活性和总胆红素（TBIL）、透明质酸（HA）、IV型胶原（IV-C）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PC-Ⅲ）含量显著降低（P<0.05、0.01、0.001）;层粘蛋白（LN）也有不同程度的降低,低剂量组差异显著（P<0.05）。③与模型组比较,低、中剂量的仁青芒觉胶囊可以显著增加肝组织中蛋白含量（P<0.01、0.001）,各剂量SOD水平均显著升高（P<0.05、0.001）。④肝组织病理学显示,0.2 g/kg剂量的仁青芒觉胶囊能够显著改善弥漫性肝细胞水肿变性、坏死及减轻纤维增生程度,中、低剂量可以改善肝纤维化程度。结论 仁青芒觉胶囊对DMN诱导的肝纤维化模型大鼠具有一定程度的治疗作用。     

人参皂苷对酒精性肝损伤的保护作用研究

目的 研究人参皂苷提取物(GE)对酒精性肝损伤的保护作用与作用机制.方法 将ICR雄性小鼠分为正常对照组、阳性对照组(联苯双酯)、模型组及人参皂苷提取物高、中、低剂量组,建立慢性酒精性肝损伤模型,用人参皂苷提取物进行干预,ig给药30 d后,称取肝质量,计算肝脏系数,测定小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活力、三酰甘油(TG)、肝脏内丙二醛(MDA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,HE染色观察小鼠肝脏病理变化,综合评价人参皂苷提取物对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的保护作用.结果 人参皂苷提取物各剂量组能明显降低酒精性肝损伤小鼠的肝脏系数(P <0.05)、血清TG的含量(P <0.01),可降低其血清中ALT、AST活力(P <0.05或P <0.01),但与正常组ALT、AST活力仍有差异(P <0.05);可在一定程度上降低肝组织中MDA含量(P <0.01),增高肝组织中GSH含量(P <0.01),减少肝组织病理损伤.结论 人参皂苷提取物对酒精性肝损伤有一定保护作用,其机制可能与抑制肝内脂肪堆积,抗氧化作用有关.     

毛菊苣提取物对四氯化碳诱导大鼠肝纤维化的防治作用

目的 观察毛菊苣提取物抗慢性肝纤维化的作用。方法 将Wistar大鼠随机分为毛菊苣提取物低、中、高剂量（50、100、150 mg/kg）组,秋水仙碱（colchicine,0.5 mg/kg）组,模型组和正常组,ig给药。给药同时各组sc四氯化碳（CCl₄）造模,每周2次。于60 d后,检测大鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、肝组织丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、羟脯氨酸（Hyp）及肝组织病理变化。结果 与模型组比较,毛菊苣提取物低、中、高剂量组均能明显降低肝纤维化大鼠血清中ALT、AST的含量及肝组织中MDA和Hyp的含量（P＜0.01）,明显提高血清TP、ALB水平（P＜0.05、0.01）及肝组织GSH-Px活性（P＜0.01）;肝脏组织学检查表明,毛菊苣提取物可明显改善肝组织病理损伤程度,其作用呈一定的量效关系。结论 毛菊苣提取物对实验性慢性肝损伤具有保护肝细胞,减少肝损伤,抗肝纤维化作用。     

胡芦巴生制品降血脂功效研究

目的 对胡芦巴生、制品的降血脂功效进行研究。方法 通过喂养高脂高糖饲料,构建小鼠高血脂模型。将高血脂模型小鼠按TG、TC、体重分为模型组,阳性组,生品组,盐制品组,酒制品组,外加空白组。给予相应药物治疗21天后,对体重、血清中TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C、AST、ALT的水平进行测定,取肝脏称重,计算肝指数。结果 与空白组相比：模型组小鼠的体重显著升高（P<0.01）,与模型组相比,胡芦巴生、制品组小鼠的体重显著降低（P<0.05）;模型组小鼠的肝指数显著升高（P<0.01）,与模型组相比,胡芦巴生、制品组小鼠的肝指数显著降低（P<0.05）;模型组小鼠的TG、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C显著升高（P<0.01）,与模型组相比,胡芦巴生、酒制品组小鼠的TG、TC、LDL-C显著降低（P<0.05）,盐制品组TG、TC（P<0.01）、LDL-C（P<0.05）,对TG、TC的调节作用,盐制品组要优于生品组（P<0.05）;模型组小鼠的AST、ALT显著升高（P<0.01）,与模型组相比,胡芦巴生、盐制品组小鼠的AST、ALT显著降低（P<0.05）,酒制品组（P<0.01）。且酒制品组与生品组之间具有显著性差异（P<0.05）。结论 胡芦巴盐制后对高血脂模型中TG和TC的调节作用增强、酒制后对AST和ALT的调节作用增强,说明胡芦巴盐制后降血脂作用增强,酒制后肝保护的作用增强。     

樟芝多糖保护小鼠急性肝损伤的机制研究

目的 研究樟芝多糖保护小鼠急性肝损伤的机制。方法 通过D-氨基半乳糖构建急性肝损伤小鼠,C57BL/6小鼠分为对照组、模型组、樟芝多糖高剂量组、樟芝多糖低剂量组,樟芝多糖高、低剂量组每日分别给予50,25 mg·kg^-1的樟芝多糖2次,对照组和模型组给予等体积的生理盐水。给药7 d后紫外比色法测试盒检测大鼠肝组织中谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）水平;TBA法试剂盒检测肝组织中丙二醛（MDA）的水平;ELISA试剂盒检测肝组织中白介素-6（IL-6）的表达;Western-Blot检测肝脏组织中NLRP-3、白介素-1β（IL-1β）、pro-caspase-1和caspase-1的表达;HE染色观察小鼠肝脏病理;RT-qPCR检测肝脏组织中Bcl-2、Bax、caspase-3、caspase-1的mRNA表达。结果 与模型组相比,樟芝多糖可以明显改善急性肝损小鼠的肝脏病理,降低ALT、AST的表达以及MDA和IL-6的表达（P<0.01）,肝脏组织中NLRP-3、IL-1β以及pro-caspase-1和caspase-1的表达相比模型组显著降低（P<0.05）,Bax、caspase-3、caspase-1的mRNA表达相比模型组显著降低（P<0.01）,Bcl-2显著升高（P<0.01）。结论 樟芝多糖对于小鼠急性肝损伤有着很好的保护作用,其作用机制与炎性小体NLRP-3及其相关炎症因子的抑制有关。     

含对乙酰氨基酚的感冒药及柴芩清宁胶囊多次给药对小鼠肝毒性“量-时-毒”关系研究

目的 对比研究对乙酰氨基酚片、复方氨酚烷胺片、美扑伪麻片及柴芩清宁胶囊多次给药对小鼠肝毒性的“量-时-毒”关系。方法 昆明种小鼠随机分为对照组,对乙酰氨基酚片、复方氨酚烷胺片、美扑伪麻片、柴芩清宁胶囊高,中,低剂量组,3种西药高、中、低剂量分别为266.24、425.98、681.57 mg/kg,柴芩清宁胶囊高、中、低剂量分别为1 437.70、2 300.31、3 680.50 mg/kg,每天给药1次,连续14 d,观察给药后小鼠一般状态,并分别在给药1、3、7、11、14 d检测血清丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、白蛋白（ALB）、总胆红素（TBIL）水平,计算肝脏、脾脏、胸腺和肾脏的脏器指数。结果 ig给予小鼠高、中剂量对乙酰氨基酚片、复方氨酚烷胺片、美扑伪麻片后,ALT、AST、AKP及TBIL在给药1 d显著升高（P＜0.05）,3、7、11、14 d逐渐降低;ALB在连续给药1、3、7 d显著降低（P＜0.05）,11、14 d逐渐恢复到正常水平;肝脏系数在连续给药1、3 d显著升高（P＜0.05）,7、11、14 d恢复正常。3种西药低剂量以及柴芩清宁胶囊各剂量组连续给药1、3、7、11、14 d,小鼠血清ALT、AST、AKP、ALB、TBIL水平及肝脏、胸腺和脾脏脏器指数与对照组比较,均差异不显著。结论 小鼠连续ig不同剂量（1 437.70~3 680.50 mg/kg）柴芩清宁胶囊14 d,均未引起肝损伤;而较高剂量（425.98~681.57 mg/kg）对乙酰氨基酚片、复方氨酚烷胺片、美扑伪麻片连续ig 14 d,可造成小鼠肝损伤,且呈现一定的“量-时-毒”关系。     

枸杞多糖对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的保护作用及机制研究

目的 研究枸杞多糖对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的保护作用及机制。方法 将小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和枸杞多糖低、中、高剂量（75、150、300 mg/kg）组,第1~9天于每日13：00时分别ig给药,模型组和对照组给予等量双蒸水。第10~16天给药4 h后,枸杞多糖和模型组小鼠均ig 50%酒精20 mL/kg进行造模,对照组小鼠给予等量双蒸水。观察小鼠一般状态,末次ig酒精16 h后处死小鼠,检测肝脏指数;全自动生化分析仪检测血清中丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）水平;试剂盒法测定肝组织丙二醛（MDA）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、总超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）及炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白介素-1β（IL-1β）的含量;HE染色观察肝组织病理变化。结果 与模型组比较,枸杞多糖各剂量组小鼠醒酒时间短,毛色有所改善,较活跃;各剂量组肝脏指数呈下降趋势,但不具有统计学意义;各剂量组血清ALT、AST、TC、TG均呈下降趋势,其中高、中剂量组ALT显著降低（P<0.05）,3个剂量组TG浓度均差异显著（P<0.01）;各剂量组小鼠肝脏MDA含量显著降低（P<0.05、0.01）,GSH、SOD水平显著升高（P<0.05、0.01）,GSH-Px水平升高但未表现出显著性差异;高、中剂量组小鼠肝脏TNF-α和IL-1β水平显著降低（P<0.05、0.01）。HE染色显示,与模型组比较,枸杞多糖各组肝组织破坏程度较轻。结论 枸杞多糖对于乙醇诱导的酒精性肝损伤具有一定的保护作用,作用机制可能与通过清除体内多余自由基、增强体内抗氧化能力以及减轻炎症反应相关。     

解酒饮保护小鼠急性酒精性肝损伤的研究

目的 探讨解酒饮对小鼠急性酒精性肝损伤的保护作用。方法 将小鼠随机分为正常对照组、联苯双酯组（11.7 mg·kg^-1）、模型对照组和解酒饮低、中、高剂量（6.25,12.5,25 g·kg^-1）组6组,每组10只,每天1次,连续14 d灌服给药。末次给药后1 h,除正常对照组外按12 ml·kg^-1剂量一次性灌胃给予56°北京红星二锅头造模。12 h后处死小鼠取血标本和肝组织标本,比较各组的肝脏指数,并对肝组织进行组织形态学检查,测定血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）的活性水平。结果 解酒饮可显著降低酒精诱导的急性肝损伤小鼠的血清ALT、AST水平,可减少肝中脂肪空泡,减轻炎症表现,急性肝损伤肝脏指数明显改善。结论 解酒饮对小鼠急性酒精性肝损伤有一定的保护作用。     

保肝抗痨汤对实验性急性肝损伤的影响

目的:观察保肝抗痨汤对急性肝损伤的治疗作用.方法:采用CCl4和抗结核药利福平、异烟肼合用致小鼠急性肝损伤模型,连续给予保肝抗痨汤6 d,观察小鼠血清ALT、AST活性和肝指数的变化,并进行急性毒性试验.结果:保肝抗痨汤22、44 g生药/kg剂量组均能显著降低CCL和抗结核药物所致急性肝损伤小鼠升高的血清ALT、AST水平以及肝指数,小鼠灌胃最大生药给药量为225 g·kg-1·d-1,为人临床用量的155倍.结论:保肝抗痨汤对CCL和抗结核药物所致的小鼠肝损伤均有保护作用,且毒性小,临床用药安全可靠.     

白头翁汤对链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病肝损伤的保护作用研究

目的 观察白头翁汤对链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导的I型糖尿病小鼠肝损伤的治疗效果。方法 单次ip STZ（180 mg/kg）建立1型糖尿病小鼠模型，对照组给予等量的柠檬酸缓冲液。挑选血糖值≥ 15 mmol/L的小鼠随机分为模型组、二甲双胍组及白头翁汤低、中、高剂量（生药2.5、5.0、10.0 g/kg）组，对照和模型组给予等体积生理盐水，连续ig给药4周。末次给药24 h后，称各组小鼠体质量，测空腹血糖；试剂盒法检测血清中丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白介素-6（IL-6）水平，检测血清及肝组织中丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）水平，HE染色观察肝组织病理组织学损伤。结果 给药4周后，与模型组比较，白头翁汤中、高剂量组动物体质量显著升高、空腹血糖值显著降低（P<0.05、0.01）；中、高剂量组血清ALT、AST、ALP、TNF-α、IL-6水平显著下降（P<0.05、0.01、0.001）；中、高剂量显著降低血清及肝组织中MDA含量，高剂量显著提升血清及肝组织中SOD活力，中、高剂量显著增加血清GSH-Px水平，高剂量显著增加肝组织GSH-Px水平（P<0.05、0.01）。HE染色显示白头翁汤可以改善肝脏病理组织学损伤。结论 白头翁汤可以有效改善STZ诱导的糖尿病肝损伤，机制与减轻脂质过氧化、增强机体清除自由基能力以及抗炎作用有关。     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Susceptibility to erythromycin of anaerobes of the genera Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Sphaerophorus, Veillonella, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of erythromycin were determined by broth dilution tests for 313 anaerobic strains, most of which were clinical isolates. All the gram-positive anaerobes tested (84 Peptococcaceae, including 21 Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and 15 Peptococcus variabilis; 65 Corynebacterium acnes and 29 Clostridium strains, including 13 C. perfringens) were sensitive (MIC values 0.012 through 3.12 microgram erythromycin/ml); so were 111 cultures of gram-negative anaerobes (52 Bacteroides fragilis, 12 B. thetaiotaomicron, 7 B. vulgatus, 13 B. oralis, 4 B. melaninogenicus, 10 Sphaerophorus necrophorus, 2 Veillonella sp., 11 members of other species). Erythromycin at concentrations of 6.25 through 200.0 microgram/ml was active against 24 strains (1 B. fragilis, 4 Fusobacterium fusiforme, 9 Sph. freundi, 10 Sph. varius). The present results are compared to the limited number of reports existing with regard to the susceptibility of anaerobes to erythromycin.     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

New antiretroviral drugs: a review of the efficacy,safety, pharmacokinetics,and resistance profile of tipranavir,darunavir, etravirine,rilpivirine, maraviroc,and raltegravir

Background: The introduction and approval of new antiretroviral agents in the US and Canada bring new opportunities and new challenges. Arguably, for the first time ever, clinicians have the drugs necessary to achieve the goal of suppressing HIV RNA to levels less than 50 copies/mL in even the most treatment-experienced patients and in those with extensive drug-limiting resistance mutations. However, the use of these new agents is complicated by many drug–drug interactions and – to some extent – pre-existing mutations. To derive maximum durability from the use of these newer drugs, a thorough understanding of their indications and limitations is critical. Objective: To thoroughly review the six most recently approved or soon-to-be-approved antiretroviral drugs in the US and Canada: tipranavir, darunavir, etravirine, rilpivirine, maraviroc, and raltegravir. Methods: Discussion of the indications for, and pharmacokinetics, resistance profile, activity, toxicity, and clinical trials results of, the six new agents. Results/conclusions: These six new agents have resulted in marked progress towards the goal of being able to provide HIV-infected individuals with the drugs necessary to achieve decades of durable suppression of HIV without substantial toxicity.     

Disposition of fluvastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-COA reductase, in mouse, rat, dog, and monkey

The physiological disposition of fluvastatin, a potent inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and thus cholesterol synthesis, has been studied in the mouse, rat, dog, and monkey using 14C- or 3H-labeled drug. Oral doses of fluvastatin were absorbed at a moderate to rapid rate. The extent of absorption was dose-independent and was essentially complete in all four species studied. However, the drug was subject to extensive presystemic hepatic extraction followed by direct excretion via the bile, thus minimizing the systemic burden and yielding high liver/peripheral tissue concentration gradients for fluvastatin and its metabolites. Only at high doses far exceeding the intended human daily dose of ca 0.6 mg kg-1 did fluvastatin bioavailability approach unity, apparently due to saturation of the first-pass effect. Dose-normalized blood levels of fluvastatin and total radioactivity were higher in the dog than in the other species, suggesting a smaller distribution volume in the former. Fluvastatin was partially metabolized before excretion, the extent of metabolism being smallest in the dog and greatest in the mouse. The half-life of intact fluvastatin ranged from 1-2h in the monkey to 4-7h in the dog. Regardless of the dose or dose route, the administered radioactivity was recovered predominantly in feces, with the renal route accounting for less than 8 per cent of the dose. No tissue retention of radioactivity was observed, and material balance was essentially achieved within 96h after dosing.     

Strength of drug habits: For heroin,morphine, methadone,alcohol, barbiturates,pentobarbital, benzedrine,cocaine, and marijuana

The drug habits for 78 confirmed opiate addicts were studied on eight scales from the Process Association Test of Addiction (PATA) for many drug names. Through cluster analysis eight stages of addiction were defined: “to be clean”, “to learn about drugs”, “to hustle”, “to chip” (also “to be high”), to be psychologically dependent or “to need a shot”, “to be hooked”, “to kick a habit” and “to be in treatment”. Associations stimulated by the words heroin and morphine were very similar over the eight stages of addiction in opiate addicts. The subjects were especially inclined to associate morphine and heroin with the most severe level of addiction, “to be hooked”. Associations to both methadone and cocaine were elevated at the “hooked” stage, but in other respects associations to these drugs were opposite. Thus, associations to cocaine were focused on the stage of psychological dependence and the lower intermediate stage of addiction, “to chip” and “to be high”, whereas associations to methadone suggested a turning away from addiction as indicated by avoidance associations (“to come down” and “to kick a habit”) as well as associations to “treatment” and “to be clean”. Marijuana, Benzedrine, “goofball” (barbiturates) and alcohol habits were prominent at an intermediate stage of addiction (“to chip” and “to be high”). Avoidance associations were common for Benzedrine and “goofballs” (also pentobarbital) but not for marijuana or alcohol. “Hustling” associations were frequent for marijuana but not for alcohol.     

Simultaneous measurement of bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, meperidine, mepivacaine, and methadone

A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous measurement of bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, meperidine, mepivacaine, and methadone in serum is described. The drugs and the internal standard, prilocaine, are extracted from 1 ml of serum. The procedure involves a two-step extraction and injection of the extract into a gas chromatograph equipped with a 10-ft OV-11 glass column and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The temperature gradient program results in a run time of 16 min and retention times for meperidine, prilocaine (internal standard), lidocaine, etidocaine, mepivacaine, methadone, and bupivacaine of 3.8, 5.4, 6.0, 8.7, 11.0, 11.7, and 14.8 min, respectively. Standard curves for all drugs were linear over the 80 to 2,000-ng/ml range and recovery of all components averaged 97 +/- 2% with the lowest detection limit of 10 ng/ml for all drugs except meperidine and methadone, which were 20 ng/ml. The within-day coefficients of variation ranged from 12 to 8% at 500 ng/ml. The day-to-day coefficients of variation of the slope and intercept values ranged from 2 to 0% and 130 to 3%, respectively. Response factors of the nitrogen-specific collector varied with the drug analyzed and resulted in peak area variation at constant offset and attenuation of 30%. This method is intended and adequate for therapeutic monitoring of chronically treated pain patients who are being given various combinations of local anesthetic and/or narcotic agents.     

HPLC法同时测定一清颗粒中黄芩苷等8种有效成分的含量

目的建立RP-HPLC法同时测定一清颗粒中芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚、黄芩苷、汉黄芩素和盐酸小檗碱8种有效成分的含量。方法采用Kromasil C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm5,μm),以乙腈-体积分数0.1%磷酸水(三乙胺调pH值至3.0)为流动相,梯度洗脱;检测波长为254 nm,流速1.0 mL.min-1,柱温30℃。结果芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚、黄芩苷、汉黄芩素和盐酸小檗碱质量浓度分别在1.800～36.20、14.25～285.1、4.500～90.01、.780～35.60、4.300～85.0、48.20～963、1.700～34.00、28.60～572.5 mg.L-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r≥0.999 1),平均回收率(n=9)分别为96.0%、98.0%、96.6%、97.0%9、7.7%9、7.0%9、7.2%9、8.0%。结论该方法快速简便、灵敏、重现性好,可为一清颗粒的质量控制提供依据。