Treatment of intracranial hydatid cysts

Background  Echinococcosis is still endemic in many countries, including China, where it is especially prevalent in the northwest. The aim of this study was to enrich the international literature about the treatment of intracranial hydatid cysts.

Methods  We retrospectively reviewed the clinical features, radiological manifestations, and surgical outcome of 97 patients with intracranial hydatid cysts, who received surgical treatment at the Neurosurgical Department of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from 1985 to 2010 and followed up the patient via sending a questionnaire or telephone contact. Clinical outcome was evaluated using the Karnofsky Performance Scale Index.

Results  Headache and vomiting were the most common initial symptoms in our patients. Neurological deficits caused by the mass effect of the cysts were seen in 82 cases. On the X-ray, significant bone erosion was seen in only two cases with epidural hydatid cysts. Round-shaped and thin-walled homogeneous low-density cystic lesions without surrounding edema and enhancement were the main findings on computerized tomography (CT) in 95 patients with intraparenchymal hydatid cysts, while two cases with epidural hydatid cysts presented as a heterodensity lesions. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hydatid cyst presented as a round-shaped low signal lesion in T1-weighted images and high signal lesion in T2-weighted images, without enhancement after contrast media injection, while the two cases with epidural cysts presented as mixed signal masses. Surgical removal of cyst was performed in all cases. Total removal was achieved in 93 cases without rupturing the cyst wall. Only two cysts ruptured during the dissection, resulting in two surgery-related mortalities. There was no other additional neurological deficit caused directly by surgery. In 97.2% of the patients, the Karnofsky Performance Scale score was 80 to 90 at the last follow-up.

Conclusions  Intracranial hydatid cyst is still a main cause of increased intracranial pressure among the patients in endemic areas for echinococcosis. CT and MRI are the best diagnostic methods and surgery is the treatment of choice for intracranial hydatid cysts.

     

颅内表皮样囊肿的临床特征及显微手术治疗

目的对1994～2004年完成的颅内表皮样囊肿显微外科手术进行总结,为此种疾病今后的诊断和治疗提供有益的参考。方法对本院12例颅内表皮样囊肿患者,先行CT和MRI检查,随后在全麻下进行显微外科的手术切除。以电凝切开囊膜,将囊内实质逐步摘除,然后沿边界细心分离,逐一电凝并切断血供及粘连,彻底切除囊肿。对于粘连过于紧密的部位,宁可残余少量组织,以免出现术后严重的并发症。并在术后对患者的检查资料进行总结,对病变组织进行影像学和病理学分析。结果12例颅内表皮样囊肿患者中,8例位于桥小脑角,颅底斜坡2例,鞍区1例,脑室1例。手术切除的囊肿组织,75％(9／12例)呈不规则形态。CT平扫83．33％(10／12例)为均匀低密度,且造影后90％(9／10例)未发生强化MRI T1呈均匀低信号,与脑脊液基本类似或略高于脑脊液,T2呈均匀高信号,占75％(9／12例)。周围脑组织未发现有水肿现象;但是当瘤体较大时会引起比较明显的占位效应,占66．67％(8／12例)。结论颅内表皮样囊肿在CT和MRI检查中可见有特征性表现,为手术提供较为准确的术前诊断,术中观察和术后的病理切片均得以证实。经过显微外科手术,基本可以完全切除囊肿组织,达到较好的治疗效果。     

低场MRI诊断卵巢巧克力囊肿价值探讨

目的探讨卵巢巧克力囊肿低场MRI表现及其诊断价值。方法46例49个卵巢巧克力囊肿均作MR扫描和B超检查，全部病例经手术和病理证实。结果49例卵巢巧克力囊肿因出血时间不同囊液的MRI信号不同，T1WI高信号（与脂肪相等）39个，稍高（低于脂肪）信号6个，低信号4个，囊壁呈等信号；T2WT与STIR信号相似，囊液均匀稍低信号40个，混杂信号9个（其中夹杂高信号5个，夹杂更低信号4个），囊壁低信号；单囊20个，多囊29个，囊壁不规则24个（其中有尖角10个，有分叶4个），囊壁规则24个。低场MRI术前诊断49个卵巢巧克力囊肿，47个与病理相符，2个病理诊断为囊腺瘤：B超术前诊断卵巢巧克力囊肿38个，未定性6个，未发现病变5个。结论MRI和B超对诊断卵巢巧克力囊肿的检出敏感性100％（49／49）、89％（44／49），特异性96％（47／49）、77．6％（38／49），P值〈0．05，具有显著差异，说明低场MRI对卵巢巧克力囊肿定性诊断优于B超。     

肾包虫囊肿的CT诊断(附3例报告)

本文报告经手术证实的3例肾包虫囊肿的CT表现。其特征性表现是:(1)卵圆形或圆形水样密度囊肿。(2)母囊内有子囊。(3)囊膜剥离征象。(4)囊壁钙化。并讨论了本病的破裂感染和与先天性肾囊肿的鉴别诊断。     

颅内皮样囊肿和表皮样囊肿的MRI鉴别诊断

目的：探讨颅内皮样囊肿及表皮样囊肿的MRI表现及其诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析5例经手术病理证实的颅内皮样囊肿和7例颅内表皮样囊肿病例,对其MRI表现、病理和临床特征进行分析。其中8例行MRI增强扫描。结果：5例颅内皮样囊肿病例中,3例表现为T1WI低信号,T1WI为高信号,2例T1WI及T2WI均为不均匀高信号。增强扫描的3例均表现为厚壁中等强化。7例颅内表皮样囊肿病例中,4例表现为T,WI低信号,T2WI高信号,2例TlWI及T2WI均为高信号,l例T1WI及T2WI均为不均匀高信号。增强扫描的5例中4例表现为薄壁轻微强化,1例壁无强化。结论：颅内皮样囊肿和表皮样囊肿均有较典型的MRI表现,可实现术前正确诊断,MRI鉴别诊断意义重大。     

颅内蛛网膜囊肿手术治疗的临床分析

目的:探讨颅内蛛网膜囊肿的手术治疗方式及其疗效。方法:回顾性分析72例手术治疗的颅内蛛网膜囊肿患者的临床资料,神经内镜下囊壁部分切除+囊肿-脑室或脑池造瘘术16例,显微镜下囊肿切除术4例,显微镜下囊壁部分切除+囊肿-脑池造瘘术32例,囊肿-腹腔分流术20例。随访6个月～6 a(平均2.2a)。结果:67例患者经治疗后症状改善,有效率93.1%,随访CT或MRI显示83.3%(60/72)幕上蛛网膜囊肿体积显著减小,幕下蛛网膜囊肿体积无明显变化但症状显著改善。结论:有症状的蛛网膜囊肿患者均应积极治疗。针对不同患者选择合适的手术方式对预后有重要意义。神经内镜手术创伤小、并发症少,应继续推广应用。     

肝脏及肺部泡状棘球蚴病CT表现（附11例肝肺病例报告）

目的分析肝脏及肺部泡状棘球蚴病的CT表现，探讨肝脏及肺部泡状棘球蚴痛的CT诊断及鉴别方法分析临床及手术病理证实的9例肝脏及2例肺脏泡状棘球蚴病螺旋CT表现。结果2例肺泡状棘球蚴病CT均表现为实性病灶，边缘清楚，未见钙化影。9例肝脏泡状棘球蚴病中5例表现为中心以实性为主周围伴有多发性小空泡征的圆形、椭圆形阴影，边缘光滑，其中3例囊肿壁有不同程度环形钙化。2例为实性病灶，部分囊壁环形钙化，囊内无小空泡征（小囊肿）。2例CT表现为斑块状低密度影，分界不清，中间散在分布斑点钙化影。结论螺旋CT可以很好显示肝肺泡状包虫病病灶，对肝肺泡状包虫病具有较高的诊断率。     

蛛网膜囊肿手术适应证

目的 探讨蛛网膜囊肿(IAC)患者的手术适应证。方法 2007年1月～2011年4月间收治的72例IAC患者均行颅脑CT检查,其中46例行CT蛛网膜下腔脑池造影(CTC)检查,观察其临床症状及分析影像学检查,应用统计学方法进行对比研究,并进行随访。结果 72例患者均经颅脑CT检查确诊为IAC,其中45例手术治疗,27例非手术治疗;46例行CTC检查显示：交通性蛛网膜囊肿(CIAC)13例,非交通性蛛网膜囊肿(NCIAC)33例。45例术后临床症状都得到一定程度的改善,无明显并发症,头痛症状及癫痫的发生率明显减少(P<0.05),囊肿大小较术前明显缩小(P<0.01)。结论 颅脑CT平扫及CTC对于IAC的诊断及手术适应证选择有重要意义。IAC的绝对手术适应证为有明确临床症状的NCIAC,IAC的相对手术适应证为临床症状加重或复查CT囊肿增大的CIAC。     

肝脏泡状棘球蚴病的CT MRI表现

目的 分析肝脏泡状棘球蚴病CTMRI表现，评价CTMRI对肝包虫病的诊断价值。方法 回顾分析15例经CTMRJ诊断及手术病理证实的肝包虫病影像学资料。结果 15例共发现肝包虫囊肿17个。CT表现边界清晰或稍模糊的圆形或椭圆形不均匀密度减低区；大部分病灶可见钙化。MRI表现在T1加权像上边界清晰或稍模糊的圆形或椭圆形不均匀的低信号影，其内散在分布不规则的更低信号影。在T2加权像上，病灶呈不均匀高信号。病灶内的钙化在T1和T2加权像上呈条状、点状、斑片状无信号区（钙化）。增强扫描强化不明显。结论 CTMRI对肝包虫病有较高的诊断价值。     

显微外科治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿

目的回顾颅内蛛网膜囊肿的诊断和治疗,探讨其诊断方法和治疗原则。方法对CT或MRI确诊并经手术治疗,病理证实的26例病人的临床表现,影像学特征,诊断和手术效果进行分析和随访。结果本组患者手术后颅内高压及癫痫表现基本消失。4例囊肿消失,14例囊肿明显缩小,5例稍微缩小,3例无变化,无死亡病例。总有效率88.4%。结论对颅内蛛网膜囊肿应采取积极的手术治疗,手术方式首选囊肿切除和脑池开放手术。     

肝包虫病的螺旋CT诊断

目的:提高对肝包虫病的螺旋CT表现的认识。方法:回顾分析经本院螺旋CT检查及手术病理证实的21例肝包虫病螺旋CT表现。结果:囊型包虫病18例,其中单纯囊肿8例,表现为圆形水样密度区。多子囊型10例,表现为在一个大囊内可见数量不等的更低密度小圆形低密度区,边界清晰。钙化14例,为囊壁壳状钙化囊内不定形条片状钙化。包虫囊肿合并感染4例,表现为囊壁增厚,强化明显。泡型包虫病3例,呈不规则及不均匀密度影,所有病灶内均有钙化灶,其中1例病灶边缘有晕样改变区。所有病例CT均诊断正确。结论:螺旋CT可以很好显示肝包虫病病灶,对肝包虫病具有较高的诊断率。     

骶管囊肿的MRI、CT影像对比研究

目的评价MRI和CT对骶管囊肿的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析13例经手术与病理证实的骶管囊肿的MRI与CT表现，5例仅行MRI检查，8例同时做CT和MRI。结果骶管囊肿的MRI表现较具特征性，囊肿信号表现与脑脊液一致，对病变的定性明显优于CT。结论MRI可作为一种常规的影像学检查方法对骶管囊肿患者进行诊断和追踪，CT的优势在于能清楚地表现相邻骨质改变，两者相结合是诊断骶管囊肿的最佳影像学检查方法。     

Rathke囊肿的影像学诊断与鉴别诊断

目的:分析Rathke囊肿的CT和MRI表现,提高对该病的诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析经手术与病理证实的14例Rathke囊肿的CT及MRI资料。结果:14例Rathke囊肿,CT平扫8例,其中4例为低密度,2例等密度,1例高密度,1例囊壁可见钙化。3例CT增强扫描未见明显强化。MRI平扫主要显示为圆形或类圆形,5例位于鞍内,9例位于鞍内及鞍上。6例为长T1、长T2信号,5例为短T1、长T2信号,2例为短T1、短T2信号,1例信号不均匀。12例MRI增强扫描,其中10例未见明显强化,2例囊壁轻度强化。结论:Rathke囊肿囊液密度/信号变化多样,通过总结其影像特点并结合详细的影像学检查可对其中多数病例做出正确的定性诊断。     

颅内表皮样囊肿CT和MRI诊断

目的 分析颅内表皮样囊肿的CT和MRI表现.方法 对26例经手术及病理证实的颅内表皮样囊肿的CT和MRI表现做回顾分析,其中20例做CT及MRI平扫加增强,6例只做CT平扫加增强.结果 肿瘤位于桥小脑角区16例,鞍区7例,颅骨内2例,脑实质内1例.CT呈低密度25例,混杂高密度1例.MRI表现为T1WI低信号,T2WI高信号者16例.T1WI及T2WI高低混杂信号4例.增强仅2例边缘轻度强化余未见强化.1例脑组织受侵,轻度水肿表现.17例FLAIR上信号略有增高,3例信号明显增高.结论 颅内表皮样囊肿的CT及MRI表现有一定特征性,尤其MRI对其诊断有重要价值.然对于不典型表现的表皮样囊肿有待于进一步加深认识.     

显微手术治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿

目的：探讨颅内蛛网膜囊肿的诊断及最佳治疗方案。方法：５０便均根据头颅ＣＴ和ＭＲ 诊蛛网膜囊肿后,行显微手术切除。结果：５０便手术治疗后,恢复良好,临床症状全部消失。结论：充分建立囊腔与周围池之间的 显向手术切除蛛网膜囊肿成功的关键。     

腹腔包虫的CT、MRI表现

目的：探讨腹腔包虫病的CT、MRI表现。方法：回顾性分析5年以来的10例腹腔包虫囊肿病的CT、MRI影像特点。结果：表现为单发4例;多发6例;单囊型4例,表现为圆形或椭圆形囊性肿块,壁略厚;6例病灶为多囊型,其中2例病灶囊肿壁有钙化。增强扫描包虫囊肿壁无强化。结论：CT、MRI对腹腔包虫病定位、定性有较高的诊断价值。     

Uncommon locations of hydatid cysts

Human echinococcosis remains a complex problem that may affect several organs, and requires mostly surgical management. We present two cases with uncommon locations of hydatid cysts that were successfully managed in our hospital during the last two years. The first case was a 62-year-old woman with a multicystic lesion in her right thigh that was radically excised, and histology confirmed the diagnosis of echinococcosis. The second case was a 78-year-old man with multiple large intraabdominal hydatid cysts that required a complex operation, including splenectomy, partial removal of the liver cyst wall and evacuation of the content, and excision of pelvic, mesenteric cysts, and suprahepatic cysts. Both cases have not shown any sign of recurrence to date. Since the disease is still endemic in certain parts of the world and pharmaceutical agents are not radical, specific surgical procedures remain the treatment of choice with good results and acceptable morbidity, mortality and recurrence rates.     

Rathke囊肿的CT和MRI诊断

回顾性分析经手术与病理证实的19例Rathke囊肿的CT及MRI资料。CT平扫发现4例为低密度,1例为等密度,14例为高密度。MRI平扫发现病变1例位于鞍内,18例位于鞍内并向鞍上延伸。病变呈圆形、椭圆形或哑铃形,T1低信号、T2高信号有6例;T1高信号、T2等信号有5例;T1等信号、T2高信号有4例;T1等信号、T2等信号有3例;T1高信号、T2高信号有1例。19例MRI增强扫描,均未见明显强化。Rathke囊肿囊液密度和信号变化多样,但结合临床和影像学表现对其中多数病例可做出正确诊断。     

肾上腺囊肿的诊断与治疗（附8例报告）

目的：提高肾上腺囊肿的诊断和治疗水平。方法：回顾性分析8例肾上腺囊肿的病例资料,分析肾上腺囊肿的诊断和治疗。结果：8例均行手术治疗,2例行开放手术,6例行腹腔镜手术治疗,均经病理检查证实,其中内皮性囊肿6例,上皮性囊肿1例,假性囊肿I例。结论：联合应用IVU,B超,CT,MRI等检查可提高诊断,腹腔镜肾上腺囊肿切除术是外科首选治疗方法。     

重度脑囊虫病服药治疗期间外科治疗的必要性

目的探讨重度脑囊虫病减量法口服丙硫咪唑治疗期间外科协同治疗的必要性。方法将同期住院治疗的209例脑囊虫病人分为轻中度组（135例）和重度组（74例）。服药治疗期间使用降颅压药，包括脱水剂和减轻脑水肿药物（糖皮质激素、七叶皂甙钠、白蛋白）。药物降颅压无效者行脑室外引流术或／和颞肌减压术。结果在口服丙硫咪唑治疗时，轻中度脑囊虫病组1．5％行外科治疗，重度脑囊虫病组90．5％行外科治疗，两组比较有显著的统计学差异性（P〈0．01）。轻中度组102例患者治疗后进行随访平均29．4月，重度脑囊虫病组中有69例在治疗后随访平均37．2月。两组患者随访中经复查CT或MRI，除1例（脑内虫体数量达1160个）治疗失败外，其余患者均达到临床治愈。结论重度脑囊虫病患者在减量法服丙硫咪唑治疗期间，行药物降颅压治疗应同时使用外科降颅压措施，这样才能使患者顺利度过治疗期。