甘草及其活性成分抗炎与抗炎机制的研究进展

甘草及其活性成分能提高吞噬细胞的吞噬功能、调节淋巴细胞数量与功能、抑制IgE抗体形成、抗炎症介质及前炎性细胞因子,具有抗炎、抗变态反应的药理活性.甘草黄酮类化合物(异甘草素、异甘草苷、甘草素、甘草查耳酮A、光甘草定、甘草醇等)、甘草多糖和甘草酸是其抗炎、抗变应性炎症的活性成分.其中对异甘草素、甘草查耳酮A和甘草酸的抗炎...     

甘草及其提取物对呼吸系统的药理作用

甘草是常用中药,药理作用广泛。现代研究发现甘草及其提取物具有镇咳、祛痰、平喘、肺保护及抗呼吸道病原体等作用,甘草酸、甘草次酸及甘草的黄酮类化合物是甘草对呼吸系统药理作用的活性成分。     

甘草抗动脉粥样硬化和抗血栓形成研究进展

目的介绍近10余年来甘草在抗动脉粥样硬化和抗血栓形成方面的研究进展。方法查阅国内外文献资料进行整理和归纳。结果甘草及其有效成分的降血脂、抗氧化、抗炎和抗血小板聚集作用联合造就了其抗动脉粥样硬化效应,它们的抗血小板聚集和凝血酶抑制所组成的抗血栓形成作用,又可阻滞动脉粥样硬化的发展。结论甘草酸、甘草次酸和疏水性黄酮类化合物是甘草抗动脉粥样硬化的活性成分。     

甘草粗提物及其黄酮类成分的抗肿瘤作用

甘草中的黄酮类成分是广谱抗肿瘤活性成分,已发现异甘草素、异甘草苷、甘草查耳酮A、甘草查耳酮E、甘草素、光甘草定、光甘草素和甘草醇等8个黄酮类成分具有抗肿瘤作用,其中对异甘草素抗肿瘤作用的研究最为广泛和深入,可望将其开发成低毒抗癌药。综述了甘草粗提物、甘草黄酮类化合物的抗肿瘤作用。     

甘草及其黄酮类化合物的神经保护作用

甘草及其黄酮类化合物对神经元有保护作用,能对抗缺血再灌注引起的脑损伤,也有改善学习记忆和抗抑郁作用。综述甘草粗提物及其异甘草素、甘草素、甘草查耳酮、光甘草定等黄酮类化合物的神经保护作用的研究进展文献,认为甘草及其黄酮类化合物的神经保护作用是其抗炎、抗氧化、抗细胞凋亡及抗胆碱酯酶、单胺氧化酶、环磷酸腺苷磷酸二酯酶等基本药理作用综合的结果。     

甘草中α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的筛选

目的从甘草中筛选α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂。方法从甘草中分别提取纯化甘草酸、甘草次酸、甘草黄酮、生物碱和多糖,并进行活性比较。然后以体外α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制试验为指导,从甘草黄酮中提取分离活性成分,并对其抑制动力学特性进行研究。结果甘草黄酮和甘草次酸具有较强的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,从甘草黄酮中分离鉴定了一活性成分—甘草酚,其表现为快速的非剂量依赖性的非竞争性抑制类型,且IC50=0.26μg·mL-1,而甘草次酸却表现为快速的剂量依赖性的不可逆抑制类型,IC50=102.4μg·mL-1。结论甘草酚可作为一种有效的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂。     

甘草酸及甘草次酸的药理学研究进展

甘草的主要成分甘草酸及其代谢产物甘草次酸具有诸多药理活性，包括传统的抗炎、免疫调节、抗肝损伤，及现今的研究热点抗病毒及抗肿瘤作用。笔者就10年来对甘草酸以及甘草次酸国外药理学进展、及其作用机制研究做一综述。     

甘草抗茵和抗原虫药理研究进展

甘草在临床上常被用于治疗虚证病菌感染。实验研究发现甘草对革兰阳性球菌、革兰阳性芽胞杆菌、真菌和利什曼原虫疟原虫生长有较强有抑制活性,其中对耐药性金黄色葡萄球菌作用具有更大、更现实的中医临床意义。甘草中的黄酮类化合物是甘草抗菌抗原虫的主要活性成分.     

甘草抗菌和抗原虫药理研究进展

甘草在临床上常被用于治疗虚证病菌感染。实验研究发现甘草对革兰阳性球菌、革兰阳性芽胞杆菌、真菌和利什曼原虫疟原虫生长有较强有抑制活性,其中对耐药性金黄色葡萄球菌作用具有更大、更现实的中医临床意义。甘草中的黄酮类化合物是甘草抗菌抗原虫的主要活性成分     

甘草及甘草酸制剂引起的假性醛固酮增多症及防治

甘草是常用中药,主要含有甘草甜素(甘草酸)、甘草次酸及黄酮类化合物.大剂量或长期使用甘草或甘草酸,可引起假性醛固酮增多症,临床表现为血压升高、心悸、气短、心律失常、嗜睡、全身乏力、四肢麻痹、低血钾、下肢和全身水肿等.老年人、妇女、心血管疾病和肾损害者易发生此症.甘草及甘草酸制剂引起的假性醛固酮增多症和抑制11β-氢化类固醇脱氢酶及增加盐皮质激素受体活性有关.防治措施包括:甘草及甘草酸制剂不宜大剂量或长期使用;老年人、心血管疾病和肾脏疾病、高血压、糖尿病患者应慎用;尽量避免与强心苷、利尿剂等合用;用药期间应定期检查血清钾值和测定血压;一旦发生假性醛固酮增多症,应立即停药;重症患者适当补充钾盐,口服氨苯蝶啶,给予低钠饮食等.     

大黄、枳实、厚朴不同炮制品对小承气汤中药效组分的影响

目的研究大黄、枳实、厚朴饮片变化对小承气汤药效组分的影响,以期为临床的合理应用和饮片的质量标准提供参考。方法采用HPLC法分别测定各类成分。大黄游离蒽醌类(芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚):Syncronis C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇–0.1%磷酸;梯度洗脱;体积流量0.8 m L/min;柱温30℃;进样量10μL;检测波长254 nm。大黄结合蒽醌类(番泻苷B、番泻苷A):Syncronis C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈–0.05%磷酸;梯度洗脱;柱温30℃;进样量10μL;检测波长340 nm。枳实黄酮苷类(芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷):Syncronis C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈–水;梯度洗脱;体积流量0.7 m L/min;柱温40℃;进样量10μL;检测波长283 nm。厚朴木脂素类成分(和厚朴酚、厚朴酚):Syncronis C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈–0.05%磷酸;梯度洗脱;体积流量0.7 m L/min;柱温30℃;进样量10μL;检测波长294 nm。结果小承气汤配伍剂量(大黄12 g–炒枳实9 g–姜厚朴6 g)不变,大黄、枳实、厚朴饮片改变时,小承气汤药效组分总量变化规律为:大黄–枳实–姜厚朴酒大黄–炒枳实–姜厚朴熟大黄–炒枳实–姜厚朴大黄炭–炒枳实–姜厚朴≈小承气汤大黄–炒枳实–厚朴,变化率分别为酒大黄组(6.561%)、熟大黄组(4.222%)、大黄炭组(0.118%)、枳实组(30.186%)、厚朴组(-11.218%)。除大黄炭组外,其余组的药效组分总量皆明显变化,其中枳实组变化最明显。结论同一味药材的不同炮制品在小承气汤处方中药效组分不同,对其他药味的影响亦不同,在小承气汤处方配伍中不可随意替代。     

柴胡属饮片中藏柴胡掺伪检测方法研究

目的 以Nepasaikosaponin K为指标,建立柴胡属饮片中藏柴胡掺伪检测方法。方法 采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术（HPLC-MS/MS）,电喷雾负离子多反应监测模式,以m/z 943.6→635.5、m/z 943.6→797.4、m/z 943.6→781.5为特征离子对,对北柴胡、南柴胡、锥叶柴胡、竹叶柴胡和藏柴胡等5种常见柴胡属饮片中Nepasaikosaponin K含量进行检测。进一步考察Nepasaikosaponin K定量离子对峰面积与藏柴胡掺伪比例之间线性关系,建立柴胡属饮片中藏柴胡掺伪比例计算公式,并以Nepasaikosaponin K为指标,开展藏柴胡掺伪限度研究。结果 Nepasaikosaponin K在藏柴胡中含量约为其他种柴胡的25~140倍。藏柴胡掺伪比例为0% ~ 100%范围内的混合样品中,定量离子对m/z 943.6→635.5峰面积与掺伪比例之间的线性关系良好。不同柴胡属掺伪模拟样品的计算掺伪量与实际掺伪量偏差在0.6%~1.4%之间。3批市售疑似掺伪北柴胡饮片中藏柴胡掺伪比例分别为14%、16%和27%。结论 该分析方法专属性强,灵敏度高,测定结果准确,为柴胡饮片中藏柴胡的掺伪情况筛查与评价提供依据,同时为其他中药饮片的掺伪情况分析提供新的思路与方法。     

生川乌配伍白蔹、白及反药组合在大鼠血中移行成分的研究

目的鉴定生川乌配伍白蔹、白及的入血成分,比较配伍前后血中移行成分的变化特征。方法大鼠ig给予生川乌配伍白蔹、白及提取物,收集血浆样品并采用UPLC-QTOF/MS法鉴定入血成分,由半定量分析比较配伍前后血中移行成分的变化。结果检测配伍组20个成分,均为来自于生川乌的原形成分,配伍组中双酯型生物碱的相对质量分数均显著降低,单酯型生物碱中苯甲酰乌头原碱的相对质量分数显著降低,醇胺型生物碱中宋果灵的相对质量分数显著降低,其他没有显著性变化。结论生川乌配伍白蔹、白及能够改变其血中移行成分的体内过程。     

滇南金线兰的植物形态和显微鉴定

目的 对滇南金线兰进行生药鉴定,明确其原植物形态和显微特征。方法 采用生药学鉴定方法,观察滇南金线兰的原植物形态、组织构造及粉末显微特征。结果 叶片呈卵形或卵状披针形,具金红色叶脉,花不倒置,唇瓣黄色,呈Y字形,前部明显扩大并2裂,裂片狭长圆形或狭倒披针形,中部收狭成长10 mm左右、其边缘具狭翅。显微结构中,根、茎横切面中皮层明显,具草酸钙针晶、黏液细胞等;叶横切面上表皮细胞乳突状,下表皮气孔类型多样,以不定式气孔为主。粉末中可见草酸钙针晶和导管。结论 滇南金线兰的生药鉴定为其资源开发利用提供了参考依据。     

A novel compound N,N-(Z)-N-(E)-tri-p-coumaroylspermidine isolated from Carthamus tinctorius L. and acting by serotonin transporter inhibition

Safflower, the dry flower of Carthamus tinctorius L., has long been applied for empirically treating cerebral ischemia and depression in traditional Chinese medicine. Pathogenesis of major depression involves monoaminergic transmission. The present study assessed whether safflower or its isolate would be effective in functionally regulating monoamine transporter using in vitro screening cell lines. We discovered that safflower insoluble fraction significantly inhibited serotonin uptake in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing serotonin transporter (i.e. S6 cells). This fraction went through an activity-guided isolation and an active ingredient was obtained, which was subsequently elucidated as a novel coumaroylspermidine analog N¹,N⁵-(Z)-N¹⁰-(E)-tri-p-coumaroylspermidine using NMR techniques. Pharmacologically, this compound potently and selectively inhibited serotonin uptake in S6 cells or in synaptosomes, with IC₅₀ of 0.74 ± 0.15 µM for S6 cells or 1.07 ± 0.23 µM for synaptosomes and with a reversible competitive property for the 5HT-uptake inhibition. The potency of it for 5HT uptake was weaker than that of fluoxetine whereas efficacy generally similar for both. Animals treated with this testing compound showed a significant decrease in synaptosomal 5HT uptake capacity. Thus, N¹,N⁵-(Z)-N¹⁰-(E)-tri-p-coumaroylspermidine is a novel serotonin transporter inhibitor, which could improve neuropsychological disorders through regulating serotoninergic transmission.     

甘草配伍大戟的体外肝毒性研究

目的 研究甘草和大戟配伍的体外肝毒性。方法 采用显微观察法和MTT法检测不同浓度的甘草单煎液、大戟单煎液、甘草-大戟合煎液和甘草-大戟单煎混合液对人肝癌细胞HepG2增殖的影响,并比较大戟单煎液、甘草-大戟合煎液和甘草-大戟单煎混合液相当浓度下细胞毒性的大小。结果 大戟单用及大戟与甘草配伍均有细胞毒性,且呈剂量相关性;与大戟单煎液相比,甘草-大戟单煎混合液细胞毒性无明显差异,甘草-大戟合煎液细胞毒性减小。结论 甘草和大戟配伍导致大戟的体外肝毒性减小。     

中药鹿茸草的研究进展

鹿茸草始见于《植物名实图考》,是玄参科植物绵毛鹿茸草(Monochasma savatier Franch.)或沙氏鹿茸草(Monochasma sheareri Franch.ex Maxim.)的全草,具有清热解毒、祛风止痛、凉血止血等多种功效.本文利用CNKI、PubMed和SciFinder以鹿茸草(Monoc...     

Toxicity and gastric tolerance of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum basilicum in Wistar rats

Oils of Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum basilicum are widely used for their medicinal properties, and as food flavours and perfumes. Recently in a study in West Africa, these oils have been recommended to combat Fusarium verticillioides and subsequent fumonisin contamination in stored maize, but their toxicological profile was not investigated. The current study was undertaken to provide data on acute and subacute toxicity as well as on gastric tolerance of these oils in rat. For this purpose, the oils were given by gavage to Wistar rats for 14 consecutive days. The animals were observed daily for their general behaviour and survival, and their visceral organs such as stomach and liver were taken after sacrifice for histological analyses. A dose-dependent effect of the tested oils was observed during the study. Applied at doses generally higher than 1500 mg/kg body weight, the oils caused significant functional damages to stomach and liver of rat. Unlike the other oils, administration of O. gratissimum oil did not result in adverse effects in rat liver at the tested doses. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of the tested oils has been established. The three tested oils can be considered as safe to human when applied on stored maize at recommended concentrations.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of a chitooligosaccharide mixture against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Streptococcus mutans

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of a chitooligosaccharide mixture (MW 2000–30 000 Da) with a deacetylation degree of 91.5% against two representative oral pathogens, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Streptococcus mutans. A 0.1% concentration of the chitooligosaccharides (derived from the exoskeletons of marine crustaceans) was used to estimate antibacterial activity. Approximately 2 log colony forming units (CFU)/ml of A. actinomycetemcomitans were inactivated by 0.1% chitosan after 30 min, while 120 min exposure inactivated about 4.5 log CFU/ml of this organism. In contrast, the level of inactivation against S. mutans was less than 0.5 log CFU/ml after an exposure of up to 120 min. Electron microscopy showed that the exposure of A. actinomycetemcomitans to the chitooligosaccharides resulted in the disruption of cell membranes and that it could be considered for the treatment of periodontal diseases associated with A. actinomycetemcomitans.