氨苯喋啶片质量分析

目的对氨苯喋啶片101批样品进行法定标准检验及探索性研究,对该品种的质量状况作出总体分析及评价。方法法定标准检验依据《中国药典》2010年版二部,其质量标准设定有性状、化学反应鉴别、溶出度、重量差异、UV法测定含量。探索性研究参照BP2010年版氨苯蝶啶原料项下有关物质检测方法,采用优化后的HPLC法考察各企业提供的氨苯蝶啶原料及101批片剂中的有关物质;采用HPLC法测定5个企业的样品在4种不同pH值介质中的溶出曲线,并与日本橙皮书中氨苯喋啶片溶出曲线进行比较;建立了溶出度测定的非标方法,并对全部样品进行检验;为考察辅料及各有关物质对氨苯蝶啶含量测定的影响,建立了HPLC法测定氨苯蝶啶片含量的方法。结果法定标准检验：101批样品,5批次不符合规定,不合格率为5%,不合格项目均为溶出度检查。探索性研究：有关物质研究表明制剂中的杂质来源于原料,检验101批样品,均检出已知杂质B、C和一个未知杂质,均未检出已知杂质A;溶出曲线及溶出度研究比较了该制剂在4种不同pH值介质中的溶出曲线,5家生产企业制剂溶出曲线与日本橙皮书上的相似性差异大,有3家生产企业的自身批间均一性相对较好;含量测定结果说明辅料及各有关物质对氨苯蝶啶含量测定基本无影响。结论各生产企业氨苯蝶啶片的质量参差不齐,总体质量状况与日本药品有差距,建议进一步进行生物等效性研究,改进制剂工艺,提高质量。     

氯雷他定片质量评价研究

目的 评价国产氯雷他定片的质量现状。方法 采用法定标准方法结合探索性研究对样品进行评价,统计分析检验结果。结果 按法定标准检验248批样品,均符合规定,合格率为100%;探索性研究建立的HPLC法能有效分离氯雷他定及其5个杂质。采用生物药剂学分类系统（BCS）Ⅱ类药物的两点测定法分析样本的溶出度能区分氯雷他定片质量的优劣。结论 本品按各执行标准检验,总体合格率较好,通过探索性研究拟定的方法有助于揭示产品的质量问题,引导企业进行制剂工艺改进,提高药品质量。     

乙酰螺旋霉素的质量评价

摘 要 目的：评价乙酰螺旋霉素的质量现状及存在的问题。方法: 依据中国药典2015年版二部标准,对乙酰螺旋霉素及其制剂进行检验,分析国内乙酰螺旋霉素的质量总体水平;并对其有关物质、组分及溶出度开展探索性研究,进一步分析其质量状况。结果: 在 258批次的制剂中,仅有1批乙酰螺旋霉素片溶出度不合格,合格率为99.6%。探索性研究结果表明,合成工艺决定原料杂质,国内外制剂杂质谱差异较大;国产制剂在4种介质中的溶出行为与原研制剂均不相似。结论:目前国产乙酰螺旋霉素质量状况较好;有关物质研究为今后目标杂质的控制提供了参考,溶出度的一致性评价为乙酰螺旋霉素片的处方工艺改进和临床应用提供参考。     

诺氟沙星胶囊的质量分析与研究

目的 考察国内生产的诺氟沙星胶囊的质量现状及存在的问题。方法 按照2017年度浙江省药品质量风险考核计划的要求，采用中国药典2015年版方法结合探索性研究对57批抽验样品进行检验，统计分析检验结果，并开展了溶出度、水分、有关物质等探索性研究。结果 法定检验结果显示57批样品合格率为91.2%。探索性研究结果显示：(1)现行溶出度方法溶出介质的配制方法、pH值的波动、离子强度的变化、pH计的性能以及不同溶出度仪均会影响溶出度的结果；受试样品的溶出曲线均与诺氟沙星原研片不相似；(2)水分会影响样品的溶出度，铝塑包装外增加防潮袋会减少水分对溶出度的影响；(3)有关物质方法研究发现57批样品中5批样品检出已知杂质E超标，而按照法定标准无法检测出杂质E，法定标准无法控制药品的质量，需修订提高。结论 目前诺氟沙星胶囊的产品质量基本符合现行标准的要求，但现行法定标准存在缺陷，需改进和提高。     

碳酸锂片（缓释片）的质量分析

摘 要 目的：评价碳酸锂片（缓释片）的质量现状及存在问题。方法: 按照法定标准方法对样品进行检验,并进行了探索性研究,采用统计学分析方法对数据结果进行分析比较。结果: 按法定标准方法检验,120批次样品除1批溶出度不合格外,其余均符合规定,合格率为99.2%。结论:本品质量状况总体评价较好,另外现行质量标准有待提高。     

盐酸艾司洛尔注射液质量评价

目的 对75批次盐酸艾司洛尔注射液的质量及质量标准进行评价和分析,为该品种的安全监管和质量标准完善提供参考。方法 采用法定标准检验方法对75批次样品进行检验,将检验结果进行统计分析,并采用探索性研究方法对有关物质、甲醇量、含量测定、细菌内毒素以及稳定性等进行考察,建立了该品种的拉曼光谱模型。结果 法定检验结果显示,75批盐酸艾司洛尔注射液中4批不合格,合格率94.7%;探索性研究结果表明,现行标准在检验方法的专属性和检验项目设置方面尚存在不足,有关物质检出含量较高的单个杂质（杂质Ⅰ）,部分样品的甲醇量超出限度。结论 该品种虽然法定检验合格率高,但探索性研究发现现行标准和产品质量均有待于进一步提高,同时需加大该品种的监管,以减少临床用药的风险。     

国产氨苄西林丙磺舒胶囊的质量评价

目的 评价国内不同厂家生产的氨苄西林丙磺舒胶囊的质量现状及存在的问题。方法 按照国家评价性抽验计划总体要求,采用法定检验方法与探索性研究相结合,对抽验样品进行研究,统计分析检验结果。结果 按照法定标准检验抽取的38批次样品,5批不合格,不合格率为13.2%,不合格项为溶出度和含量测定,不合格样品均产自E企业。法定标准检验发现现行标准不统一,存在有关物质方法梯度设置不合理,计算方法不合理,溶出度测定方法不可行等问题。探索性研究新建了杂质谱分析方法,对主要杂质的来源与结构进行确证,新建了杂质归属分区域计算法测定有关物质的方法和溶出度测定法。按探索性研究检验,10批不合格,不合格率为26.3%,不合格项为有关物质、溶出度和含量测定。结论 氨苄西林丙磺舒胶囊现行质量标准基本可行,部分检验项目方法待完善,药品质量状况一般。建议企业改善生产工艺,提高药品质量。     

灯盏花素片的质量评价与分析

目的：对灯盏花素片从有效性、物质基础、安全性方面进行质量评价与分析。方法：运用法定标准检验灯盏花素片样品;采用UV法测定不同企业样品在pH值6.0、6.8、7.6及含0.75%吐温水溶液4种溶出介质中的溶出曲线;以pH 6.8为溶出介质,桨法50转/分,30 min取样,UV法测定样品的溶出度;采用HPLC-DAD法测定野黄芩苷的含量,进行相关物质的分离与鉴定,以及特征图谱的测定;采用ICP-MS法测定样品中重金属及有害元素的含量;采用GC、GC-MS法对样品的丙酮残留、大孔树脂残留和薄膜衣片中塑化剂残留情况进行检测。结果：111批灯盏花素片样品按法定标准检验均合格;不同来源的灯盏花素片溶出曲线相似;仅有1种来源的样品溶出量低于75%;相关物质的检查更能体现样品中非主成分的相对含量;制剂中重金属及有害元素、丙酮残留量和大孔树脂残留量均未超过限度;薄膜衣片样品中均未检出8种塑化剂。崩解剂的加入量是影响溶出行为的关键因素。结论：灯盏花素片总体质量较好。     

天麻素注射液质量评价

目的 监测和评价天麻素注射液的质量现状。方法 采用法定检验与探索性研究相结合的模式,按法定标准检验200批样品,统计分析pH值、有关物质和含量测定等检验结果,围绕安全性有效性开展了有关物质、渗透压摩尔浓度、依地酸二钠（EDTA-2Na）筛查及注射剂局部安全性4个方面的研究。结果 按法定标准检验结果均符合规定,合格率100%。通过探索性研究建立了杂质谱,渗透压摩尔浓度研究发现部分企业说明书中对“辅料”描述不完全,EDTA-2Na筛查与注射剂局部安全性研究结果均呈阴性反应或符合规定。结论 天麻素注射液总体质量状况好。     

国家评价性抽验联苯双酯制剂质量分析

目的 通过对12个生产企业的187批联苯双酯片及滴丸的评价性抽验结果分析,评价联苯双酯制剂的质量现状.方法 采用法定检验方法结合探索性研究进行样品检验,统计分析国产联苯双酯制剂的质量现状并进行评价.探索性地考察在6种溶出介质中的溶出行为,测定全部样品的溶出度,并用HPLC法对全部样品的有关物质进行考察.结果 法定检验显示187批样品全部合格;根据探索性研究显示,有关物质均小于0.4％;各剂型间、各企业间溶出度差异较大.结论 联苯双酯制剂总体内在质量一般;滴丸剂优于片剂,现行质量标准有待提高.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.