炒牛蒡子配方颗粒HPLC指纹图谱研究

采用RP-HPLC指纹图谱技术,对炒牛蒡子配方颗粒进行指纹图谱研究,并建立共有模式,同时,采用"中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统"对所得图谱进行相似度评价。结果表明:10批炒牛蒡子配方颗粒的指纹图谱共有峰均有18个,各组分可很好的分离,相似度评价均大于0.90;其指纹图谱之间无明显差异,品质基本一致,为今后炒牛蒡子配方颗粒的质量标准研究和品质鉴定提供了科学依据。     

丹参配方颗粒HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的：建立丹参配方颗粒的HPLC指纹图谱。方法以丹酚酸B为参照物,利用高效液相色谱梯度洗脱,测定了11批丹参配方颗粒样品;色谱柱为Waters SunFire C18（4.6mm ×250mm,5μm）;流动相：甲醇（A）-0.4%的甲酸溶液（B）,检测波长270nm,柱温30℃,流速1.0mL· min -1。结果通过HPLC指纹图谱分析,标示出丹参配方颗粒16个共有色谱峰,相似度均大于0.96,并确认2个已知峰为丹酚酸 B和丹参酮ⅡA。结论建立的丹参配方颗粒的HPLC指纹图谱稳定可靠,操作简便,可为丹参配方颗粒质量控制提供科学依据。     

虎杖配方颗粒的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:建立虎杖配方颗粒的HPLC指纹图谱,为虎杖配方颗粒的质量控制和评价提供依据。方法:采用高效液相色谱-线性梯度洗脱法,测定了12批不同厂家的虎杖配方颗粒的HPLC色谱图,并建立了指纹图谱;色谱条件为Sun Fire C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈(A)和0.05%磷酸溶液(B),流速:1.0 ml·min-1,柱温:30℃,检测波长:230nm,进样量:10μl。结果:采用国家食品药品监督管理总局推荐的"中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2004A版)"计算处理,通过HPLC指纹图谱分析,虎杖配方颗粒有14个共有的色谱峰,相似度均大于0.98,并确认2个已知峰为虎杖苷和大黄素。结论:本研究所建立的虎杖配方颗粒HPLC指纹图谱稳定性、重复性好,可作为虎杖配方颗粒质量质量控制和评价提供参考。     

大黄配方颗粒蒽醌成分的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的：建立大黄配方颗粒中蒽醌成分为特征的HPLC指纹图谱.方法：以大黄酸为参照物,利用高效液相色谱梯度洗脱,测定了11批大黄配方颗粒样品;色谱柱为Waters SunFire C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相：甲醇（A）-0.1％磷酸溶液（B）,检测波长：254 nm,柱温：30℃,流速：1.0 ml·min-1.结果：通过HPLC指纹图谱分析,标示出大黄配方颗粒8个共有的蒽醌成分色谱峰,11批样品指纹图谱的相似度均大于0.93,并确认4个已知峰为芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素和大黄酚.结论：建立的大黄配方颗粒蒽醌成分的HPLC指纹图谱稳定可靠,操作简便,可为大黄配方颗粒质量控制提供科学依据.     

补肾壮骨配方颗粒的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的：建立补肾壮骨配方颗粒的指纹图谱。方法：采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法。色谱柱为InertsilC18（250mm×4．6mm.5μm）,流动相为乙腈-水（梯度洗脱）,流速为1ml／min,检测波长为285nm。采用直观分析和相似度软件评价10批补肾壮骨配方颗粒指纹图谱的相似度。结果：建立了补肾壮骨配方颗粒的指纹图谱,10批样品共标定了9个共有峰,各色谱峰分离度较好、相似度较高,符合中药色谱指纹图谱研究的技术要求。结论：该方法准确、可靠,建立的HPLC指纹图谱可为补肾壮骨配方颗粒的质量控制提供科学准确的依据。     

三七配方颗粒的UHPLC指纹图谱研究

目的：建立三七配方颗粒的UHPLC指纹图谱,为配方颗粒的快速质量评价提供方法.方法：采用超高效液相色谱法,以Agilent poroshell 120 EC C18柱（100 mm ×4.6 mm,2.7 μm）为色谱柱;以乙腈-水为流动相梯度洗脱;检测波长为203nm;流速为1.0 ml·min-1;柱温为25℃.结果：建立了三七配方颗粒的UPLC指纹图谱,确定了11个共有峰,各三七配方颗粒样品指纹图谱与对照指纹图谱相似度均在0.9以上,可以用于三七配方颗粒的快速定性鉴别.结论：该方法简单、准确、快速、重复性好,能有效地对三七配方颗粒的质量进行评价.     

大黄配方颗粒的UHPLC指纹图谱研究

目的：建立大黄配方颗粒的UHPLC指纹图谱,为配方颗粒的快速质量评价提供方法。方法：采用超高效液相色谱法,以Agilent pomshell 120EC C18柱（4．6mm×100mm,2．7μm）为色谱柱;以甲醇：0．4％冰醋酸水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱;检测波长254nm;流速0．8mL／min;柱温25℃。结果：建立了大黄配方颗粒的UHPLC指纹图谱,确定了17个共有峰,各大黄配方颗粒样品指纹图谱与对照指纹图谱相似度均在0．9以上,可以用于大黄配方颗粒的快速定性鉴别。结论：该方法简单、准确、快速、重复性好,能有效地对大黄配方颗粒的质量进行评价。     

以标准煎剂为基准建立夏枯草配方颗粒特征图谱的方法?

目的:建立夏枯草饮片、标准汤剂及配方颗粒的HPLC特征图谱,对其相关性进行评价。方法:采用SHISEIDO CAPCELL PAK C18 MGII色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为280 nm,流速1.0 mL﹒min-1;柱温30℃;以对照特征图谱对夏枯草饮片、标准汤剂、配方颗粒进行相关性评价。结果:夏枯草饮片、标准汤剂、配方颗粒指纹图谱呈现了5个共有峰,且具有良好的相关性。此外,从5个共有峰中指认出丹参素、原儿茶酸、咖啡酸、迷迭香酸4个化学成分。结论:夏枯草饮片、标准煎液和配方颗粒中主要化学成分组成基本相同,建立的HPLC特征图谱方法可用于夏枯草配方颗粒的质量控制。     

人参饮片、水煎液、配方颗粒的HPLC指纹图谱相关性研究

摘要：目的:建立人参饮片、水煎液及配方颗粒的HPLC指纹图谱,对其相关性进行评价。方法:采用HPLC法,色谱柱为XBridge BEH C18柱（150 mm×3.0 mm, 2.5μm）,以乙腈-水为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为0.45 ml·min-1,柱温为32℃,气体流速为3.0 L·min-1,漂移管温度为100℃。测定15批人参饮片、水煎液、配方颗粒的HPLC指纹图谱,利用《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》（2012年版）进行相似度分析,并采用SPSS 20.0软件、SIMCA 14.1软件对指纹图谱信息进行皮尔逊相关性分析、聚类分析（CA）、主成分分析（PCA）和正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析（OPLS-DA）。结果:15批人参饮片、水煎液及配方颗粒HPLC指纹图谱均确定了9个共有峰,并指认1、2、3、4、8号峰分别为人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rf、人参皂苷Rb1和人参皂苷Rd。15批人参饮片、水煎液、配方颗粒的指纹图谱与相应对照指纹图谱的相似度均在0.95以上,三者对照指纹图谱的相似度均在0.98以上。CA和PCA结果表明人参水煎液和颗粒结果较接近。OPLS-DA发现4种成分是造成不同批次样品差异性的主要标志性成分。结论:建立的HPLC指纹图谱反映了人参饮片、水煎液及配方颗粒多成分的整体面貌,三者间的化学成分基本一致,可为人参配方颗粒质量控制提供借鉴。     

木鳖子制霜炮制前后HPLC指纹图谱比较研究

摘要：目的:建立木鳖子及木鳖子霜的HPLC指纹图谱,并进行比较研究。方法:采用HPLC法建立10批不同产地木鳖子炮制前后的指纹图谱,采用HPLC法以Agilent Zorbax SB-C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）为色谱柱,乙腈-0.2%磷酸为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速:1.0 mg·ml-1,柱温:25℃,波长:203 nm。采用中药相似度评价软件进行相似度分析,通过聚类分析法对炮制前后木鳖子指纹图谱进行分析。结果:建立了木鳖子炮制前后HPLC指纹图谱共有模式,以齐墩果酸峰为参照峰,以木鳖子炮制前后HPLC图谱中13个共有峰作为特征峰,经相似度分析,与对应对照指纹图谱相似度均大于0.9,且炮制前后指纹图谱相似度差异较小。通过聚类分析可基本区分木鳖子生品及炮制品。结论:该方法可用于木鳖子药材及木鳖子霜的指纹图谱分析,为完善木鳖子及木鳖子霜质量标准提供科学依据,且能有效区分木鳖子药材及木鳖子霜。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.