HPLC法测定血浆中非诺贝特活性代谢物非诺贝酸的浓度

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定血浆中非诺贝特活性代谢产物非诺贝特酸浓度。方法:以甲醇直接沉淀血浆蛋白,色谱柱为Waters sunfire C_(18)柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为0.05 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾溶液-甲醇(70:30),用磷酸调pH 2.5,检测波长286nm。结果:非诺贝酸的保留时间约为6.7 min,线性范围为0.2～20.0μg·ml~(-1)(r=0.999 9),最低定量限为0.2μg·ml~(-1),方法回收率99.28%～101.38%,提取回收率97.18%～107.28%,日内和日间RSD均小于10%。结论:本法简便、快捷、灵敏,适用于非诺贝特药物动力学研究。     

HPLC测定清洁验证残留物非诺贝特的含量

目的：建立清洁验证中残留物非诺贝特含量测定的高效液相色谱法。方法：色谱柱为 Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18（150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,流动相为水（磷酸调节pH至2.5）-乙腈（30∶70）,检测波长：286 nm,流速：1.0 mL/min,柱温：25℃,进样量：20μL。结果：非诺贝特在0.09～0.90μg/mL范围内线性关系良好, r2=0.9994;回收率：99.69%,RSD =0.16%（n=9）。结论：该法操作简便、结果准确,可以用于清洁验证残留物非诺贝特的定量分析。     

HPLC法测定非诺贝特胶囊的含量

目的探讨非诺贝特胶囊中非诺贝特的含量测定方法.方法采用HPLC法,用CLC-ODS柱(250 mm×4.6 mm),以水(用磷酸调节pH为2.5)-乙腈(30:70)为流动相,用紫外检测器于286 nm波长处检测.结果线性范围为6.2～98.9 g·L-1(r=0.999 9,n=5).平均回收率为100.1%,RSD=0.43%(n=3).检测限为0.02 mg·L-1.结论HPLC法具有操作简便,分析快速准确、干扰小等优点.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定大鼠在体肠循环液中非诺贝特和非诺贝酸的含量

目的:建立同时测定大鼠在体肠循环液中非诺贝特和非诺贝酸的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Kro-masil C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(80∶20),pH3.0,柱温为室温,流速1.0mL.min-1,检测波长286 nm。结果:非诺贝特、非诺贝酸分别在0.25～124.68 mg.L-1、0.01～5.05 mg.L-1范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系,r分别为0.999和0.999 9。其平均回收率分别为98.83%、101.13%,RSD均小于4%。结论:该法操作简便、结果准确、灵敏度高,可同时测定大鼠在体肠循环液中非诺贝特和非诺贝酸的含量。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定非诺贝特片的含量

目的:建立反相高效液相色谱测定非诺贝特片含量的方法.方法:采用Lichrosorb-C18柱;流动相为乙醇-乙腈-水(60∶20∶20 ),流速为1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长286 nm.外标峰面积法定量.结果:对照品在4.5～31.5 mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好,回归方程为:C=1.64×10-5A-0.09, r=0.9999.平均加样回收率为100.1%,RSD为1.2%(n=9).结论:本法简便、快速、准确,可用于测定非诺贝特片的含量.     

HPLC法测定非诺贝特胶囊中非诺贝特的含量

摘 要 目的：建立非诺贝特胶囊中非诺贝特的含量测定方法。方法: 采用HPLC法,色谱柱：Dikma Diamonsil C₁₈柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相：乙腈-水（70∶30,用磷酸调节pH值至2.5）,检测波长：286 nm,流速：1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温：30℃,进样量：20 μl。 结果: 非诺贝特浓度在10.07～60.42 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 6）,平均回收率为99.26%,RSD为0.5%（n=6）。结论:本法简便、准确、专属性强,可用于该制剂的含量测定。     

人血浆中非诺贝特酸的测定及其药动学研究

目的建立测定血浆中非诺贝特酸的方法。方法采用Hypersil BDS C18色谱柱(150 mm×5.0 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.01 mo.lL-1枸橼酸溶液(65:35)为流动相,萘普生为内标,检测波长为288 nm。结果非诺贝特酸0.2~20.0μg.ml-1与峰面积的线性良好(r=0.9979),平均回收率为102.7%,日内、日间精密度的RSD为4.37%~9.04%。结论所建方法操作简便、快速、重复性好、准确可靠,适用于临床血药浓度的监测及药动学研究。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中非诺贝特活性代谢物非诺贝酸

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中非诺贝特活性代谢物非诺贝酸的方法。方法:血浆样品酸化后用乙醚萃取;色谱柱为Shim-pack VP-ODS(150mm×4．6mm),柱温为40℃,流动相为甲醇-水-10％磷酸(80:19:1),流速为1．0mL·min-1,检测波长为290nm,外标法峰高定量。结果:非诺贝酸的保留时间约为5．6min,定量线性范围为0．25～18．75μg·mL-1,绝对回收率>85％(n=5),方法回收率为96％～103％(n=5),日内、日间RSD<10％(n=5)。结论:本方法简便快速、定量准确,适用于非诺贝特临床药动学研究。     

人血浆中非诺贝特活性代谢物非诺贝酸的高效液相色谱法测定

目的 :建立快速测定人血浆中非诺贝特活性代谢物非诺贝酸 (fenofibricacid)的高效液相色谱方法。方法 :以乙腈 - 1mol·L-1盐酸 (95∶5 )直接沉淀血浆蛋白 ,色谱柱为配有Waters保护柱的YWG -ODS 10 μm 2 0 0mm× 4 0mm ,流动相为甲醇 -水 - 10 %磷酸 (76∶2 4∶1) ,检测波长 2 86nm ,外标法峰高定量。结果 :非诺贝酸的保留时间约为 4 4min ,定量线性范围 0 2 5～ 18 75 μg·mL-1,绝对回收率大于 85 % (n =5 ) ,方法回收率大于 90 % (n =5 ) ,日内日间RSD小于 10 % (n =5 )。结论 :本法简便快速、定量准确 ,适用于非诺贝特键康人体临床药代动力学研究     

HPLC法测定人血浆中非诺贝特酸的浓度

目的:建立非诺贝特酸简便快速的血浆样品提取及准确灵敏的高效液相色谱分析方法。方法:血浆样品加地西泮和乙腈,涡旋振荡,高速离心后进样分析。其中,色谱柱为Eclipse XDB C18,流动相为乙腈∶甲醇∶0.04mmol·L-1乙酸钠(冰乙酸调pH值为3.50)=45∶15∶40,检测波长为296nm。结果:乙腈能够去除绝大部分的血浆杂质,不干扰色谱峰;非诺贝特酸、内标地西泮保留时间分别约为4.10、5.40min。非诺贝特酸检测浓度在0.2~20μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7);其低、中、高(0.5、5.0、18.0μg·mL-1)浓度的提取回收率分别为100.53%、102.64%、91.81%,日内RSD均<8%,日间RSD均<7%。非诺贝特酸血浆样品预处理室温放置24h及于—20℃冰箱中贮存15d稳定。结论:本方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好,符合生物样品测定要求,适合非诺贝特临床药动学的研究。     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.