HPLC同时测定坤泰胶囊中毛蕊花糖苷、芍药苷和黄芩苷含量

目的 建立HPLC同时测定坤泰胶囊中毛蕊花糖苷、芍药苷和黄芩苷含量的方法，为完善现有质量标准提供参考。方法 采用Phenomsil C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm，5 μm）色谱柱；以乙腈为流动相A，以0.1%乙酸为流动相B，采用梯度洗脱；流速为1.0 mL·min^-1；柱温为35℃；毛蕊花糖苷的检测波长为334 nm，芍药苷检测波长为230 nm，黄芩苷的检测波长为280 nm。结果 毛蕊花糖苷在3.27~32.68 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好，平均回收率为98.4%，RSD为0.68%（n=6）；芍药苷在17.65~176.51μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好，平均回收率为99.2%，RSD为1.08%（n=6）；黄芩苷在48.78~487.77 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好，平均回收率为97.7%，RSD为0.87%（n=6）。结论 该方法简便、快捷、结果准确、重复性好，可应用于坤泰胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC-DAD同时测定益心通胶囊中6种活性成分的含量

目的 建立HPLC同时测定益心通胶囊中葛根素、龙胆苦苷、阿魏酸、毛蕊花糖苷、丹酚酸B和丹皮酚6种活性成分含量的方法。方法 采用XSELECT^TM HSS C₁₈色谱柱,流动相为乙腈（A）-0.2%磷酸水溶液（B）,梯度洗脱;柱温：30℃;流速：1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长：阿魏酸、毛蕊花糖苷和丹酚酸B为220 nm,葛根素为250 nm,龙胆苦苷和丹皮酚为275 nm。结果 葛根素、龙胆苦苷、阿魏酸、毛蕊花糖苷、丹酚酸B和丹皮酚的线性范围分别为7.56~113.4 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）,4.36~65.4μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）,1.18~17.7 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 3）,1.90~28.5 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 4）,4.48~67.2 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 3）和11.7~175.5 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）,平均加样回收率分别为98.7%,97.8%,97.6%,98.6%,99.0%,98.7%,RSD分别为1.0%,1.3%,1.4%,1.1%,1.2%,1.3%。结论 本法专属性强,结果准确,重现性好,可用于益心通胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定艽龙胶囊中马钱苷酸、山栀苷甲酯、6'-O-β-D-葡萄糖基龙胆苦苷、獐牙菜苦苷、龙胆苦苷、獐牙菜苷、异荭草苷和异牡荆黄素

目的 建立HPLC法同时测定艽龙胶囊中马钱苷酸、山栀苷甲酯、6''-O-β-D-葡萄糖基龙胆苦苷、獐牙菜苦苷、龙胆苦苷、獐牙菜苷、异荭草苷、异牡荆黄素的方法。方法 采用Intersil C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相：乙腈–0.2%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长：254 nm;体积流量：0.8 mL/min;柱温：25℃;进样量：10 μL。结果 马钱苷酸、山栀苷甲酯、6''-O-β-D-葡萄糖基龙胆苦苷、獐牙菜苦苷、龙胆苦苷、獐牙菜苷、异荭草苷、异牡荆黄素分别在21.20～2 120.00、3.20～320.00、15.00～1 500.00、5.10～51.00、39.00～3 900.00、4.20～420.00、2.20～220.00、1.10～110.00 μg/mL与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率分别为99.37%、97.28%、96.49%、99.37%、97.28%、96.49%、99.37%、97.28%,RSD值分别为1.64%、1.16%、1.85%、1.64%、1.16%、1.85%、1.64%、1.16%。结论 方法简便、重复性好,结果准确可靠,可为进一步完善艽龙胶囊的质量评价方法提供参考依据。     

HPLC法测定金钱草中紫云英苷、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、槲皮素、山柰酚和异鼠李素

目的 建立HPLC-UV法测定金钱草中紫云英苷、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、槲皮素、山柰酚和异鼠李素。方法 采用Eclipse XDB-C₁₈色谱柱（150 mm×4.6 mm，3.5 μm），流动相为甲醇–0.4%磷酸水，梯度洗脱，检测波长360 nm，体积流量0.5 mL/min，柱温30 ℃，进样量10 μL。结果 紫云英苷、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、槲皮素、山柰酚、异鼠李素分别在22.10～176.80、21.14～169.12、17.40～174.00、51.12～408.96、23.30～186.40 μg/mL呈现良好线性关系（R²＞0.999 1）；平均加样回收率分别为99.50%、100.39%、99.93%、105.58%、98.96%，RSD值分别为1.07%、1.44%、0.57%、0.24%、0.65%（n＝6）。结论 方法的重复性好，操作简单，结果准确，可以用来控制金钱草药材及其制剂的质量。     

HPLC法测定软脉灵口服液中毛蕊花糖苷、焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1、迷迭香酸、紫草酸、丹酚酸B、2,3,5,4’-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷和虎杖苷

目的 建立HPLC法测定软脉灵口服液中毛蕊花糖苷、焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1、迷迭香酸、紫草酸、丹酚酸B、2,3,5,4’-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷和虎杖苷。方法 采用Venusil XBP C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;以乙腈–0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱;检测波长分别为330 nm（0～17 min检测毛蕊花糖苷和焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1）、280 nm（17～50 min检测迷迭香酸、紫草酸、丹酚酸B、2,3,5,4’-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷和虎杖苷）;体积流量1.0 mL/min;柱温30℃;进样量10μL。结果 毛蕊花糖苷、焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1、迷迭香酸、紫草酸、丹酚酸B、2,3,5,4’-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷和虎杖苷分别在1.23～30.75、0.59～14.75、0.71～17.75、1.47～36.75、9.78～244.50、6.57～164.25、1.19～29.75 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 1）;平均回收率分别为99.14%、97.62%、96.84%、98.96%、100.11%、99.46%、98.92%,RSD值分别为1.15%、1.27%、1.02%、0.96%、0.65%、1.41%、0.87%。结论 该方法操作简便、重复性好,为软脉灵口服液中多指标质量评价和临床应用提供参考依据。     

HPLC法同时测定跌打丸中3种有效成分的含量

目的 探讨建立同时测定跌打丸中芍药苷、川续断皂苷Ⅵ和丹皮酚含量的方法。方法 采用Agilent ZORBAX C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;流速为0.8 mL·min^-1,以乙腈（A）-0.1%磷酸水溶液（B）为流动相,进行梯度洗脱;检测波长为230,212,274 nm。结果 芍药苷进样量在0.514 8~1.544 5 μg与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0.999 7）,平均回收率为97.01%（RSD=0.94%,n=6）。川续断皂苷Ⅵ在3.023 8~9.071 4 μg线性关系良好（r=0.999 2）,平均回收率为98.44%（RSD=0.26%,n=6）。丹皮酚在0.101 2~0.303 6 μg线性关系良好（r=0.999 8）,平均回收率为97.84%（RSD=0.42%,n=6）。结论 建立的方法简便可行,重复性好,灵敏度高,可有效控制跌打丸的质量。     

HPLC-PDA 波长切换法同时测定六味地黄膏中5种活性成分的含量

目的建立HPLC-PDA波长切换法同时测定六味地黄膏中莫诺苷、马钱苷、芍药苷、毛蕊花糖苷和丹皮酚的含量。方法采用Agilent HC-C_(18 )色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);以乙腈(A)-2 mL·L~(-1)磷酸溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱;流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1);莫诺苷、马钱苷、芍药苷、毛蕊花糖苷和丹皮酚的检测波长分别为240(0～33 min),240(0～33 min),230(33～37 min),334 (37～44 min)和274 nm(44～55 min);进样量:10μL;柱温:40℃。结果各指标成分分离度良好,莫诺苷、马钱苷、芍药苷、毛蕊花糖苷和丹皮酚5种成分的进样量分别在0.040 12～0.802 40(r_1=0.999 9),0.041 66～0.833 20(r_2=0.999 8),0.090 82～1.816 40(r_3=0.999 9),0.010 86～0.217 20(r_4=0.999 9)和0.092 94～1.858 80(r_5=0.999 9)μg范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率(n=8)分别为98.22%(RSD=0.96%),99.00%(RSD=0.87%),98.62%(RSD=0.77%),98.06%(RSD=0.91%)和99.18%(RSD=0.72%)。结论该方法操作简便、快速,结果准确、可靠,重复性好,可用于六味地黄膏的质量控制。     

甘地胶囊中马钱苷含量测定方法的优化

目的 建立HPLC法测定甘地胶囊中马钱苷的含量。方法 色谱柱为Waters Symmtry C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）;流动相为乙腈-水（13∶87）;流速1.0 ml/min;检测波长240 nm。结果 马钱苷对照品在0.030 1~3.01 μg范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=0.999 9）,平均加样回收率为99.62%,RSD为0.86%。结论 本方法简便、准确,重复性好,可用于甘地胶囊中马钱苷的含量测定。     

HPLC-DAD-ELSD串联法同时测定肾康灵颗粒中黄芪甲苷、梓醇和毛蕊花糖苷的含量

目的 建立肾康灵颗粒中黄芪甲苷、梓醇和毛蕊花糖苷的含量测定方法，为肾康灵颗粒的质量控制提供参考。方法 采用HPLC-DAD-ELSD串联法同时测定制剂中黄芪甲苷、梓醇和毛蕊花糖苷3种指标性成分的含量，色谱柱为Agilent EC-C₁₈柱（250 mm×4.6 mm，5 μm）；流动相为乙腈-水溶液，梯度洗脱，流速1.0 mL·min^-1；检测波长为210 nm，柱温为30℃；蒸发光散射检测器（ELSD）漂移管温度为80℃；载气流量1.5 L·min^-1。结果 黄芪甲苷、梓醇和毛蕊花糖苷分离度良好；分别在22.82~456.3 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）、17.83~356.6 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）、11.36~227.2 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）内线性关系良好；平均回收率分别为100.39%（RSD=1.0%）、100.79%（RSD=1.2%）、100.07%（RSD=0.43%）（n=9）。结论 该法可同时定量分析3种指标性成分的含量，操作快速、准确、精密度高且重复性好，可用于肾康灵颗粒内在质量的有效评价。     

高效液相一测多评法测定鼻炎片中羧基苍术苷、苍术苷、连翘酯苷B、连翘酯苷A、连翘苷、升麻素苷、升麻素、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷和亥茅酚苷

目的 建立高效液相一测多评（HPLC-QAMS）法测定鼻炎片中羧基苍术苷、苍术苷、连翘酯苷B、连翘酯苷A、连翘苷、升麻素苷、升麻素、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷和亥茅酚苷。方法 以乙腈-0.2%磷酸为流动相,梯度洗脱,体积流量1.0 mL/min;Agilent HC-C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,柱温30℃;检测波长203 nm（测定羧基苍术苷和苍术苷）、275 nm（测定连翘酯苷B、连翘酯苷A和连翘苷）和254 nm（测定升麻素苷、升麻素、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、亥茅酚苷）。进行专属性试验、线性关系考察、精密度试验、稳定性试验、重复性试验、加样回收率试验;以连翘苷为内参物,建立该成分与羧基苍术苷、苍术苷、连翘酯苷B、连翘酯苷A、升麻素苷、升麻素、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、亥茅酚苷间的相对校正因子,并计算鼻炎片中9种成分的含量,同时与外标法（ESM）的测定结果进行比较,验证该方法的可行性。结果 建立了鼻炎片中9种成分的定量控制方法,方法学验证结果符合要求。鼻炎片中各成分的计算值与实测值无显著性差异。结论 HPLC-QAMS法适用于鼻炎片的多指标成分质量评价模式,可以为鼻炎片质量控制方法的建立提供参考。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.