肺黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤的CT和临床表现及其病理学基础

目的:探讨肺黏膜相关淋巴组织(MALT)淋巴瘤的CT表现特征及与其临床、病理表现的关系.方法:回顾性分析22例经病理确诊的肺MALT淋巴瘤患者的影像学和临床资料.22例中2例合并肺癌,5例同时有肺外累及.结果:本组患者的主要临床症状包括咳嗽咳痰12例、喘憋7例、发热4例、胸痛2例、咯血2例、盗汗2例,有2例患者无明显症状.22例的主要表现可分为2型,实变型16例(16/22,73％),肿块/结节型7例(7/22,32％).病灶密度均匀15例(15/22,68％),增强扫描均明显强化,可见血管造影征;病灶边缘均可见晕征,空气支气管征19例(19/22,86％),伴支气管扩张15例(15/22,68％).其它表现包括肺内多发小结节14例(64％),磨玻璃影11例(50％),树芽征4例(18％),胸腔积液9例(41％),肺门及纵隔淋巴结增大6例(27％).合并肺癌者CT表现为肺内单发肿块伴周围明显间质性浸润.结论:肺MALT淋巴瘤的临床表现无特异性,但其CT表现有一定特征性,对本病的诊断及鉴别诊断有重要的提示作用,确诊需依靠病理活检.     

血管滤泡性淋巴结增生症的影像学表现与临床病理特点

目的 探讨血管滤泡性淋巴结增生症(AFLH)的影像学表现及临床病理特点.资料与方法 结合文献分析9例经手术病理证实的AFLH的影像学资料及临床病理特点.结果 局限性透明血管型7例,CT表现为单发圆形或类圆形、密度均匀的结节或肿块,边缘清楚,呈明显均匀强化,CT值超过动脉的2/3,其动态变化过程与动脉相似,无囊变、坏死及钙化.多中心型2例,浆细胞型、混合型各1例.浆细胞型CT表现为多发大小不等结节,边缘欠清楚,密度不均匀,增强后呈轻至中度不均匀强化,CT值接近动脉的1/3;混合型CT表现为多发大小不等的结节或肿块,边缘清楚,呈不均匀强化,CT值接近动脉的2/3,无囊变、坏死及钙化.7例多普勒超声检查表现为包膜清楚、完整的低回声结节,回声均匀或不均匀,透明血管型、混合型内部血流信号丰富,浆细胞型血流信号稀少;4例透明血管型的血流信号呈低阻抗波.结论 AFLH影像学表现与病理类型相关.透明血管型的影像学表现具有一定的特点,而浆细胞型、混合型的影像学表现不典型,确诊依靠病理检查.     

肺真菌感染CT征象分析

目的:分析肺真菌感染的CT征象,以提高对该病的诊断水平。方法:对18例经临床病理组织学检查或真菌培养证实为肺部真菌感染患者的影像学资料进行回顾性分析。结果:18例患者CT征象:8例表现为双肺多发病灶,4例表现为单个肺段多发病灶,6例表现为单发病灶;病灶形态方面:8例表现为肺炎型,6例表现为肿块型,4例表现为曲霉菌球;18例患者中,8例出现"晕征"。结论:肺部真菌感染影像学表现具有多样性。出现典型曲菌球者可明确肺曲菌病的诊断,若出现弥漫混合病变(渗出、实变与结节或肿块并存)、绕有晕征的结节以及楔形实变影时,应考虑是否有真菌感染可能。     

孤立性结节/肿块型肺隐球菌病的CT特征

目的探讨孤立性结节/肿块型肺隐球菌病的CT特征,提高对该病的认识。方法回顾性分析经临床证实的18例孤立性结节或肿块型肺部隐球菌病的CT表现。结果本组18例结节/肿块分布于下叶、胸膜下各有12例,胸膜反应多见(11/12);14例直径小于3cm,13例边缘清楚,9例伴空洞形成,其中7例为AIDS患者;分叶征(3/18)、毛刺征(4/18)、晕征(2/18)均少见;10例行CT增强的病灶中有7例呈现中度均匀强化。结论孤立性结节/肿块型肺隐球菌病的CT表现具有一定特征性,需在鉴别诊断中加以重视。     

肺真菌感染CT征象分析

目的:分析肺真菌感染的CT 征象,以提高对该病的诊断水平.方法:对18例经临床病理组织学检查或真菌培养证实为肺部真菌感染患者的影像学资料进行回顾性分析.结果:18例患者CT征象:8例表现为双肺多发病灶,4例表现为单个肺段多发病灶,6例表现为单发病灶;病灶形态方面:8例表现为肺炎型,6例表现为肿块型,4例表现为曲霉菌球;18例患者中,8例出现"晕征".结论:肺部真菌感染影像学表现具有多样性.出现典型曲菌球者可明确肺曲菌病的诊断,若出现弥漫混合病变(渗出、实变与结节或肿块并存) 、绕有晕征的结节以及楔形实变影时,应考虑是否有真菌感染可能.     

肺硬化性血管瘤CT表现与临床病理对照分析

目的:分析肺硬化性血管瘤(SHL)的CT表现特点,以及与临床病理之间的关系,提高术前诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的7例SHL患者的CT图像资料,并与手术病理相对照,探讨该病的CT诊断特点。结果:6例CT表现为肺内孤立性软组织肿块或结节、密度均匀,病变轮廓清楚、边缘光滑者4例,边缘浅分叶2例;1例表现为双肺内多个类圆形结节;1例可见小的钙化。CT增强扫描病灶明显强化,4例均匀强化,3例不均匀强化。CT表现与病理的关系是增强扫描后病灶强化明显与不明显的区域分别对应于其血管瘤成分与实性区。结论:SHL的临床症状和CT平扫无明确特征表现,CT增强扫描对病变的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要的价值。     

原发性肺淋巴上皮瘤样癌的影像学表现

目的:探讨原发性肺淋巴上皮瘤样癌的影像学表现,以提高对该病的认识和诊断水平.方法:回顾性分析经手术和病理证实的原发性肺淋巴上皮瘤样癌6例临床病理及CT资料,并复习文献.结果:临床主要表现为咳嗽、咳痰3例,其中1例有血痰,1例伴有胸背痛;1例有杵状指;2例体检发现,无明显症状.本组病例影像主要表现以周围型肿块或结节为主,直径2.6～9.0 cm.浅分叶4例,有胸膜凹陷征2例,毛刺征2例,肿块内未见空洞,钙化.3例增强扫描,肿块呈轻中度强化,3例呈持续强化.结论:肺淋巴上皮瘤样癌影像学有一定特征性,术前确诊需经支气管内镜活检或经皮肺穿刺活检.     

肺隐球菌病的多种CT表现

目的总结肺隐球菌病(pulmonary cryptococcosis, PC)的多种CT(computed tomography)表现形式,分析其影像学特点,从而提高对本病的认识,减少误诊率。方法搜集我院2018年经病理确诊的16例PC患者的临床及影像学资料进行总结分析。结果 16例PC患者以中、青年男性多见。CT表现具有多样性:10例表现为单发结节或肿块,9例位于肺外带,7例结节内见充气支气管征;3例表现为多发结节肿块及空洞,病变常聚集簇状分布;2例表现为单发空洞;1例表现为广泛实变浸润,病变以胸膜下分布为主,呈结节样融合。所有病例均未见钙化。8例患者行CT增强,其中结节可呈轻-中-重不同的强化程度。结论 PC以中、青年男性多见,CT表现具有多样性,但也存在一定的规律,病变部位以肺外带多见,以结节肿块型多见;充气支气管征、空洞、聚集簇状分布及结节样融合有一定的诊断意义。     

肺硬化性血管瘤影像学表现与病理对照分析

目的 探讨肺硬化性血管瘤(PSH)的影像学特点,提高其术前诊断的准确性.方法 搜集11例经手术病理证实的PSH,将其影像学表现与手术病理结果进行回顾性对照分析.结果 PSH影像表现多是肺孤立性肿块,密度不均匀,病变轮廓清楚,边缘光滑者10例,边缘不规则者1例;1例可见小的钙化,1例见空气新月征.CT增强扫描病灶明显强化,7例均匀强化,4例强化不均匀.CT与病理的关系是病变的高密度与低密度区分别对应于其血管瘤成分与囊变区.结论 PSH的胸部平片和CT平扫无明确特征表现,增强扫描对病变的诊断和鉴别诊断起着关键作用.     

原发性肺透明细胞癌的CT诊断

目的 探讨原发性肺透明细胞癌的CT表现.方法 回顾分析经手术和/或病理证实的7例患者的CT表现和临床病理的特点,并结合文献进行分析.结果 原发性肺透明细胞癌的CT主要表现为肺周围性肿块（5/7）,肿块常较大、形态不规则、密度均匀、有分叶、可见毛刺;1例为空洞性肿块,增强扫描呈中等度强化,无纵隔淋巴结肿大.2例左肺上叶中央型肿块合并肺不张,与其它类型中央型肺癌相似.结论 原发性肺透明细胞癌临床表现无特异性,CT上仅有相对的影像学特征,确诊仍需依赖病理学检查.     

Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: findings at CT and MR imaging

PURPOSE: To evaluate and describe cross-sectional imaging findings in patients with pathologically confirmed primary hepatic angiosarcoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Findings from imaging examinations in 13 patients with pathologically confirmed primary hepatic angiosarcoma were retrospectively reviewed (computed tomographic [CT] images obtained in 10 patients and magnetic resonance [MR] images obtained in five patients were available for review). Two gastrointestinal radiologists evaluated lesion number, size, attenuation and signal intensity characteristics, and the pattern and degree of contrast material enhancement. Medical records were reviewed for clinical features associated with angiosarcoma. RESULTS: Angiosarcoma appeared as multiple nodules (n = 6), as dominant masses (n = 6), or as a diffusely infiltrating lesion (n = 1). Multiple nodules were hypoattenuating at unenhanced and contrast material--enhanced CT (six of six patients). When dominant masses were encountered at MR imaging, T2-weighted MR imaging demonstrated heterogeneous internal architecture (four of four patients) similar to that of hepatocellular carcinoma. Multiphase contrast-enhanced CT and MR images showed dominant masses to have heterogeneous and progressive enhancement (three of three patients). Clinical features associated with angiosarcoma included splenic metastases (six of 13 patients), thrombocytopenia (seven of 13 patients), disseminated intravascular coagulation (four of 13 patients), and hemolytic anemia (three of 13 patients). CONCLUSION: Primary hepatic angiosarcoma exhibits a spectrum of appearances that reflect its varied pathologic features.     

MR imaging of thyroid masses]

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed in 35 patients with histologically proved thyroid masses. Gadopentetate dimeglumine was used in 25 of these cases. The thyroid tumors were analyzed by MR imaging as to shape, margin, pseudocapsulation, homogeneity, and enhanced pattern. Gd-DTPA was helpful in identifying pseudocapsules and showing the extent of the tumor. Papillary carcinoma tended to display unclear margins, heterogeneous intensity, and inhomogeneously enhanced patterns. In follicular adenoma, the tumor margin was smooth and pseudocapsules were clearly detected. Follicular adenoma was enhanced homogeneously, but it was difficult to distinguish follicular adenoma from follicular carcinoma by MR imaging. Adenomatous goiter was delineated as multiple nodules with smooth margins, but without pseudocapsules. These nodules were enhanced in various ways after Gd-DTPA administration.     

Basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland: characteristics of 2-phase helical computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to report the radiologic characteristics of basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland, which is a relatively rare neoplasm. METHODS: A radiology and otolaryngology specialist reviewed the 2-phase helical computed tomography (CT) (n = 6) and/or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (n = 2) scans of 7 patients with basal cell adenoma. The authors evaluated the imaging characteristics, including tumor size, location, contour and margin, internal density or signal intensity, contrast enhancement pattern, and presence of calcification. The imaging features were then analyzed and correlated with the pathologic findings. RESULTS: All the tumors presented as small (less than 3 cm), well-encapsulated, round or oval masses on CT or MR imaging. On the 2-phase CT scan, the mostly solid-looking tumors (n = 4) showed marked contrast enhancement on the early phase, and there was a subsequent decrease in attenuation on the delayed phase. These tumors were classified as the solid subtype on histologic examination. Meanwhile, the tumors with large cystic areas (n = 2) showed gradual and additional enhancement on the delayed phase and were classified as the tubular or trabecular subtype on pathologic evaluation. There were small spots of low attenuation in the tumors of the solid subtype, which were proved to be intratumoral microcysts in the pathologic correlation. Calcification was found in a tumor. CONCLUSIONS: Basal cell adenomas of the parotid gland present as small well-marginated tumors and appear as masses with central large cysts or solid masses with microcysts on CT and MR imaging scans. Basal cell adenomas of the parotid gland had at least 2 different enhancement patterns on the 2-phase helical CT scans, and the enhancement patterns and imaging architecture were related to the histologic subtype of the tumors.     

Acinic cell carcinoma of the head and neck: radiologic-pathologic correlation

OBJECTIVE: To describe and correlate the imaging and pathologic findings of acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) in the head and neck. METHODS: We reviewed the radiologic findings of 12 patients with pathologically proven ACC in the head and neck. They were 6 males and 6 females (ages: 5-75 years, mean 36 years) who undergoing computed tomography (CT, n=9) and CT with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (n=3). RESULTS: The lesions in the superficial lobe of the parotid gland were solid (n=7), cystic (n=1), and cystic mass with mural nodule (n=1) on CT. A parapharyngeal lesion was cystic mass with mural nodule, and a submandibular and a palate tumor were cystic lesions on CT. All solid masses in the parotid gland (n=7) included focal low-attenuating portions on CT, which were microcyst, hemorrhage, or necrosis on pathologic examination. We could not find intratumoral calcifications or metastatic lymphadenopathy on imaging and histologic studies in all 12 cases. Internal hemorrhage on the MR images was seen in a parapharyngeal and a parotid lesion. CONCLUSION: Although ACC appears to have nonspecific imaging findings, familiarity with some imaging features can be helpful for differential diagnosis of head and neck tumors.     

原发性肺非何杰金淋巴瘤的影像诊断

目的：研究原发性肺淋巴瘤的影像诊断，方法：7例均经病理和临床证实的原发性肺非何杰金淋巴瘤，均作X线胸片、腹部B超检查，其中5例作胸部CT。结果：6例单发和1例多发性结节(两肺各一灶)或肿块，病变分布无肺叶偏向，病灶密度较低而不均。6个病灶边缘毛糙不规则，1个病灶边缘光整，另一个病灶边缘部分光整，其中2个病灶边缘分叶，2个病灶见长短毛刺。1个病灶见空洞。作胸部CT的5例均见空气支气管征。其中1例伴纵隔淋巴结肿大，5例合并肺叶或肺段的肺不张或部分肺不张，3例侵犯胸壁伴少量胸水。结论：原发性肺淋巴瘤的影像表现多样，非特异性，常见有空气支气管征的边缘毛糙的结节或肿块。本病应与肺癌、隐源性机化性肺炎鉴别，最后定性诊断需病理检验证实。     

Bronchogenic carcinoma after lung transplantation: frequency,clinical characteristics,and imaging findings

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency, clinical characteristics, and radiologic findings of bronchogenic carcinoma in patients surviving more than 1 month after lung transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population was composed of 2,168 consecutive patients at seven lung transplantation centers who survived longer than 1 month after lung transplantation. Medical records, chest radiographs, and computed tomographic (CT) scans obtained at the time of diagnosis and prior images when available were reviewed for various items of information and imaging features. RESULTS: Twenty-four (1%) of the 2,168 patients, all with single-lung transplants, developed cancer in the native lung. Eighteen patients had emphysema, and six had pulmonary fibrosis. The frequencies of cancer in patients with emphysema and fibrosis were 2% (18 of 859 patients) and 4% (six of 147 patients), respectively. Twelve (50%) of their 24 cancers were detected at chest radiography. Fourteen (58%) patients had clinical symptoms. Twenty-one (88%) of the 24 patients had one (n = 11) or more (n = 10) nodules, and nine (38%) had one (n = 8) or more (n = 1) masses visible on CT scans. Nodules and masses were visible on 12 (50%) and seven (29%) of 24 chest radiographs, respectively. Eleven (48%) of 23 cancers for which prior chest radiographs were available were seen retrospectively on prior chest radiographs. CONCLUSION: Bronchogenic carcinoma develops in the native lung of transplant recipients with emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis with frequencies of 2% and 4%, respectively. The carcinomas most commonly manifest as a pulmonary nodule or mass on chest radiographs, with more nodules seen on CT scans.     

CT and MRI features of pure acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas in adults

OBJECTIVE: We sought to describe the CT and MRI features of pure acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas in adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven patients (six women and five men; mean age, 64 years) with acinar cell carcinoma, documented by pathologic examination of resected specimens, underwent CT (n=9) or MRI (n=2) examinations. Two radiologists evaluated imaging studies and determined, by consensus, the following data for each tumor: size, location, margination, internal density or signal intensity, and contrast enhancement pattern. In addition, they assessed the presence of calcification, pancreatic or bile duct dilation, and metastases. Imaging features were correlated with gross and microscopic pathologic features of the tumors. RESULTS: Masses were distributed throughout the pancreas (head, n=5; body, n=2; and tail, n=4). The mean largest dimensions were 6.0 x 5.3 cm (range, from 2 x 1.7 to 15 x 11 cm). Tumors were oval (n=5), round (n=4), or lobular (n=2). Ten (91%) masses were well marginated; nine (82%) were exophytic. Five (45%) masses enhanced homogeneously; the remaining tumors contained cystic areas. All masses enhanced less than the surrounding pancreas. Three (27%) masses contained calcifications. Four (80%) masses invaded the duodenum. Common bile and pancreatic duct dilatation was present in two and three patients, respectively. One patient had metastatic liver disease at presentation. CONCLUSION: Pure acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas is usually an exophytic, oval or round, well-marginated, and hypovascular mass on CT and MRI. It typically is completely solid when small and contains cystic areas due to necrosis when large.     

Clinical and CT imaging features of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma

Purpose

This study was undertaken to analyse the clinical characteristics and computed tomography (CT) imaging features of patients with pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma and to clarify characteristic imaging features.

Materials and methods

Clinical and CT imaging records of ten patients with pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (three women and seven men; mean age, 58 years) examined using multidetector CT scanners were retrospectively studied. CT features emphasised included lesion location, size, shape, margin, solid or cystic component, density and enhancement. Imaging results were correlated with intraoperative surgical and pathological results.

Results

Lesions were distributed throughout the pancreatic head (n=3), body (n=3), tail (n=2) and both body and tail (n=2). The average diameter was 6.1 cm, varying from 2.3 cm to 15.8 cm. The tumours were round or oval (n=7) or lobular (n=3). Seven tumours appeared as enhanced solid pancreatic masses, with the large masses having hypodense areas; three had >75 % cystic component; seven (70%), including four solid and three cystic masses, had wellcircumscribed or partially well-defined thin, enhanced encapsulation. After contrast injection, the masses presented heterogeneous enhancement.

Conclusions

Acinar cell carcinoma should always be considered when a large pancreatic mass with typical imaging is found in solid masses with variably sized central cystic areas or cystic masses.     

Five-year lung cancer screening experience: CT appearance, growth rate, location, and histologic features of 61 lung cancers

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate the computed tomography (CT)-determined size, morphology, location, morphologic change, and growth rate of incidence and prevalence lung cancers detected in high-risk individuals who underwent annual chest CT screening for 5 years and to evaluate the histologic features and stages of these cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was institutional review board approved and HIPAA compliant. Informed consent was waived. CT scans of 61 cancers (24 in men, 37 in women; age range, 53-79 years; mean, 65 years) were retrospectively reviewed for cancer size, morphology, and location. Forty-eight cancers were assessed for morphologic change and volume doubling time (VDT), which was calculated by using a modified Schwartz equation. Histologic sections were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Mean tumor size was 16.4 mm (range, 5.5-52.5 mm). Most common CT morphologic features were as follows: for bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) (n = 9), ground-glass attenuation (n = 6, 67%) and smooth (n = 3, 33%), irregular (n = 3, 33%), or spiculated (n = 3, 33%) margin; for non-BAC adenocarcinomas (n = 25), semisolid (n = 11, 44%) or solid (n = 12, 48%) attenuation and irregular margin (n = 14, 56%); for squamous cell carcinoma (n = 14), solid attenuation (n = 12, 86%) and irregular margin (n = 10, 71%); for small cell or mixed small and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (n = 7), solid attenuation (n = 6, 86%) and irregular margin (n = 5, 71%); for non-small cell carcinoma not otherwise specified (n = 5), solid attenuation (n = 4, 80%) and irregular margin (n = 3, 60%); and for large cell carcinoma (n = 1), solid attenuation and spiculated shape (n = 1, 100%). Attenuation most often (in 12 of 21 cases) increased. Margins most often (in 16 of 20 cases) became more irregular or spiculated. Mean VDT was 518 days. Thirteen of 48 cancers had a VDT longer than 400 days; 11 of these 13 cancers were in women. CONCLUSION: Overdiagnosis, especially in women, may be a substantial concern in lung cancer screening.     

原发性肺肉瘤样癌的影像学表现与临床病理对照

目的:探讨原发性肺肉瘤样癌的影像学表现及临床病理特点。方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的肺肉瘤样癌11例的影像学表现和临床病理所见,并复习文献。结果:11例肺肉瘤样癌中,中央型3例,周围型8例,病变部位以上叶为多,肿块直径较大(大于5cm者9例),8例淋巴结转移,胸膜受侵7例。组织学检查:梭形细胞癌1例,其余10例由梭形细胞与上皮细胞两种成分混合构成,梭形细胞具有肉瘤样生长方式,上皮成分主要为鳞癌和腺癌,其中鳞癌6例,腺癌4例,两种成分可见移行过渡,免疫组化检查11例,梭形细胞成分的上皮标记(CK)为阳性。结论:肺肉瘤样癌罕见,临床无特异性,影像学表现虽有一些特征,但确诊依靠病理检查。