臂后侧手术入路的应用解剖

目的 :为臂后侧手术入路提供解剖学基础。方法 :在 2 0具尸体标本上对臂后侧手术入路有关的血管、神经进行解剖观察。结果 :桡神经在肱骨内上髁上方 (18.2± 0 .4)cm ,臂后中线鹰嘴上方 (13 .9± 1.3)cm ,肱骨外上髁上方 (8.4± 1.4)cm跨过肱骨后面。桡神经在桡神经沟以上发出肱三头肌长头支、肱三头肌内侧头—肘肌支、内侧头支和前臂后皮神经 ,在桡神经沟内发出肱三头肌外侧头支。肱三头肌内侧头—肘肌支走行于臂后中线的稍外侧 ,于臂后中线的稍内侧切开肱三头肌内侧头可避免损伤该神经。结论 :①肱骨后面中下部骨面宽阔而平坦 ,可放置各种类型的钢板 ;②肱骨下段后面无重要的血管、神经 ,手术较安全 ;③臂后侧手术入路适合于肱骨中下段骨折等手术处理。     

肱三头肌外侧头神经肌支和血供的应用解剖

目的 :为肱三头肌外侧头的神经肌支移位和游离肌皮瓣移植提供解剖学基础。方法 :在 3 0侧成人上肢标本上对肱三头肌外侧头的神经肌支和血管进行详细解剖观测。结果 :外侧头肌支数 2～ 4支 ,一般为 3支。入肌部位位于大圆肌腱下缘 ( 5 .3 1± 2 .0 1)、( 6.0 6± 1.2 1)、( 5 .96± 1.0 )cm ,横径分别为( 1.4± 0 .5 )、( 1.2± 0 .2 )、( 1.9± 0 .9)mm。肌皮神经肱二头肌平均 2个肌支 ,入肌部位分别在大圆肌下缘以下 ( 4 .2 1± 1.66)和 ( 4 .5 8± 1.3 2 )cm ,横径为 ( 1.4± 0 .6)和 ( 1.2± 0 .8)mm。腋神经入肌部位在大圆肌下缘以上发出。肱三头肌外侧头血供来源于肱深、旋肱后及部分近侧肌支 ,且均与肱深血管有关。结论 :肱三头肌外侧头肌支有足够长度和横径 ,在肌门处可无张力移位至肌皮神经肱二头肌支及部分腋神经肌支。以肱深血管为蒂的肱三头肌外侧头游离肌皮瓣是修复前臂肌肉皮肤缺损的良好供体     

肘前内侧血管神经间隙入路的临床解剖学

目的　对肘前内侧血管神经等相关结构进行解剖研究,为肘关节相关手术提供更佳的手术入路。 方法　 福尔马林防腐动脉灌注红色乳胶成人尸体上肢标本20侧,按层次解剖,从肱桡肌及旋前圆肌间隙进入,通过正中神经与肱、尺动脉之间的血管神经间隙,显露肘前侧解剖结构。观察肱动脉、桡动脉和尺动脉向内、外侧的分支,测量分支到桡、尺动脉分叉处的距离,分支管径;观察正中神经及分支走行情况,测量神经与血管伴行无相互交叉分支距离。 结果　血管神经无互相交叉分支伴行长度平均为6.04 cm,两者之间无重要分支相交叉,易于向两侧分开,能够清楚地提供肘关节相应部位的暴露。动脉向内侧分支较向外侧分支少且细,易于向外侧牵拉。神经肌支,基本上向内侧发出,以极小的锐角从主干发出,几乎与主干平行,易于向内侧牵拉。 结论　肘前内侧血管神经间隙入路,可保护血管神经,能清楚显露肘关节前侧解剖结构,易于操作。     

肱三头肌的解剖特点及其在臂后中部桡神经显露中的意义

目的观察肱三头肌与桡神经的位置关系,改进臂中后部桡神经的显露方法。方法尸体标本31具(62侧),在臂中部将肱三头肌外侧头自臂外侧肌间隔上钝性剥离达肱骨,继续向内侧钝性分离肱三头肌外侧头,显露桡神经,观察肱三头肌外侧头和内侧头融合的位置、融合前二者分界是否清晰,观察肱三头肌内侧头起点和外侧头起点与桡神经的位置关系。结果肱三头肌内、外侧头融合近端与桡神经穿过臂外侧肌间隔处距离(6.7±2.6)cm,约在鹰嘴窝上缘水平,融合前肱三头肌内、外侧头分界清晰。肱三头肌外侧头全部起自桡神经沟近端肱骨骨面的为79%(49侧),部分起自桡神经沟以远肱骨骨面的为21%(13侧),其中腱性的9例,肌性的4例。结论利用臂中部肱三头肌内、外侧头的解剖特点,可使臂后中部桡神经的显露更安全、合理。     

肱三头肌额外头多肌腹异常1例

在教学中发现,肱三头肌额外头多肌腹异常1例。该成年男尸左臂肱三头肌长头上方出现额外头,额外头起于肩胛冈外侧端,止于肱骨外科颈稍下方。肱三头肌长头异常发达,起于盂下结节,其肌纤维由内上向外下走行,呈螺旋状,内外侧头均有异常双肌腹出现,外侧头双肌腹均起于肱骨桡神经沟上外,内侧头两条肌腹并列起于桡神经沟下内,独立走行,在尺骨鹰嘴上方汇合成一条肌腱与长头和外侧头的肌腱共同止于尺骨鹰嘴(图1)。肌腹间均可见桡神经的分支,其中支配内侧头的分支为桡神经穿桡神经管后发出,当肱骨中部骨折,损伤桡神经时,除出现垂腕,同时会伴有屈肘力减弱的症状。     

桡神经肱三头肌支转位修复腋神经的应用解剖

目的:为桡神经肱三头肌支转位修复腋神经提供解剖学基础.方法:观测50侧上肢标本桡神经肱三头肌支的起点、横径、无损伤分离长度,测量腋神经前、后支起点、横径;在2侧新鲜上肢标本上切取上述肌支,乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)染色组织学观察神经束性质,体视显微镜下神经纤维计数.结果:肱三头肌每个头均有桡神经发出的的2～4支肌支,桡神经肱三头肌各肌支与腋神经前支在横径、纤维数上相近,长头及内、外侧头肌支可分离长度大于其起点与腋神经起点间的距离.结论:腋神经损伤后,桡神经肱三头肌支可转位修复腋神经重建肩外展功能.     

肱三头肌-肘肌瓣人路治疗肱骨髁间骨折

目的 设计一种肘关节后肱三头肌止点剥离、肘肌瓣入路,探讨其治疗肱骨髁间骨折的临床疗效.方法 将肱三头肌止点连同尺骨骨膜从尺骨鹰嘴上自内侧向外侧剥离,保留附着在尺骨外侧肘后肌的止点,将整个肱三头肌-肘肌形成的组织瓣由尺侧向桡侧翻转,术后将肱三头肌在尺骨上的止七点原位缝合.2005年11月至2006年6月,采用此入路治疗C型肱骨髁间骨折11例,骨折类型按AO分类C1型骨折3例,C2型3例,C3型5例,先将骨折复位后,分别采用钢板、拉力螺钉、克氏针内固定,采用Jupiter肘关节功能评分.结果 该入路可取得良好的肘关节暴露,所有病例经过6至12月的随访,无一例出现切口皮肤坏死、深部感染、肱三头肌萎缩及尺神经损伤,1例出现克氏针松动.肘关节功能评价,优7例,良3例,中1例.结论 肱三头肌-肘肌瓣入路是治疗肱骨髁间骨折的理想入路,可取得良好的肘关节和肱骨远端暴露,内固定安放方便,术后可早期功能锻炼.     

肱三头肌-肘肌瓣入路治疗肱骨髁间骨折

目的设计一种肘关节后肱三头肌止点剥离、肘肌瓣入路,探讨其治疗肱骨髁间骨折的临床疗效。方法将肱三头肌止点连同尺骨骨膜从尺骨鹰嘴上自内侧向外侧剥离,保留附着在尺骨外侧肘后肌的止点,将整个肱三头肌-肘肌形成的组织瓣由尺侧向桡侧翻转,术后将肱三头肌在尺骨上的止点原位缝合。2005年11月至2006年6月,采用此入路治疗C型肱骨髁间骨折11例,骨折类型按AO分类C1型骨折3例,C2型3例,C3型5例,先将骨折复位后,分别采用钢板、拉力螺钉、克氏针内固定,采用Jupiter肘关节功能评分。结果该入路可取得良好的肘关节暴露,所有病例经过6至12月的随访,无一例出现切口皮肤坏死、深部感染、肱三头肌萎缩及尺神经损伤,1例出现克氏针松动。肘关节功能评价,优7例,良3例,中1例。结论肱三头肌．肘肌瓣入路是治疗肱骨髁间骨折的理想入路,可取得良好的肘关节和肱骨远端暴露,内固定安放方便,术后可早期功能锻炼。     

肘肌肘关节成形术的应用解剖学研究

目的:探讨肘肌的解剖学特征及其在肘关节成形术中的应用价值。方法:选用20例(40侧)上肢标本,其中5例(10侧)从腋动脉予以灌注乳胶。以层次解剖结合显微解剖的方法,对肘肌形态、血供和神经支配进行显微解剖观察。另选用5例上肢标本设计肘肌肘关节成形术,即肘肌填充桡骨小头切除术后的腔隙及肘肌嵌入到尺桡骨近端之间。结果:肘肌的形态似一把三角形挫刀;中副动脉是肘肌的重要营养动脉,外径(0.62±0.22)mm,与骨间返动脉存在恒定吻合支;桡神经肘肌支是肘肌的唯一支配神经。可应用中副动脉为营养血管的肘肌瓣设计肘肌肘关节成形术。结论:应用中副动脉为营养血管的肘肌瓣设计的肘肌肘关节成形术操作方便,便于临床应用。     

正中神经支配肱肌一例报导

正中神经支配肱肌一例报导凌兴贵华西医科大学成都６１００４１本例为男性成年，右侧臂丛的根、干、股、束、支均未见异常。正中神经的内、外侧头分别由臂丛的内、外侧束发出，两头在腋动脉第三段的前外侧汇合成正中神经，向下行于腋动脉和肱动脉的外侧，在喙肱肌止点附近...     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.