胆碱能通路损伤在脑白质病变后认知障碍中的作用

目的探讨脑白质病变(WML)并发不同程度认知障碍所致的执行功能障碍与胆碱能通路损伤之间的关系。方法连续纳入2016年3月至2017年12月符合入组标准的患者115例,收集其人口学资料和血管病危险因素;经头颅MRI T2加权筛选出WML患者80例,根据蒙特利尔认知评估(Mo CA)及临床痴呆评定(CDR)结果,将WML患者分为WML伴认知正常(CN)组41例、WML伴非痴呆型血管性认知障碍(VCIND)组21例和WML伴痴呆(Va D)组18例;其余35例无WML且认知正常患者为对照组。采用胆碱能通路高信号量表(CHIPS)对患者MRI下脑白质损伤情况进行评定;采用Stroop色词干扰测验、数字连线测验、数字符号模式测验、言语流畅性测验对并发认知障碍的患者进行执行功能评定;对CHIPS评分与执行功能评分进行相关性分析。结果 4组间年龄、性别、受教育程度、血管病危险因素无显著性差异(P0.05),Mo CA和CHIPS评分有非常高度显著性差异(F25.781,P0.001),Va D组Mo CA总分最低(P0.01),CHIPS各项评分均最高(P0.001)。VCIND组和Va D组全脑和左半球CHIPS评分与各项执行功能评分呈负相关(P0.05),右半球CHIPS评分与部分执行功能评分呈负相关(P0.05)。结论 WML并发认知障碍时,胆碱能通路损伤与执行功能下降关系密切,左侧大脑半球胆碱能通路损伤影响更为明显。     

家庭认知康复训练对非痴呆型血管性认知障碍的影响

目的观察非痴呆型血管性认知障碍患者家庭认知康复训练的效果。 方法采用随机数字表法将入选的非痴呆型血管性认知障碍患者60例分为训练组（30例）和对照组（30例）。2组患者均给予常规口服药物治疗和常规运动功能康复锻炼,在此基础上训练组增加家庭认知康复训练。2组患者均于治疗前、治疗1个月和6个月后进行简易精神状况量表（MMSE）、蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）和改良的Barthel指数（MBI）评定。 结果治疗1个月后,2组患者的MMSE、MoCA和MBI评分与组内治疗前比较,差异无统计学意义(P&rt;0.05);治疗6个月后,训练组的MMSE、MoCA和MBI评分分别为（28.33±2.85）分、（26.64±2.09）分和（74.66±11.22）分,与对照组的（26.95±1.77）分、（25.39±2.47）分和（73.98±12.64）分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论家庭认知康复训练可改善非痴呆型血管性认知障碍患者的认知功能,同时提高其日常生活活动能力。     

遗忘型轻度与非痴呆血管性认知障碍认知损害及睡眠障碍对照研究

目的 探讨遗忘型轻度认知障碍和非痴呆性血管性认知障碍患者认知损害及睡眠障碍的临床特征.方法 对60例遗忘型轻度认知障碍患者(aMCI组)、60例非痴呆性血管性认知障碍患者(VCIND组)、60名健康志愿者(对照组)采用相关认知功能测评量表及睡眠评估量表进行测评分析.结果 (1)两组患者数字符号编码测验、定步调听觉连续加法测验评分均显著低于对照组(P＜0.01),VCIND组评分显著低于aMCI组(P＜0.01).(2) VCIND组威斯康星卡片分类测验-64、连线A、连线B评分均显著高于aMCI组和对照组(P＜0.01),aMCI组连线B评分显著高于对照组(P＜0.01).(3) VCIND组、aMCI组Benton线方向判定评分显著低于对照组(P＜0.01),VCIND组评分显著低于aMCI组(P＜0.01).(4)aMCI组和VCIND组爱泼沃斯嗜睡量表、失眠严重程度指数量表、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表评分均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05或0.01),aMCI组爱泼沃斯嗜睡量表评分显著高于VCIND组,失眠严重程度指数量表、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表评分显著低于VCIND组(P＜0.01).结论 遗忘型轻度认知障碍和非痴呆性血管性认知障碍患者均存在不同程度的认知损害与睡眠障碍,但非痴呆性血管性认知障碍较遗忘型轻度认知障碍患者的注意力、信息处理速度、视空间加工能力和执行能力受损更严重,睡眠障碍更加明显.     

腔隙性脑梗死后血管性痴呆的进程评价新的血管性事件将加速血管性认知障碍的衰退程度

目的观察与腔隙性脑梗死相关的血管性痴呆患者的病程,以及随访过程中经历血管事件后对认知、行为和日常生活能力的影响.方法选择1999-01/2004-06上海华东医院神经内科收治的腔隙性脑梗死后血管性痴呆患者72例进行随访,其中男54例,女18例,平均年龄(73±7)岁.均给予肠溶阿司匹林(75 mg/次,1次/d)、石杉碱甲(商品名双益平,0.05 mg/片,2片/次,2次/d)及吡拉西坦(商品名脑复康,0.4g/片,2片/次,3次/d)口服.门诊随访.患者随访开始时间不一致,1999年至2001年均有入组,随访周期约4个月/次,平均随访时间(24.25±6.01)个月.随访的血管事件包括新近发生的脑和心脏血管性发作.所有患者都接受CT或MRI检查及简易精神状态检查(检查认知缺损程度,满分为30分,低于26分为认知功能受损)、神经精神调查(检查行为能力,共分10个领域,每个领域根据其出现的频率计1～4分,根据严重程度计1～3分,将每项的频率得分乘以严重程度得分后相加,得分越高疾病越严重)、日常生活能力(共20项,每项依据严重程度计1～4分,总分20分为正常,＞20分即有不同程度下降)指标评估.同时根据是否经历血管事件分为两组进行各量表评分比较.结果72例患者全部进入结果分析.①患者随访期末简易精神状态量表得分较随访前显著降低,神经精神调查和日常生活能力评分均较随访前升高[(22.3±4.6,32.1±18.3,43.7±9.6);(25.3±5.2,19.4±13.9,32.6±8.3),(t=5.67～14.86,P＜0.01)].②发生血管事件组比未发生血管事件组的简易精神状态检查、神经精神调查和日常生活能力评分恶化迅速(数据均为变化值)[(-2.24±1.4,11.60±14.3,9.88±12.5);(-1.03±1.7,2.35±15.6,2.04±7.3),(t=2.94～7.38,P＜0.01)].③认知和行为恶化与血管事件的发生高度相关(r=0.920,P＜0.01);认知改变与行为改变成显著正相关(r=0.793,P＜0.01).结论腔隙性脑梗死后血管性痴呆患者认知、行为和日常生活能力均出现恶化,且新的血管性事件加重病情,所以早期干预显得尤其重要.其中认知改变与行为改变高度相关,可能与特异性的额叶-皮质下环路的破坏有关,提示腔隙性脑梗死后血管性痴呆中同样的皮质下病理改变造成了认知和行为两种类型的损害.     

计算机辅助训练联合现实环境训练对脑卒中后非痴呆血管性认知障碍的影响

目的观察计算机辅助训练联合现实环境训练对脑卒中后非痴呆血管性认知障碍的康复疗效。 方法采用随机数字表法将60例脑卒中后非痴呆血管性认知障碍老年患者分为研究组（30例）及对照组（30例）。2组患者均给予常规药物治疗及康复训练,研究组患者在此基础上增加计算机辅助训练及现实环境训练,持续治疗2个月。2组患者均于治疗前、治疗2个月后采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)和改良Barthel指数(MBI)量表评定患者认知功能及日常生活活动能力改善情况。 结果经治疗2个月后,发现研究组患者MoCA量表总分及视空间、命名、注意力、语言、抽象思维、延迟记忆、定向力七个子项目评分［分别为（22.80±4.63）分、（4.00±0.93）分、(2.67±0.62)分、（4.13±0.74）分、（2.33±0.62）分、（1.60±0.83）分、(2.93±0.70)分及（5.13±1.19）分］均显著优于组内治疗前及对照组治疗后水平（P<0.05）;对照组治疗后只有命名、语言、延迟记忆3个子项目评分和总分优于组内治疗前水平（P<0.05）。治疗后研究组及对照组患者MBI评分［（61.53±7.13）、（52.20±4.93）分］均较治疗前明显提高（P<0.05）,组间比较发现研究组患者MBI评分改善幅度更显著（P<0.05）。 结论在常规干预基础上辅以计算机训练及现实环境训练,有助于卒中后非痴呆血管性认知功能障碍患者认知功能改善及日常生活活动能力提高,该联合疗法值得临床推广、应用。     

吡拉西坦对老年血管性非痴呆认知功能损害的疗效观察

<正>血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VD)是指脑血管病变引起的脑损害所致的痴呆[1]。血管性非痴呆性认知障碍是VD的前期,认知功能障碍程度轻,具有可逆转性,可早期治疗[2]。血管性非痴呆性认知障碍的发病因素涉及大动脉病变、脑出血、小血管病变、脑梗死、心源性脑栓塞、脑静脉病变等[3]。局灶性或全脑     

脑卒中患者病变部位与汉密顿抑郁量表评分的关系

目的:探讨脑卒中患者病变部位与汉密顿抑郁量表评分的关系。方法:选择2002-10/2004-10在商丘市第一人民医院住院治疗的163例脑卒中患者发病后1个月接受汉密顿抑郁量表评估,并同时用计算机对其发病后头颅CT图象进行标准化处理,汉密顿抑郁量表评分与CT图象标准化后病变位置进行比较。结果:按意向处理分析,163例脑卒中患者中发病1个月后检出卒中后抑郁患者67例(41.1%),其中轻度抑郁35例(52.2%)中度抑郁22例(32.8%),重度抑郁10例(14.9%)。①不同半球病灶患者汉密顿抑郁量表评分比较:左半球病灶患者的焦虑躯体化、认知障碍、迟缓、绝望感等分项评分和汉密顿抑郁量表总分均明显低于右半球病灶患者(左半球病灶:4.2±2.1,1.7±0.3,5.6±1.9,3.4±0.9,24.2±5.7;右半球病灶:2.5±1.0,0.8±0.2,3.8±1.1,1.7±0.3,18.6±4.1,t=2.291～3.152;P均<0.05～0.01)。②不同位置病灶患者的汉密顿抑郁量表评分比较:前部病灶(病变部位在CT片前后轴前40%)组患者的焦虑躯体化、昼夜变化等分项评分和汉密顿抑郁量表总分明显高于后部病灶(病变部位在CT片前后轴后60%)患者(t=2.197～3.302;P均<0.05～0.01)。③皮质和皮质下病灶的脑卒中患者汉密顿抑郁量表各分项评分和汉密顿抑郁量表总分分布接近(P均>0.05)。结论:脑卒中患者经常     

脑卒中后血管性痴呆与神经功能缺损恢复的关系

目的探讨脑卒中后血管性痴呆(vasculardementia,VD)与神经功能缺损恢复的关系,为康复处方制定提供理论依据。方法1999-01/2003-12贺州市富川人民医院神经内科住院患者106例。在脑卒中患者住院3,9个月进行神经功能缺损评分量表(NIHSS)测定,以评价脑卒中后VD与神经功能缺损的相关性。结果在脑卒中患者住院3个月时,伴有VD脑卒中患者的神经功能缺损程度与不伴有VD脑卒中患者的神经功能缺损评分为37.4±2.2和28.2±1.5,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01),轻、中、重3组不同程度痴呆的神经功能缺损评分分别为18.2±1.7,25.6±1.3和33.6±1.1,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。脑卒中9个月时,无痴呆,疾呆程度较前严重患者的神经功能缺损评分为18.1±6.2和25.6±7.4,差异有显著性意义。无痴呆、痴呆程度无变化或有所好转患者的神经功能缺损评分为18.1±6.2和18.5±5.9,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论痴呆程度越重,神经功能缺损越严重,脑卒中后VD的程度与神经功能恢复明显呈正相关。     

血管性痴呆患者认知与非认知功能及尼莫地平联合甲磺酸二氢麦角碱的干预效应

目的:观察尼莫地平联合甲磺酸二氢麦角碱对血管性痴呆患者认知及非认知功能的改善及其应用的安全性。方法:选择2002-01/2004-05解放军第四军医大学西京医院收治的血管性痴呆患者80例,采用随机法分为两组。单用尼莫地平为对照组(n=40,口服尼莫地平片30mg,3次/d),尼莫地平联合甲磺酸二氢麦角碱为治疗组(n=40,口服尼莫地平片30mg,3次/d,甲磺酸二氢麦角碱2.5mg,2次/d),分别在入组前、治疗后45d和90d进行效果评定。①采用简易智能量表(总分30分)和长谷川痴呆量表(总分30分)评定认知功能。②采用日常生活能力量表(总分100分,分值越高,改善效果越好)、社会功能活动调查表(≤5分为正常,分值越低,改善效果越好)评定非认知功能。③采用简易智能量表评定智能改善效果(显效:治疗前后评分提高≥6分;有效:评分提高≥4分;无效:评分提高<4分)。④同时记录药物的副作用。结果:按实际处理分析,治疗组38例(95%)与对照组37例(93%)进入结果分析。①治疗前及治疗后45d:两组间各量表分值差异无显著性(P>0.05)。②治疗90d后两组认知功能评分比较:治疗组显著高于对照组犤简易智能量表评分(24,2±5.5,18.2±4.9);长谷川痴呆量表评分(23.8±6.2,18.9±4.2)(P<0.05)犦。③治疗90d后两组非认知功能评分比较:治疗组日常生活能力量表评分显著高于对照组(76.8±14.7,61.7±12.9)(P<0.05);治疗组社会功能活动调查表评分显著低于对照组(6.2±3.1,8.6±2.9)(P<0.05)。④治疗90d后两组智能改善效果比较:治疗组显著高于对照组(81.6%,59.5%)(P<0.05)。⑤两组治疗期间无明显的不良反应。结论:尼莫地平与甲磺酸二氢麦角碱的联合治疗血管性痴呆,与单独应用尼莫地平相比,可明显改善认知功能,提高日常生活能力,且具有良好的安全性,可作为血管性痴呆的一种治疗方案。     

血管性痴呆患者事件相关电位 P300改变与认知功能障碍的关系

目的评价事件相关电位 P300作为血管性痴呆患者认知功能障碍客观指征的临床价值. 方法对 30例缺血性血管性痴呆患者、 30例无痴呆的脑梗死患者和 30例正常对照者,采用电生理技术检测事件相关电位 P300,应用简明精神状态量表( MMSE)、痴呆简易筛查量表( BSSD)和瑞文标准智力测验( RSPM)评价认知功能 , 采用 MRI技术测定脑叶和海马体积. 结果①血管性痴呆组 P300峰潜伏时( 435.57± 89.95) ms较脑梗死组( 367.77± 29.14) ms和正常对照组( 341.90± 29.27) ms明显延长( F=5.16, P< 0.01).②血管性痴呆患者 P300峰潜伏时与 MMSE, BSSD评分呈负相关( r=- 0.87,- 0.89, t=6.89,7.05, P< 0.01).③血管性痴呆组额叶和颞叶体积 [(15.19± 1.51)%, (4.57± 0.51)% ]比正常对照组 [(16.72± 1.46)%, (4.92± 0.50)% ]显著较小( T=2.85, P< 0.01; T=2.21,P< 0.05).④ 血管性痴呆患者 P300峰潜伏时与额叶和颞叶体积呈负相关( r=- 0.56,- 0.62, t=5.53,6.65, P< 0.01). 结论血管性痴呆患者 P300峰潜伏时的延长反映与认知功能相关脑区的病理改变,客观反映认知功能障碍程度.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.