血管舒缩功能变化在急性脑梗死发病中的作用及阿米三嗪-萝巴新的干预

急性脑梗死中无疑存在血管功能异常,直接的证据可以从脑梗死的概念中得到。我们选取血管内皮细胞分泌的具有代表性的两种影响血管舒缩功能的细胞因子,观察它们在急性脑梗死中的变化及其相互关系,并给予阿米三嗪 萝巴新干预,以探讨血管舒缩功能变化在脑梗死病因中的作用并寻找相应对策。资料和方法1.研究对象与分组:研究对象分为脑梗死常规治疗组、脑梗死常规加阿米三嗪 萝巴新治疗组、脑梗死高危组和健康对照组。脑梗死组为急性脑梗死住院患者,共收集到10 8例,均为3日内发病的住院患者,平均年龄(6 0 0±6 8)岁,男性6 2例,女性4 6例,利用随…     

阿米三嗪-萝巴新对糖尿病性周围神经病的疗效

糖尿病性周围神经病是糖尿病最常见的并发症之一,临床较为常见。其发病率与病程和糖尿病分型有关,病程越长其发病率越高,2型糖尿病较1型糖尿病的发病率为高。可呈对称性复发性神经病、单神经病或复发性单神经病．可累及感觉、运动和自主神经,多以感觉症状为主。由于其发病机制尚未完全阐明,故至今仍无确切有效的治疗药物。在临床实践中我们发现在传统治疗的基础上加用阿米三嗪-萝巴新(都可喜)能够明显改善糖尿病性周围神经病患者的临床症状。为观察其治疗糖尿病性周围神经病的临床疗效并探讨其作用机制,笔者于1998年1月-2004年3月对42例伴有周围神经病的2型糖尿病患者进行了为期4周的随机对照的临床治疗观察。     

宫内缺氧及当归注射液干预对幼年大鼠海马齿状回神经元与学习记忆能力的影响

BACKGROUND： The present study analyzed the effect of 3 days （2 h/d） intrauterine hypoxia on learning and memory in juvenile rats, as well as the therapeutic effects of Angelica sinensis on dentate gyrus neurons, as well as learning and memory. OBJECTIVE： To explore the effects of intrauterine hypoxia on hippocampal dentate gyrus neurons, as well as learning and memory, in juvenile rats; to explore N-methyI-D-aspartate receptor-1 （NMDAR1） expression in the dentate gyrus of neonatal rats following intrauterine hypoxia, as well as prolonged hypoxia; to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of Angelica sinensis. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized and controlled experiment based on developmental neurobiology was performed at the Department of Histology and Embryology in Luzhou Medical College from October 2007 to October 2008. MATERIALS： Angelica sinensis solution （250 g/L） was obtained from Central South Hospital of Wuhan University, China. Neuron-specific enolase and NMDAR1 mRNA in situ hybridization reagents were provided by Wuhan Boster Biological Technology, China. Image-Pro Plus 6.0 analysis system was purchased from Media Cybernetics, USA. METHODS： Healthy pregnant Sprague Dawley rats （n = 30） were randomly divided into control （n = 10）, hypoxia （n = 10）, and Angelica （n = 10） groups. The Angelica and hypoxia pregnant rats were placed in a three-gas incubator （oxygen concentration： 13%） starting with day 14 of pregnancy for 2 hours/day for 5 consecutive days to establish a fetal rat intrauterine hypoxia model. One hour prior to modeling, the pregnant rats from the Angelica and hypoxia groups received Angelica sinensis and normal saline （8 mL/kg） injections, respectively, through the caudal vein. The control group procedures were identical to the hypoxia group, but lacked the hypoxic conditions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Brain tissues of neonatal rats were used to detect expression of NMDAR1 mRNA, and brain tissues of juvenile rats aged 30 days were used to determine neuron-specific enolase mRNA expression by in situ hybridization. Microscopic images （400x） of the hippocampal dentate gyrus were collected. The integral optical density （IOD） value of positive NMDAR1 mRNA cells in the dentate gyrus of neonatal rats, as well as the quantity and the IOD value of positive neuron-specific enolase mRNA cells in the dentate gyrus of juvenile rats, were analyzed with Image-Pro IPP6.0 software. At 30 days after birth, learning and memory parameters were measured in the juvenile rats using Morris water maze. RESULTS： The quantity and the IOD value of positive neuron-specific enolase mRNA cells in the dentate gyrus of the hypoxia group juvenile rats were significantly less than the control group （P 〈 0.05）, and also less than the Angelica group （P 〈 0.05）. The IOD value of positive NMDAR1 mRNA cells in the dentate gyrus of the hypoxia group neonatal rats was significantly greater than the control group, and also greater than the Angelica group （P 〈 0.05）. In the Morris water maze, the searching time during the probe trial and reversal probe trial was shorter in the hypoxia group juvenile rats compared with the control group, and the Angelica group was prolonged compared with the hypoxia group （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Intrauterine hypoxia increased expression of NMDAR1 mRNA in the dentate gyrus of neonatal rats, reduced the number of dentate gyrus neurons, and negatively affected learning and memory in juvenile rats. In contrast, Angelica sinensis injection improved the intrauterine hypoxic condition, increased the number of dentate gyrus neurons, and improved the learning and memory deficits of the juvenile rats.     

慢性脑低灌注对2型糖尿病模型大鼠空间学习记忆能力的影响及胆碱能神经元损伤的机制探讨

目的探讨2型糖尿病（DM）是否加重慢性脑低灌注（CCH）大鼠胆碱能神经元及空间学习记忆能力损伤。方法SD大鼠24只,随机分为4组（均n=6）：①对照组（正常饮食＋假手术）;②DM组[高脂饮食＋链脲佐菌素（STZ）];③CCH组[正常饮食＋双侧颈总动脉永久性结扎（2-VO）];④DM-CCH组（高脂饮食＋STZ＋2-VO）。采用Morris水迷宫测试各组大鼠学习记忆能力;免疫组化学法检测海马区乙酰胆碱转移酶（CHAT）阳性细胞表达和免疫印迹法检测海马ChAT相对表达量。结果DM＋CCH组逃避潜伏期与对照组比较明显延长,第2-4天（P〈0．001）、第5天（P〈0．01）;目标象限时『目】百分比明显低干对照组（P〈0．01）、DM组（P〈0．05）和CCH组（尸〈O．05）。DM＋CCH组海马区ChAT阳性细胞表达明显减少,ChAT相对表达量较对照组显著减少（P〈0．01）、DM组（P〈0．05）和CCH组（P〈0．05）显著减少。结论DM可加重CCH大鼠的空间学习记忆能力障碍,可能与海马区胆碱能神经元损伤有关。     

米诺环素对慢性脑低灌注大鼠空间学习记忆能力及海马BACE-1和Aβ表达的影响

目的观察米诺环素对慢性脑低灌注大鼠空间学习记忆能力及海马BACE-1和Aβ表达的影响,为慢性脑低灌注认知功能障碍的治疗提供依据。方法 72只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、慢性脑低灌注组、米诺环素治疗组。结扎双侧颈总动脉建立大鼠慢性脑低灌注模型,米诺环素治疗组在慢性脑低灌注模型的基础上连续给予50mg/kg/d的米诺环素灌胃。观察时间点分别为造模后1个月、2个月和3个月。采用Morris水迷宫对大鼠进行定位航行潜伏期和空间探索时间检测后,断头取脑,采用免疫组织化学法检测海马区脑组织BACE-1和Aβ。结果在造模后1个月、2个月和3个月时间点,模型组定位航行潜伏期较假手术组明显延长(P<0.05,P<0.01),空间探索时间明显减少(P<0.01);治疗组潜伏期较模型组明显缩短(P<0.05,P<0.01),空间探索时间明显增加(P<0.05,P<0.01)。模型组BACE-1和Aβ的表达较假手术组明显增加(P<0.01),治疗组BACE-1和Aβ的表达较模型组显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论米诺环素能改善慢性脑低灌注大鼠空间学习记忆能力,其作用机制可能与其抑制慢性脑低灌注大鼠BACE-1的表达,减少Aβ的产生有关。     

重组人促红细胞生成素对慢性脑缺血大鼠学习记忆能力及凋亡相关蛋白P53和Bcl-2表达的影响

目的 研究重组人促红细胞生成素(rhEPO)对慢性脑缺血大鼠学习记忆能力及凋亡相关蛋白P53和Bcl-2表达的影响. 方法 16只健康雄性SD大鼠结扎双侧颈总动脉(2VO)建立永久性慢性脑缺血模型,将其按照随机数字表法分为对照组和实验组,每组各8只.模型建立3d后,实验组每7天经鼻腔给予150 U/125 μL rhEPO,至建模后8周末;对照组于同一时间鼻腔给予等量的生理盐水.8周后应用Morris水迷宫观测2组大鼠的运动及空间学习记忆能力.采用HE染色观察大脑皮层及海马CA1区神经元形态学的变化,并采用图像分析软件对大脑皮层厚度与神经元数目进行比较.免疫组化法检测P53及Bcl-2蛋白的表达水平.原位末端标记(TUNEL)法检测凋亡细胞数. 结果 (1)行为学测试结果显示:实验组平均逃避潜伏期及穿越平台次数均较对照组有所改善,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(2)HE染色结果显示:与实验组相比,对照组大鼠皮层及海马CA1区锥体神经元胞体萎缩、核固缩且皮层厚度变薄,数目减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(3)免疫组化结果显示:与对照组相比,实验组Bcl-2的表达明显增强,P53平均灰度值明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(4)TUNEL染色结果显示:对照组凋亡细胞数较实验组明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 rhEPO能改善慢性脑缺血大鼠运动、记忆及空间定向能力,这种神经功能保护作用的机制可能与减少神经元凋亡相关.     

阿米三嗪-萝巴新对缺血性卒中恢复期患者的疗效

目的　评估阿米三嗪 萝巴新对缺血性卒中后功能恢复的疗效。方法　采用多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照研究。缺血性卒中后 1个月患者 ,随机服用阿米三嗪 萝巴新或安慰剂每日 2片 ,共服 3个月。每个月随诊 1次 ,以巴氏指数 (BI) ,神经功能缺损量表 (NFDS)和长谷川痴呆量表(HDS)作为疗效评估指标。结果　 74例最终完成了 3个月随访 ,其中药物组 38例 ,安慰剂组 36例。巴氏指数在治疗后 1、2、3个月药物组均优于安慰剂组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;神经功能缺损量表分在治疗第 1个月药物组 (6 7± 4 7)优于安慰剂组 (9 6± 6 8,P =0 0 34<0 0 5 ) ,第 2、3个月两组无显著性差异 ;长谷川痴呆量表分在治疗 1、2、3个月均无显著性差异。阿米三嗪 萝巴新的不良反应发生率为 7 9% ,安慰剂组为 2 7% ,主要表现为头晕、失眠 ,并不影响患者继续治疗。结论　阿米三嗪 萝巴新在一定程度上加快缺血性卒中后患者神经功能恢复 ,不良反应少     

The effect of hypoxia at different embryonic ages on impairment of memory ability in chicks

Hypoxia during the prenatal period is a principal antecedent to cognitive impairment after birth. In this study we have investigated the duration, severity and timing of acute hypoxia during chick embryonic development to elucidate the relative importance of these factors. Our results show that 24h of hypoxia (exposure to 14% oxygen) at embryonic day 10 (E10) results in significant impairment of intermediate and long-term memory in the post-hatch chick, which is the same as we observed with 4 days of hypoxia. At E14, 24h of hypoxia, 5min of anoxia, but not 1h of hypoxia, resulted only in impaired long-term memory; the same as 4 days of hypoxia from E14. Corticosterone levels, measured post-hatch as an indicator of a stress response, were significantly elevated in response to E10 hypoxia, and E14 hypoxia (both 1 and 24h) and anoxia. In a separate experiment we exposed embryos to 24h of hypoxia from E6 to E16, and found that memory deficits resulted from hypoxia at E9 and E10, and E13-E15, while corticosterone concentrations at hatch were significantly raised following E10-E16 hypoxia. These results demonstrate that the developmental age when the insult occurs determines the nature of the cognitive deficit and, if the severity of the insult is sufficient, then the outcome, or deficits in memory ability, are consistent whether the insult is acute or chronic. Importantly, there are two critical stages in development, which in the chick are around E10 and E14, when acute hypoxia results in significant adverse cognitive effects after hatch. These time-points correspond to two different stages in growth and development.     

Effects of long-term hypoxia and hypoxic exercise on brain monoamine levels in rat

This study clarified the effects of long-term hypoxia and hypoxic exercise on monoamines in the whole brain, and in four specific regions of the rat brain. The male Wistar rat progenitors (P1 group) were randomly assigned to three groups: hypoxia (16.0% oxygen) and exercise (MHE-P1), hypoxia and sedentary (MHS-P1), normoxia and sedentary (MNS-P1). The male children of P1 (the first generation of hypoxic rats; F1) were randomly divided into two groups: hypoxia and exercise (MHE-F1) and hypoxic sedentary (MHS-F1). The monoamines of whole brain were measured in P1 males, and monoamines of cerebellum, frontal lobe, striatum and hippocampus were measured in F1 males. The monoamine levels of MHE-P1 were significantly lower than those of MHS-P1 and MNS-P1. No significant difference was found in monoamine levels between MHS-P1 and MNS-P1. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels of the MHE-F1 group significantly decreased in the frontal lobe, cerebellum and striatum, compare with the other groups (hypoxic and sedentary; normoxic and sedentary, respectively). These monoamines in the hippocampus were not influenced by the hypoxia or hypoxic exercise conditions. This study suggests that long-term hypoxic exercise decreased monoamine levels in whole brain, and that sensitivity to hypoxia and hypoxic exercise differed according to brain region.     

慢性间断性缺氧对帕金森病模型小鼠认知功能及海马神经元结构的影响

目的 探讨慢性间断性缺氧对帕金森病模型小鼠认知功能、海马神经元结构及突触素表达水平的影响.方法 采用百草枯腹腔注射联合慢性间断性缺氧制备帕金森病伴睡眠障碍小鼠模型,通过电迷宫和跳台实验评价其学习和记忆能力,HE和Nissl染色观察海马神经元形态及数目变化、免疫组织化学染色检测海马神经元突触素表达水平、电子显微镜观察海马神经元超微结构.结果 与对照组比较,百草枯组、慢性间断性缺氧组及其联合组小鼠学习和记忆成绩显著下降(均P＜ 0.05),电迷宫和跳台实验总反应时间延长、错误反应次数增加;Nissl染色阳性神经元数目减少、突触素表达水平升高.光学显微镜和电子显微镜观察显示,百草桔组、慢性间断性缺氧组及其联合组小鼠海马神经元均有不同程度损害,但以百草枯联合慢性间断性缺氧组最为明显(均P=0.000).结论 慢性间断性缺氧可加重百草枯所致帕金森病模型小鼠的学习和记忆障碍,可能与海马神经元结构损害、突触功能减弱有关.     

Veratridine-induced breakdown of cytosolic acetylcholine in rat hippocampal minces: An intraterminal form of acetylcholinesterase or choline O-acetyltransferase?

Rat hippocampal minces were loaded with N-methyl-[3H]acetylcholine ([3H]ACh) in the presence of the 'poorly penetrating' acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7, AChE) inhibitor echothiophate and the effect of the depolarizing agent veratridine determined on the subcellular storage and release of [3H]ACh and [3H]choline. Results indicated that veratridine stimulated the release of [3H]ACh from a crude vesicular fraction (P3) by a Ca2+-dependent process, while simultaneously accelerating the breakdown of cytosolic (S3) [3H]ACh. A portion of the [3H]choline derived from the hydrolyzed S3 [3H]ACh was donated to the P3 fraction for [3H]ACh formation and release. When the identical experiment was done using hippocampal minces from septal lesioned rats, veratridine did not stimulate either the Ca2+-dependent release of [3H]ACh or the hydrolysis of cytosolic [3H]ACh. Incubation of control hippocampal minces with paraoxon, an AChE inhibitor which can penetrate cholinergic nerve terminals more rapidly than echothiophate, prevented veratridine from stimulating the Ca2+-dependent release of [3H]ACh from the P3 fraction. Instead, it then stimulated the Ca2+-independent release of [3H]ACh from the S3 fraction. When minces were incubated with the choline O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6, ChAT) inhibitor 4-(1-naphthyl)vinyl pyridine (NVP), veratridine was no longer able to stimulate the Ca2+-dependent release of labelled ACh either. Instead, veratridine stimulated the Ca2+-independent release of labelled ACh from the S3 fraction. NVP also abolished the veratridine-induced, Ca2+-dependent release of total ACh. Both paraoxon and NVP inhibited the reversible reaction of ionically bound ChAT prepared from rat brain when tested in vitro, yet paraoxon was much less potent than NVP, and was unable to inhibit this reaction at the low concentration which prevented the veratridine induced breakdown of S3 [3H]ACh during mince incubation. Veratridine depolarization of hippocampal minces stimulated the activity of a membrane-bound fraction of ChAT associated with the P3 fraction, but this fraction of ChAT did not become more sensitive to inhibition by paraoxon during tissue incubation. Veratridine depolarization of minces also increased the activity of membrane-bound AChE, but this enzyme was not inhibited by the low NVP concentration which prevented the veratridine-induced breakdown of S3 [3H]ACh. The veratridine-induced increase in membrane-bound ChAT activity was dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+ in the incubation medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Effects of neonatal hypoxia on brain development in the rat: immediate and long-term biochemical alterations in discrete regions

To evaluate the sensitivity of immature brain tissue to hypoxic insult, neonatal rats were exposed to 7% O2 for 2 h at critical stages of development (1, 8, 15, 23 days of postnatal age); the immediate and long-term impact of hypoxia was then assessed in cerebellum, cerebral cortex and midbrain through measurement of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, a biochemical determinant of cellular injury and subsequent maturation, and through measurements of protein synthesis, growth and synaptosomal uptake of norepinephrine (an index of noradrenergic synaptogenesis). In one-day-old rats, hypoxia caused stimulation of protein synthesis and short-term suppression of ODC activity which persisted for several hours after termination of low O2 exposure; over the ensuing days, there was a prolonged elevation of enzyme activity and a subsequent, regionally selective increase in synaptosomal uptake of norepinephrine without changes in brain growth. In contrast, hypoxia in 8-day-old rats produced signs of metabolic injury, with a short-term elevation of ODC throughout the brain and reduced protein synthetic rates, eventual shortfalls in brain regional growth and no net increase in synaptosomal uptake. The effects of hypoxia on brain regional growth in 8-day-old animals appeared to represent an age-specific effect, as low as O2 conditions in older animals did not affect growth (animals made hypoxic at 15 or 23 days), but did produce an eventual reduction in synaptosomal uptake (hypoxia at 15 days). Differences between one-day-old and 8-day-old rats were also apparent in cerebral responses simply to a 2-h separation from the dam under normoxic conditions. These results support the view that cellular development and synaptogenesis are compromised when neonatal brain tissue is exposed to hypoxic conditions, and that there are critical periods of sensitivity in which processes undergoing rapid maturational change are particularly vulnerable.     

缺氧对大鼠大脑皮层神经元钙激活性钾通道的影响

目的　研究缺氧对大鼠大脑皮层神经元钙激活性钾 (Kca)通道的影响 ,以揭示神经元抗缺血损伤的电生理机制。方法　在不同缺氧条件下 ,应用膜片钳技术记录大脑皮层神经元上Kca通道电流活动。电流信号经放大、滤波及A/D、D/A转换后输入微机进行采样和储存。实验数据应用PClamp(6 .0 .2 )软件进行分析处理。结果　缺氧对通道的开放概率 (Po)及平均开放时间 (To)有明显影响 ,在缺氧实验早期通道Po明显增加 ,其中 10 μmol·L-1NaCN缺氧组其增加程度大于 2 0 μmol·L-1和 30 μmol·L-1NaCN缺氧组 (P <0 .0 5 )。而在缺氧实验后期通道Po和To明显降低 ,其中 30 μmol·L-1NaCN缺氧组其降低程度大于 2 0 μmol·L-1和 10 μmol·L-1NaCN缺氧组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　缺氧早期大脑皮层神经元Kca通道激活 ,产生超极化电位 ,从而稳定细胞膜 ,降低细胞兴奋性 ,延缓缺氧除极的发生 ,这可能是神经元自身的一种代偿作用     

Effects of early malnutrition,isolation and seizures on memory and spatial learning in the developing rat

Purpose

In this study we evaluated the effects of undernourishment and seizures on memory and spatial learning in a model of developing brain.

Experimental procedures

Male Wistar rat pups were allocated to one of six experimental groups: nourished control (NC), nourished recurrent seizures (NRS), nourished status epilepticus (NSE), undernourished control (UC), undernourished recurrent seizures (URS) or undernourished status epilepticus (USE). The UC, URS and USE groups were maintained on a starvation regimen from postnatal day 2 (P2) to postnatal day 15 (P15). URS and NRS groups suffered three daily Flurothyl-induced seizures from P2 to P4. The USE and NSE groups suffered a status epilepticus (SE) on P15. Beginning on P21 all groups were trained in the Morris water maze. At P30 the animals were sacrificed and their brains weighed.

Results

Our data indicate that early undernourishment does not alter seizure susceptibility at P15, but diminishes body and brain weight (p < 0.001), whereas seizures diminish body (p < 0.001) but not brain weight (p = 0.972). In the Morris water probe test we have observed that undernourished rats spent less time in the target quadrant than nourished animals (p < 0.001). Also, rats submitted to recurrent seizures and rats submitted to status epilepticus spent less time in the target quadrant than seizure-free animals (p = 0.001). There was a significant interaction between undernourishment and seizure (p = 0.013).

Discussion

Our findings show that undernourishment and seizures have an additive detrimental effect on body and brain weight as well as on spatial memory.     

缺氧对神经胶质细胞hif-1基因表达和凋亡的影响

目的探讨缺氧环境对培养的新生鼠大脑胶质细胞低氧诱导因子-1（HIF-1）基因表达和凋亡的影响。方法体外培养SD新生鼠大脑神经胶质细胞；实验分为对照组：正常培养6h（5％CO2、95％空气）和缺氧组：缺氧培养6h（5％CO2、1％O2、94％N2）。实时定量多聚酶链反应（PCR）方法测定细胞hif-1和bcl-2、bax基因表达。结果缺氧组hif-1mRNA表达高于对照组（P〈0．01）；缺氧组bcl-2mRNA表达低于对照组（P〈0．05），baxmRNA表达高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结果缺氧6h可引起胶质细胞hifmRNA表达增加但促进细胞凋亡。     

Effect of anoxia on striatal monoamine metabolism in immature rat brain compared with that of hypoxia: an in vivo microdialysis study

We examined in 5-day-old rats the effects of either anoxia or 8% hypoxia on extracellular monoamines such as dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), norepinephrine (NE), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) using in vivo microdialysis and subsequent HPLC. After stabilization 64 animals were exposed to 100% nitrogen for 16 min and 40 animals to 8% oxygen for 128 min. Both anoxia and hypoxia produced acute increase in the striatal extracellular DA (anoxia: P < 0.001, hypoxia: P < 0.01). Especially in anoxia, DA levels increased transiently to 2000-times the basal levels and 6-times higher than those in hypoxia. NE also increased in both anoxia and hypoxia. DOPAC and HVA decreased during hypoxia ( P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively), while those in anoxia were unchanged. In anoxia, decrease tendency of their levels were in short duration and that of 5-HIAA was followed by gradual increase ( P < 0.001). These data demonstrated that brief exposure to anoxia or hypoxia had significant influence on striatal monoamine metabolism in immature brain and the pattern of change of monoamine in anoxia was different from that in hypoxia.