产后体重滞留影响因素的队列研究

目的探究女性产后体重滞留的影响因素。方法采用前瞻性队列研究,以在北京北方医院进行常规体检的产后1个月的女性为研究对象,进行5个月的追踪随访,调查研究对象的一般信息、孕前、分娩前、产后1个月、6个月的体重;在产后6个月,用半定量的食物频数法,收集研究对象的膳食摄入信息。利用单因素方差分析、χ~2检验、多元线性回归分析等统计学方法,探究影响产后体重滞留的因素结果孕前BMI 24.0 kg/m~2即孕前超重或肥胖者,产后1个月体重滞留约(6.4±5.5)kg,产后6个月,体重较孕前增加了(4.9±5.8) kg,均显著高于孕前BMI正常的女性;孕期增重过多,产后体重滞留程度大于孕期增重适宜以及孕期增重不足的女性(P0.05);当脂肪供能比超过推荐值时,产后1个月、6个月BMI明显增加(P0.05);多元线性回归分析后发现,孕期增重、产后6个月的喂养方式与产后体重滞留有关,孕期增重越多,产后6个月体重滞留越严重(β=0.73,P0.001);与母乳喂养相比,产后6个月混合喂养的女性,更容易发生产后体重滞留(β=0.16,P=0.027)。结论孕期增重、每天能量摄入、产后6个月的喂养方式会影响产后体重的恢复,孕期增重过多,每天能量摄入过高是产后6个月体重滞留的危险因素;而产后6个月母乳喂养(包括纯母乳喂养和以母乳喂养为主)是产后6个月体重滞留的保护因素,其中孕期增重是产后体重滞留最重要的预测因子。     

孕期增重与产后1年内体重滞留的关系分析

目的探讨孕期增重对妇女产后1年内体重滞留的影响。方法采用前瞻性队列研究的方法选取在某妇幼保健机构参加体检的产妇作为观察对象,采用四分位数法对孕期增重进行分组,在产后3个月体检时发放问卷调查,调查表为自制问卷,建立观察队列。通过查找孕期保健手册和问卷调查获取基线资料和孕前体重。产后第3个月、第6个月、第9个月、第12个月通过体重秤测量获取产后体重。主要观察指标包括孕前体重、孕期增重和产后体重滞留。结果孕妇产后第3、6、9、12个月平均体重滞留值为(8.06±5.6)kg、(6.42±5.2)kg、(4.69±5.9)kg、(3.35±4.5)kg。孕期增重过多组产后3、6、9、12个月的体重滞留值均高于其他两组,差异有统计学意义。调整孕前BMI、身高、年龄因素后,多因素Logistic回归分析显示,孕期增重过多组产后第12个月体重滞留过多的危险性增加(OR=3.08,95%CI:1.78～5.33)。结论孕期增重与产后1年内的体重滞留有正相关性,孕妇应合理摄入营养,防止孕期增重过多,减少产后体重滞留,促进身心健康发展。     

丹阳市妇女产后体重滞留情况及影响因素

目的了解丹阳市妇女产后体重滞留情况,探索其影响因素。方法采用队列研究方法,选取2016-2017年在丹阳市人民医院进行产前检查和生产的467名孕产妇,分别对其孕16周、26周,产前、产后42天、6月和12月的情况进行随访,采用描述流行病学方法对产后体重滞留情况及影响因素进行分析。结果 467名孕妇孕前平均体重为(51.92±7.57)kg,孕期增重(16.09±4.60)kg,产后42天、6个月、12个月的体重分别为(62.29±9.21)kg、(58.67±8.97)kg、(55.44±9.01)kg,体重滞留量分别为(10.38±4.40)kg、(6.76±3.92)kg、(3.52±3.97)kg。方差分析显示,产后不同时间体重滞留量差异有统计学意义(F=147.08,P0.001);不同的孕前BMI分组之间和孕期增重分组之间体重滞留量差异均具有统计学意义(P值均0.05),且两个分组都和产后时间之间存在交互作用(P值均0.05)。孕前BMI(OR=1.075,95%CI:1.008～1.147)和月收入(OR=1.232,95%CI:1.029～1.475)是产后体重滞留的危险因素,户外活动时间是产后体重滞留的保护因素(OR=0.729,95%CI:0.574～0.926)。结论孕前BMI、月收入、户外活动时长和孕期体重增加是产后体重滞留的重要因素,建议科学指导孕产妇合理膳食、适量运动,保持体重合理增长,避免孕期增重过多,以降低不良妊娠结局及产后肥胖的发生。     

不同喂养婴儿方式对产妇产后体重变化的影响

目的 了解妇女生育后喂养方式对体重变化的影响.方法 对孕期和产后4～6个月的孕产妇进行纵向追踪调查,记录体重变化情况.根据产妇在4个月内喂养婴儿的方式分为基本纯母乳喂养组、混合喂养组和人工喂养组,比较各组体重变化情况.结果 产后4个月内基本纯母乳喂养率为63.8％.人工喂养组孕期增重和产后42d、产后4～6个月时体重减少值均显著高于基本纯母乳喂养组(P均＜0.01);产后4～6个月时,基本纯母乳喂养组妇女的体重和体重滞留量均显著低于人工喂养组(P均＜0.05).结论 妇女产后体重滞留与采用不同的喂养婴儿方式有关,进行母乳喂养婴儿的产妇产后体重恢复较慢,但是其孕期增重、产后体重和体重滞留量都较人工喂养者轻.因此,在加强产后纯母乳喂养宣传的同时,也要加强孕前保健知识的宣传.     

北京市妇女产后体重滞留的影响因素调查

目的探讨北京妇女产后体重滞留的影响因素。方法采用前瞻性队列研究方法,在北京市某妇幼保健院纳入待分娩孕妇420名,并于产后6、12和18个月进行追踪调查,观察指标包括一般情况、孕前体重、孕期增重和产后各调查时间点的体重。结果产后6、12和18个月的调查人数分别为113、152和107人。调查对象孕期增重平均为(16.6±4.8)kg,孕期增重不足、适量和过多的比例分别为9.5%、40.2%和50.3%。产后6、12和18个月体重滞留量分别为4 kg、4 kg和2.9 kg。孕前BMI和孕期增重与妇女产后体重滞留密切相关,孕前BMI越低,孕期增重越多,产后体重滞留越多。结论孕期增重过多是造成妇女产后体重滞留最重要的原因。     

农村妇女产后采用不同喂养婴儿方式对其体重变化的影响

目的 了解农村妇女生育后喂养方式与体重滞留的关系.方法 采用整群抽样的方法 ,调查天津市津南区409名农村产妇的孕产期情况,测量了孕前、产前及产后的体蕈和身高.产妇体重滞留值为调查时测量体重与孕前体重的差值.统计学方法 采用方差分析等.结果 (1)产后4个月内基本纯母乳喂养率为70.9%(290/409).(2)在产后4～6个月时基本纯母乳喂养组妇女的体重滞留平均为5.8 kg,比人工喂养组(平均7.0 kg)少,但差异没有统计学意义(F=1.45,P=0.236);而到产后7～9个月时基本纯母乳喂养组妇女的体重滞留平均为4.9 kg,显著高于人工喂养组的2.9 kg(F=3.17,P=0.043).(3)基本纯母乳喂养组产妇食物摄入量最多(901 g),其次是混合喂养组(877 g),人工喂养组最少(750 g).结论 妇女产后体重滞留与采用不同的喂养婴儿方式有关,进行母乳喂养婴儿的产妇因为需要摄取较多能量,产后体重恢复较慢,但是其孕期增重和产后体重都较人工喂养者轻.因此,在加强产后纯母乳喂养宣传的同时,也要加强孕前保健知识的宣传.     

妇女产后1年体重滞留列线图预测模型的构建与评估

目的 分析妇女产后1年体重滞留的影响因素,构建并评估产后1年体重滞留的列线图预测模型。方法 于2010年9月—2011年2月在广州市越秀区和白云区妇幼保健院招募468名孕晚期孕妇,追踪至产后1年,采用自制问卷收集孕妇的基本人口学信息,3天24小时膳食回顾法调查孕晚期膳食摄入,测量妇女分娩前及产后1年体重。根据产后1年滞留体重是否>0 kg,将研究对象分为产后1年体重滞留组和体重恢复组,运用Logistic回归筛选产后1年体重滞留的影响因素。应用R 4.2.3软件构建列线图预测模型,并采用受试者工作特征曲线、校准曲线及Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验、临床决策曲线评估模型的区分度、准确度及临床适用性。结果 模型训练集329名研究对象产后1年体重滞留率为68.09%,滞留体重的四分位数水平为5.0(3.0,10.0)kg。经Logistic回归分析,以孕前体质指数、孕期增重、产次、孕次、产后0～6月喂养方式构建列线图预测模型,模型区分度(AUC_训练=0.778,AUC_验证=0.767)和准确度(Hosmer-Lemeshow检验：...     

成都市孕妇膳食能量摄入与孕期增重的关系

目的探讨孕妇各孕期膳食能量摄入水平及其来源与孕期增重的关系。方法采用纵向研究方法,于2013年选取成都市妇幼医疗机构产前门诊585名单胎健康孕妇为研究对象。采用24 h膳食回顾法分别收集孕早、中、晚期各类食物摄入量,计算各孕期膳食能量摄入及宏量营养素供能比。分别于孕(12±1)周、(28±1)周及分娩前测量孕妇体重,计算各孕期增重速率。采用多重线性回归方法分析各孕期能量摄入水平及宏量营养素供能比与孕期增重的关系。结果孕早、中、晚期孕妇能量摄入分别为1718. 6、2202. 9和2313. 4 kcal/d,碳水化合物供能比分别为62. 6%、59. 5%和59. 1%,脂肪供能比分别为21. 8%、23. 9%和24. 3%,蛋白质供能比分别为15. 6%、16. 5%和16. 7%。控制年龄、孕前BMI等混杂因素后,多重线性回归分析结果显示:各孕期能量摄入量均与其孕期增重存在正相关关系(P 0. 05),孕早、中、晚能量最高组(Q5)分别较最低组(Q1)每周多增重37. 3 g(95%CI 22. 8～51. 8,P 0. 05)、16. 8 g (95%CI 4. 8～28. 8,P 0. 05)和25. 8 g (95%CI 10. 6～41. 1,P 0. 05)。孕晚期碳水化合物供能比最高组(Q5)较最低组(Q1)每周多增重19. 1 g(95%CI 3. 1～35. 1,P 0. 05);孕晚期脂肪供能比最高组(Q5)较最低组(Q1)每周少增重16. 2 g(95%CI-31. 5～-0. 9,P 0. 05)。结论 2013年成都市孕妇孕期膳食能量摄入水平与孕期增重存在正相关关系,孕晚期碳水化合物和脂肪供能比对孕期增重有较明显影响。     

孕前BMI和孕期增重对产后1年内体重滞留的影响研究

目的探索妇女孕前体重及孕期增重对产后体重滞留的影响。方法采用历史-前瞻性队列研究设计,选择合肥市某区的产后妇女作为观察对象,于产后3个月建立观察队列,通过孕期保健档案和信息系统获取产前检查信息,于产后3、6、9和12个月连续观察。观察指标包括基线资料、孕前体重和孕期增重、产后一年内不同时间点的体重。结果产后3、6、9和12个月时BMI恢复到正常范围者所占的比例分别为61.92%、68.73%、78.18%和84.24%。孕前BMI不同的妇女孕期增重和体重滞留在3、6、9和12个月各个时间点上均存在差异,孕前BMI较高组与孕前BMI适中组、孕前BMI较低组分别进行比较,差异具有统计学意义。孕期增重和时间对产后体重的恢复均具有独立的效应,但两者之间不存在交互效应。结论孕前BMI、孕期体重增加是产后体重滞留的重要因素。根据孕前BMI指导孕期合理体重增加,能减少产后体重滞留,促进产后恢复。     

孕期膳食铁及维生素A摄入水平对低出生体质量儿的影响研究

目的探讨不同孕期膳食铁及维生素A日均摄入水平对低出生体质量儿发生风险的影响,并分析其交互效应。方法选取2017年1月至2018年6月在某省级三甲医疗机构建卡就诊并在本院分娩的孕妇为研究对象,采用24 h膳食回顾法分别在孕早、孕中、孕晚期对孕妇进行膳食调查并随访至胎儿分娩。以多因素logistics回归模型分析不同孕期膳食维生素A与铁摄入量对低出生体质量儿发生风险的影响,用相乘模型分析其交互作用。结果 8 469例单胎孕妇中,分娩低出生体质量儿531例(6.27%),分娩巨大体质量儿583例(6.88%)。分娩低出生体质量儿孕妇孕期膳食维生素A及铁日均摄入量在孕早期(t=2.76、2.84,P=0.003、0.002)、孕中期(t=3.26、2.08,P=0.01、0.019)、孕晚期(t=3.12、3.13,P0.01)均低于分娩正常体质量儿孕妇摄入量。在控制相关混杂因素后,经多因素logistic回归分析显示,孕晚期膳食维生素A摄入水平低于EAR的孕妇分娩低出生体质量儿的风险增加12%(OR=1.12, 95%CI:1.01～1.28),孕早、孕中、孕晚期膳食铁摄入量低于EAR的孕妇分娩低出生体质量儿的风险分别增加36%(OR=1.36, 95%CI:1.09～1.70)、18%(OR=1.18, 95%CI:1.05～1.33)、22%(OR=1.22, 95%CI:1.07～1.39);交互作用分析显示,孕期膳食维生素A与铁摄入量不足对低出生体质量儿的发生风险存在相乘的交互作用(OR_(孕早)=1.28, 95%CI:1.04～1.57;OR_(孕中)=1.15, 95%CI:1.06～1.25;OR_(孕晚)=1.15, 95%CI:1.05～1.28)。结论孕期膳食维生素A及铁摄入量低于RNI将增加低出生体质量儿的发生风险,故孕期适量增加维生素A及铁摄入可降低LBW的出生。     

Perinatal weight and risk of prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms

PurposePrepregnancy obesity and weight changes accompanying pregnancy (gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention) may be associated with risk of maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy and in the postpartum. The few studies that have examined these relationships report conflicting findings.MethodsWe studied pregnant (n = 2112) and postpartum (n = 1686) women enrolled in Project Viva. We used self-reported prepregnancy and postpartum weight and measured prenatal weight to calculate prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG), and postpartum weight retention at 6 months after birth. We assessed elevated depressive symptoms (EDS) with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (≥13 on 0–30 scale) at midpregnancy and 6 months postpartum. We used logistic regression to estimate the odds of prenatal and postpartum EDS in relation to prepregnancy BMI, GWG, and postpartum weight retention.ResultsA total of 214 (10%) participants experienced prenatal EDS and 151 (9%) postpartum EDS. Neither prepregnancy BMI nor GWG was associated with prenatal EDS. Prepregnancy obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg per m²) was associated with higher odds of postpartum EDS (odds ratio = 1.69, 95% confidence interval, 1.01–2.83) compared to normal prepregnancy weight in a model adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, nativity, education, marital status, household income, parity, pregnancy intention, and smoking.ConclusionsPrepregnancy obesity is associated with elevated depressive symptoms in the postpartum period. Given the current obesity epidemic in the US and the consequences of perinatal depression, additional prevention and screening efforts in this population may be warranted.     

Smoking status and maternal weight trajectories during pregnancy and postpartum: Preliminary results from a pilot study

ObjectiveTo preliminarily examine throughout pregnancy and 12 months postpartum: 1) the critical timings of abnormal gestational weight gain (GWG) among quitters and non-quitters; 2) the consequences of abnormal GWG on weight retention during postpartum; 3) the potential difference in GWG by timing of quitting (early vs. late).MethodsWe included 59 pregnant smokers (49 quitters and 10 non-quitters) from two clinical pilot studies. Smoking status and weight were repeatedly measured throughout pregnancy and postpartum. Weight trajectories were analyzed using mixed models with smoking cessation status, pregnancy week or postpartum month, their interaction term, and potential confounders.ResultsAt enrollment, mothers had a mean BMI of 28.7 (SD, 7.2) and mean age of 30.1 years (SD, 5.8). Both groups had a linear increase in GWG, but quitters had a much higher rate of GWG (0.87 vs. 0.22 pounds/week) than non-quitters throughout pregnancy. Before delivery, 63.3% of quitters and 20.0% of non-quitters had excessive total GWG, while 12.2% of quitters and 60.0% of non-quitters had inadequate total GWG (p-value=0.004). Early quitters (<21 weeks) had a higher risk of excessive GWG (85.0%) than late quitters (≥21 weeks, 36.4%) (p-value=0.026). After delivery, quitters’ weight remained stable following a rapid weight loss, whereas non-quitters’ weight increased continuously.ConclusionsNon-quitters have a high risk of inadequate GWG, while quitters, especially early quitters, have a high risk of excessive GWG. The group difference in weight trajectories lasted from conception to postpartum.     

孕前体质指数和孕期增重对新生儿出生体重及分娩方式影响的队列研究

目的 本研究旨在分析母亲孕前体质指数（body mass index,BMI）、孕期增重（gestational weight gain,GWG）对新生儿出生体重及分娩方式的影响。方法 2015年7月 - 2018年12月,在天津市纳入1 868对母婴,进行问卷调查。采用多重线性回归与logistic回归模型探索母亲孕前BMI和GWG对新生儿出生体重及分娩方式的影响。结果 新生儿出生体重随孕前BMI的增加而增加（β = 0.010, 95%CI: 0.005-0.016, P＜0.001）;与GWG不足组对比,GWG过多组新生儿出生体重较高（β = 0.100, 95%CI: 0.053-0.148, P＜0.001）。巨大儿的出生率随孕前BMI的增加而增加（OR = 1.086, 95%CI: 1.028-1.147, P = 0.003）。剖宫产的发生率随着孕前BMI的增加而增加（OR = 1.054, 95%CI: 1.021-1.087, P = 0.001）。结论 合理控制孕前BMI,避免孕期体重过度增长,有利于新生儿体重的控制,降低巨大儿和剖宫产的发生率。     

Television, walking, and diet: associations with postpartum weight retention

BACKGROUND: For many women, pregnancy begets long-term weight gain. Modifiable behaviors that contribute to postpartum weight retention have not been well studied. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 902 women enrolled in Project Viva, examining associations of postpartum television viewing, walking, and trans fat intake with weight retention equal to or greater than 5 kg at 12 months postpartum. Data were collected in 1999-2003 and analyzed in 2005-2006. RESULTS: At 6 months postpartum, women reported a mean (SD) of 1.7 (1.3) hours of television viewing, 0.7 (0.7) hours of walking, and 1.1% (0.5) of energy intake from trans fat per day. At 1 year, participants retained a mean of 0.6 kg (range: -17.3 to 25.5), and 12% retained at least 5 kg. In multivariate logistic regression models, adjusting for maternal sociodemographics, parity, prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, breastfeeding, and smoking, the odds ratio of retaining at least 5 kg was 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-1.46) per daily hour of television viewing, 0.66 (95% CI: 0.46-0.94) per daily hour of walking, and 1.33 (95% CI: 1.09-1.62) per 0.5% increment in daily energy intake from trans fat. Women who watched less than 2 hours of television, walked at least 30 minutes, and consumed trans fat below the median had an odds ratio of 0.23 (95% CI: 0.08-0.66) of retaining at least 5 kg. CONCLUSIONS: Postpartum television viewing, walking, and trans fat intake were associated with weight retention. Interventions to modify these behaviors may help reduce excess postpartum weight gain and prevent obesity among women.     

Postpartum weight retention in relation to gestational weight gain and pre-pregnancy body mass index: A prospective cohort study in Vietnam

BackgroundThe prevalence of maternal overweight and obesity is increasing in Asia. This study prospectively investigated the association between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG) and 12-month postpartum weight retention (PPWR) in a large cohort of Vietnamese mothers.MethodsOf the 2030 pregnant women recruited from three cities in Vietnam at 24–28 weeks of gestation, a total of 1666 mothers were followed up for 12 months after delivery and available for analysis. The outcome variable PPWR was determined by subtracting the pre-pregnancy weight from the 12-month postpartum measured weight, while GWG and pre-pregnancy BMI were classified according to the Institute of Medicine and WHO criteria for adults, respectively. Linear regression models were used to ascertain the association between pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG and PPWR accounting for the effects of plausible confounding factors.ResultsBoth pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG were significantly associated with PPWR (P < 0.001). The adjusted mean weight retention in underweight women before pregnancy (3.71 kg, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.37–4.05) was significantly higher than that in those with normal pre-pregnancy weight (2.34 kg, 95% CI 2.13–2.54). Women with excessive GWG retained significantly more weight (5.07 kg, 95% CI 4.63–5.50) on average at 12 months, when compared to mothers with adequate GWG (2.92 kg, 95% CI 2.67–3.17).ConclusionsBeing underweight before pregnancy and excessive GWG contribute to greater weight retention twelve months after giving birth. Interventions to prevent postpartum maternal obesity should target at risk women at the first antenatal visit and control their weight gain during the course of pregnancy.     

Modifiable Determinants of Postpartum Weight Loss in Women with Obesity: A Secondary Analysis of the UPBEAT Trial

Pregnancy can alter a woman’s weight gain trajectory across the life course and contribute to the development of obesity through retention of weight gained during pregnancy. This study aimed to identify modifiable determinants associated with postpartum weight retention (PPWR; calculated by the difference in pre-pregnancy and 6 month postpartum weight) in 667 women with obesity from the UPBEAT study. We examined the relationship between PPWR and reported glycaemic load, energy intake, and smoking status in pregnancy, excessive gestational weight gain (GWG), mode of delivery, self-reported postpartum physical activity (low, moderate, and high), and mode of infant feeding (breast, formula, and mixed). At the 6 month visit, 48% (n = 320) of women were at or above pre-pregnancy weight. Overall, PPWR was negative (−0.06 kg (−42.0, 40.4)). Breastfeeding for ≥4 months, moderate or high levels of physical activity, and GWG ≤9 kg were associated with negative PPWR. These three determinants were combined to provide a modifiable factor score (range 0–3); for each added variable, a further reduction in PPWR of 3.0 kg (95% confidence interval 3.76, 2.25) occurred compared to women with no modifiable factors. This study identified three additive determinants of PPWR loss. These provide modifiable targets during pregnancy and the postnatal period to enable women with obesity to return to their pre-pregnancy weight.     

孕前体质指数及孕期增重对新生儿出生体重影响的前瞻性队列研究

目的  分析孕妇孕前体质指数(body mass index, BMI)及孕期增重(gestational weight gain, GWG)与新生儿出生体重的关联性, 并探究孕妇孕前及孕中体重动态变化对新生儿低出生体重(low birth weight, LBW)及巨大儿的影响。 方法  收集中国孕产妇队列·协和纳入的孕早期孕妇孕前体重, 并随访至分娩后, 收集分娩前体重及新生儿出生结局。将孕妇孕前BMI分为低体重组、正常体重组及超重/肥胖组, 将GWG分为适宜、不足及过多组。采用多因素多分类(多项)Logistic回归分析模型探讨孕前BMI及GWG与新生儿出生体重的关系。 结果  孕前BMI及GWG与子代出生体重相关(均有P < 0.05)。孕前超重/肥胖(OR=2.339, 95%CI:1.674~2.282, P < 0.001)、GWG过多(OR=1.398, 95%CI:1.188~1.978, P=0.048)显示为巨大儿的危险因素, GWG不足(OR=1.479, 95%CI:1.461~1.679, P=0.035)显示为LBW的危险因素, GWG过多会降低LBW的发生风险(OR=0.428, 95%CI:0.225~0.817, P=0.010)。低BMI-GWG不足(OR=1.335, 95%CI:1.048~2.319, P=0.048)是LBW的危险因素; 正常BMI-GWG过多(OR=1.088, 95%CI:1.016~1.675, P=0.038)和超重/肥胖-GWG过多(OR=1.498, 95%CI:1.244~2.017, P=0.046)是巨大儿的危险因素。 结论  孕前BMI及GWG是影响新生儿出生体重的重要因素, 提示女性应合理控制孕前及孕中体重变化。     

Predictors of postpartum weight retention among urban Malaysian mothers: A prospective cohort study

BackgroundWomen of childbearing age are predisposed to becoming overweight or obese. This study determines the mean, prevalence and factors associated with 6 months postpartum weight retention among urban Malaysian mothers.MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted at baseline (after delivery), 2, 4 and 6 months postpartum. From 638 eligible mothers initially recruited, 420 completed until 6 months. Dependent variable was weight retention, defined as difference between weight at 6 months postpartum and pre-pregnancy weight, and weight retention ≥5 kg was considered excessive. Independent variables included socio-demographic, history of pregnancy and delivery, lifestyle, practices and traditional postpartum practices.ResultsAverage age was 29.61 ± 4.71 years, majority (83.3%) were Malays, 58.8% (low education), 70.0% (employed), 65.2% (middle income family), 33.8% (primiparous) and 66.7% (normal/instrumental delivery). Average gestational weight gain was 12.90 ± 5.18 kg. Mean postpartum weight retention was 3.12 ± 4.76 kg, 33.8% retaining ≥5 kg. Bivariable analysis showed low income, primiparity, gestational weight gain ≥12 kg, less active physically, higher energy, protein, carbohydrate and fat intake in diet, never using hot stone compression and not continuing breastfeeding were significantly associated with higher 6 months postpartum weight retention. From multivariable linear regression analysis, less active physically, higher energy intake in diet, gestational weight gain ≥12 kg, not continuing breastfeeding 6 months postpartum and never using hot stone compression could explain 55.1% variation in 6 months postpartum weight retention.ConclusionWomen need to control gestational weight gain, remain physically active, reduce energy intake, breastfeed for at least 6 months and use hot stone compression to prevent high postpartum weight retention.     

Association between adolescents’ consumption of total and different types of sugar‐sweetened beverages with oral health impacts and weight status

Objective: To examine the associations between adolescents’ intake of sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) with oral health impacts (OHI) and weight status. Methods: Cross‐sectional health survey with anthropometry and self‐report OHI (toothache and avoiding some foods because of oral problems) and SSB intake (fruit juice, flavoured water, soft, diet, sports and energy drinks) collected in 2015. Results: A total of 3,671 adolescents participated (50% girls; mean age 13.2 years ±1.7). Drinking ≥1cup/day of SSBs was consistently associated with higher odds of OHI compared with drinking <1cup/day: diet soft drinks (AOR, 5.21 95%CI 2.67, 10.18); sports drinks (AOR 3.60 95%CI 1.93, 6.73); flavoured water (AOR 3.07 95%CI 1.55, 6.06); and energy drinks (AOR 2.14 95%CI 1.44, 3.19). Daily SSB intake was not consistently associated with weight status. The odds of overweight/obesity (AOR 1.27 95%CI 1.01, 1.59) and obesity (AOR 1.61 95%CI 1.01, 2.57) were higher for energy drink consumption, compared with not drinking energy drinks; and the odds of abdominal obesity were twice as high among adolescents who drank ≥1cup/day of sports drinks, compared with <1cup/day intake. Conclusions: Daily consumption of SSBs is prevalent among adolescents and is consistently associated with higher odds of OHI. The most popular SSBs among adolescents were energy drinks. Different types of SSB were differentially associated with OHI and weight status. Implications for public health: Different types of SSBs were differentially associated with OHI and weight status in adolescents. Diet soft drinks and new generation SSBs such as energy and sport drinks and flavoured water had a greater impact on adolescents’ OHI compared with soft drinks and fruit juice.     

Association of fewer hours of sleep at 6 months postpartum with substantial weight retention at 1 year postpartum

Shorter sleep duration is linked to obesity, coronary artery disease, and diabetes. Whether sleep deprivation during the postpartum period affects maternal postpartum weight retention remains unknown. This study examined the association of sleep at 6 months postpartum with substantial postpartum weight retention (SPPWR), defined as 5 kg or more above pregravid weight at 1 year postpartum. The authors selected 940 participants in Project Viva who enrolled during early pregnancy from 1999 to 2002. Logistic regression models estimated odds ratios of SPPWR for sleep categories, controlling for sociodemographic, prenatal, and behavioral attributes. Of the 940 women, 124 (13%) developed SPPWR. Sleep distributions were as follows: 114 (12%) women slept < or =5 hours/day, 280 (30%) slept 6 hours/day, 321 (34%) slept 7 hours/day, and 225 (24%) slept > or =8 hours/day. Adjusted odds ratios of SPPWR were 3.13 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.42, 6.94) for < or =5 hours/day, 0.99 (95% CI: 0.50, 1.97) for 6 hours/day, and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.50, 1.78) for > or =8 hours/day versus 7 hours/day (p = 0.012). The adjusted odds ratio for SPPWR of 2.05 (95% CI: 1.11, 3.78) was twofold greater (p = 0.02) for a decrease in versus no change in sleep at 1 year postpartum. Sleeping < or =5 hours/day at 6 months postpartum was strongly associated with retaining > or =5 kg at 1 year postpartum. Interventions to prevent postpartum obesity should consider strategies to attain optimal maternal sleep duration.