微创手术在神经外科中的应用价值研究

目的：探讨微创手术在神经外科中的应用价值。方法：1999年11月至2001年8月本组进行微创手术364例，其中无框架脑立体定向手术177例，微骨孔入路123例，微骨孔入路无框架立体定向手术64例。350例开颅手术中颅内占位病变158例，其中脑膜瘤51例，胶质瘤45例，垂体腺瘤12例（经蝶入路5例），神经鞘瘤10例，颅咽管瘤6例，血管网织细胞瘤5例，转移瘤5例，其它24例；动脉瘤108例，动静脉畸形53例，海绵状血管瘤31例。脊髓手术14例。结果：病灶和重要解剖结构定位准确，病灶定位误差均在2mm以内，术后血肿和神经功能损害分别为1例和22例，占6．0％，无手术死亡。结论：微创手术对脑和脊髓外科，尤其对切除脑深部病灶很有帮助，可以准确发现病灶，保护正常神经组织，改变了传统神经外科手术模式。     

导航下手术治疗脑血管疾病

目的：探讨无框架脑立体定位手术在治疗脑血管性疾病中的应用价值。方法：术前将MRI数据传入无框架脑立体定向导航系统（SealthStation)计算机工作站,进行三维建模,标记点定位,手术入路设计,开颅前行参考环及探针确认,标记点注册,设计手术切口,术中实时定位,1999年11月至2001年6月行无框架脑立体定向手术117例,其中动静脉畸形46例,动脉瘤42例,海绵状血管瘤29例,结果：颅内病灶或重要解剖定位结构准确,机显病灶定位误差均在2mm以内,术后神经功能损害4例,占3．4％,无手术死亡,结论：无框架脑立体定向手术能准确进行病灶定位,有效保护脑组织,减少神经损伤,切除病灶,改变了传统开颅手术模式,是微创神经外科的保证。     

立体定向技术在基层神经外科的临床应用(附15例临床分析)

目的评价立体定向技术在基层神经外科的临床应用价值。方法应用立体定向技术以及微创开颅技术,完成15例颅内病变的手术,分析临床治疗效果。结果立体定向活检3例,术后病理诊断明确;立体定向微创手术7例,病灶一次切除;立体定向穿刺引流术或血肿排空5例,术后症状明显改善。手术均一次成功,无手术并发症。结论立体定向微创手术能对病灶进行精确的定位和导向,以实现对颅内病灶的微创手术,特别对深部病灶性质的诊断和脑内小肿瘤的切除及囊性病变的引流有实际的应用价值,具有简便、易行和创伤小、费用低的优点。     

无框架神经导航与立体定向开颅术的比较性研究

目的：探讨无框架神经导航手术和立体定向开颅术的各自特点。方法：回顾性总结自1999年2月-2000年12月间使用ASA-601V神经外科导航系统完成的38例导航手术和使用Leksell-G型定向开颅手术。结果：导航组;病灶全切34例,近全切3例,行动脉瘤加固术1例,立体定向开颅组;全组病例均守整切除病灶,二组都无严重并发症和死亡。结果：无框架神经导航手术和立体定向开颅术,均属于立体定向手术范畴。对于位于颅表或皮层下的病灶（直径≤5cm),适于行立体定向开颅术。而对于脑深部、边界不规则呈浸润性生长的病灶和颅底病灶,则适于行无框架神经导航手术。     

无框架神经导航与立体定向开颅术的比较性研究

目的：探讨无框架神经导航手术和立体定向开颅术的各自特点。方法：回顾性总结自1999年2月至2000年12月间使用ASA－601V神经外科导航系统完成的38例导航手术和使用Leksell-G型定向仪完成的67例立体定向开颅手术。结果：导航组：病灶全切34例,近全切3例,行动脉瘤加固术1例。立体定向开颅组：全组病例均完整切除病灶。二组都无严重并发症和死亡。结论：无框架神经导航手术和立体定向开颅术,均属于立体定向手术范畴。对于位于颅表或皮层下的病灶（直径≤5cm）,适于行立体定向开颅术。而对于脑深部、边界不规则呈浸润性生长的病灶和颅底病灶,则适于行无框架神经导航手术。     

儿童脑内小肉芽肿继发癫痫的CT脑立体定向开放显微手术

目的 探讨儿童脑内小肉芽肿继发癫痫的CT脑立体定向开放显微手术治疗方法。方法 对31例儿童脑内小肉芽肿继发癫痫病变直径在0．4～2．5cm之间的患采用CT脑立体定向仪定位,显微镜下切除病灶。结果 31例均在显微镜下操作将病灶完整切除,无手术并发症及死亡。随访8个月～3年,经CT复查证实无复发,癫痫消失,脑电图正常。结论 儿童脑内小肉芽肿继发癫痫的CT脑立体定向显微手术切除脑内病灶,定位准确,安全有效,值得推广。     

立体定向手术摘除脑囊虫病灶48例分析

目的探讨立体定向引导下显微手术摘除脑囊虫病灶的方法和优越性。方法应用ASA-602S型脑立体定向仪对囊虫病灶实施定位,配合显微手术摘除脑重要功能区及脑深部囊虫病灶。结果立体定向手术定位准确,均一次性找到病灶。其中颞叶病灶18例,额叶病灶14例,顶叶病灶9例,枕叶病灶7例。囊虫病灶直径为0.5～3.2cm。病理报告均证实为脑囊虫。术后3d～1个月复查CT或MRI显示病灶消失,无死亡病例。结论立体定向引导的显微手术摘除脑囊虫病灶是一种定位精确、对脑组织损伤小、安全、有效的手术方法。     

立体定向引导显微手术切除脑功能区病变

目的探讨立体定向引导显微手术治疗脑功能区病变的临床效果和应用价值。方法应用立体定向仪和手术计划系统,对8例脑功能区病灶进行立体定向开颅显微手术切除。结果 8例病灶均定位准确,显微镜下全切。6例术前有癫痫的患者术后4例发作完全消失,另2例明显减轻。2例胶质瘤病人1例术后13月复发。2例转移瘤病人1例死于原发病,1例颅内再次转移。2例术前无神经功能障碍者术后出现对侧肢体无力,经治疗1例恢复,1例改善。3例合并神经功能障碍者术后均获得不同程度的改善。结论立体定向引导显微手术治疗脑功能区病变定位准确,侵袭性小,有助于提高病变全切率及降低手术并发症。     

立体定向引导微创外科手术切除脑肿瘤

目的　探索立体定向引导微创外科手术治疗脑深部小肿瘤可能性。方法　采用F LFischerZD立体定向仪和SOMATOMPLUS4CT机作为立体定向引导系统 ,微创外科切除脑深部微小病灶 15例 ,其中垂体微腺瘤9例 ,颞、顶深部海绵状血管瘤 4例 ,尾状核星形细胞瘤 2例。手术时 ,由CT扫描确定病灶靶点 ,通过立体定向仪计算机软件计算靶点坐标 ,最后根据靶点坐标数据调整导向臂X、Y、Z ,由导针引导直至找到病灶。结果　 15病灶均顺利找到和切除 ,无手术并发症和死亡。结论　立体定向引导微创外科手术切除脑深部微小病灶是一种简单、安全和有效的手术方法     

立体定向显微外科技术处理颅内病变

目的 探讨立体定向显微神经外科手术治疗颅内病变的手术疗效。方法 本组病例732例，其中颅内实质性肿瘤269例，囊性肿瘤172例，微小病变171例，透明隔囊肿89例，异物31例。全部病例均采用驹井式CT脑立体定向仪或Brain LAB神经导航系统作为立体定向装置，引导显微外科手术。结果 本组病变全切除643例(87．8％)，次全切除46例(6．4％)，大部分切除43例(5．8％)，无手术死亡。本组133例症状性癫痫起病的患，102例(76．7％)病灶清除后症状消失，31例(23．3％)发作次数明显减少，效果良好。结论 立体定向显微神经外科手术切除颅内病变是一种安全和有效的微创手术方法，其中框架式立体定向手术精确、经济、实用，而神经导航显微外科手术则具有直观、提供信息多等独特的优势和广泛的应用前景。     

无框扫描立体定向技术在神经外科手术中的应用体会

目的总结无框扫描立体定向技术在神经外科手术中的使用经验和体会。方法回顾分析46例运用无框扫描立体定向技术进行的开颅手术,均行手术规划和(或)术中导航,胶质瘤切除前先穿刺肿瘤边界,放置标记物。结果无框扫描立体定向技术定位误差1.5～2.5mm,平均误差1.8mm,100%准确直达靶点;肿瘤及动静脉畸形均全切除。结论无框扫描立体定向技术具有精确定位、实时导航和辨认组织的功能,且能有效应对术中脑组织漂移,操作简便,能明显减轻手术创伤,减少并发症,是微创神经外科手术的重要辅助技术。     

Magnetic resonance angiography image guidance for the microsurgical clipping of intracranial aneurysms: a report of two cases

To describe the integration of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in neuronavigation procedures for microsurgery of intracranial aneurysms. MRA was combined with standard magnetic resonance image (MRI) acquisition in the image-guided planning for the microsurgical clipping of a saccular aneurysm in two patients (one 3-mm large middle cerebral artery and one 8-mm large pericallosal artery aneurysm, diagnosed by catheter angiography in both patients) using two different neurosurgical navigation systems. Conventional 3-D T1-weighted MRI with gadolinium and MRA pulse sequences were acquired in frameless stereotactic conditions the day before surgery and thereafter registered, allowing the definition a minimally invasive straight trajectory to the aneurysm neck. MRA-guided neurosurgery allowed a direct approach to the aneurysms at their proper location, reducing the invasiveness of the approach by tailoring the bone opening and reducing the duration and extension of brain retraction. The technique also avoided unnecessary dissection and exposure of the main trunks and collateral vessels. The aneurysms were successfully eradicated without complication. Integration of MRA in the planning and neuronavigation procedure for intracranial aneurysms may minimize the morbidity related to the surgical approach. This technique may be applicable more routinely using standard neuronavigation equipment.     

Frameless stereotactic brain biopsy procedures using the Stealth Station: indications, accuracy and results

This study presents the results of 57 stereotactic brain biopsies using a frameless neuronavigation system, the Stealth Station. The supratentorial lesions had a mean diameter of 33 mm and a mean distance of 32 mm from the entry point at brain surface. In all cases the stereotactic procedure was planned in the preoperative 3-D magnetic resonance data set. In seven cases additional data for identification of eloquent brain areas was integrated from magnetoencephalography or functional magnetic resonance imaging. During surgery the samples were sent to neuropathological examination and the operation completed after the confirmation of pathological tissue. Using this method, in 56 cases a pathological tissue was obtained and a diagnostic yield of 98% was achieved. In two cases (3.5%) a new neurological deficit remained (hemiparesis and visual field deficit). The mean operation time was 92 minutes including examination of frozen sections. The results of our series demonstrate, that frameless stereotactic systems can also be reliably applied for biopsy of supratentorial lesions larger than 15 mm. Frameless stereotaxy in combination with intraoperative pathological confirmation is a safe and reliable method for stereotactic brain biopsy with a diagnostic yield comparable to frame-based stereotaxy.     

Neuronavigation and surgery of intracerebral tumours

Approximately four decades after the successful clinical introduction of framebased stereotactic neurosurgery by Spiegel and Wycis, frameless stereotaxy emerged to enable more elaborate image guidance in open neurosurgical procedures. Frameless stereotaxy, or neuronavigation, relies on one of several different localizing techniques to determine the position of an operative instrument relative to the surgical field, without the need for a coordinate frame rigidly fixed to the patients’ skull. Currently, most systems are based on the optical triangulation of infrared light sources fixed to the surgical instrument. In its essence, a navigation system is a three-dimensional digitiser that correlates its measurements to a reference data set, i.e. a preoperatively acquired CT or MRI image stack. This correlation is achieved through a patient-to-image registration procedure resulting in a mathematical transformation matrix mapping each position in ‘world space’ onto ‘image space’. Thus, throughout the remainder of the surgical procedure, the position of the surgical instrument can be demonstrated on a computer screen, relative to the CT or MRI images. Though neuronavigation has become a routinely used addition to the neurosurgical armamentarium, its impact on surgical results has not yet been examined sufficiently. Therefore, the surgeon is left to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to perform surgery with or without neuronavigation. Future challenges lie in improvement of the interface between the surgeon and the neuronavigator and in reducing the brainshift error, i.e. inaccuracy introduced by changes in tissue positions after image acquisition. Received in revised form: 21 October 2006     

Magnetic resonance angiography image guidance for the microsurgical clipping of intracranial aneurysms: a report of two cases

Abstract

To describe the integration of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in neuronavigation procedures for microsurgery of intracranial aneurysms. MRA was combined with standard magnetic resonance image (MRI) acquisition in the image-guided planning for the microsurgical clipping of a saccular aneurysm in two patients (one 3-mm large middle cerebral artery and one 8-mm large pericallosal artery aneurysm, diagnosed by catheter angiography in both patients) using two different neurosurgical navigation systems. Conventional 3-D T1-weighted MRI with gadolinium and MRA pulse sequences were acquired in frameless stereotactic conditions the day before surgery and thereafter registered, allowing the definition a minimally invasive straight trajectory to the aneurysm neck. MRA-guided neurosurgery allowed a direct approach to the aneurysms at their proper location, reducing the invasiveness of the approach by tailoring the bone opening and reducing the duration and extension of brain retraction. The technique also avoided unnecessary dissection and exposure of the main trunks and collateral vessels. The aneurysms were successfully eradicated without complication. Integration of MRA in the planning and neuronavigation procedure for intracranial aneurysms may minimize the morbidity related to the surgical approach. This technique may be applicable more routinely using standard neuronavigation equipment.     

Frame-less and frame-based stereotaxy? How to choose the appropriate procedure

In recent years, additional tools for image guided surgery have been developed. Devices are now available for frameless punction and biopsy of intracerebral lesions and the indications for frameless and frame-based stereotaxy are increasingly overlapping. The objective of our paper was to analyse the most important factors that influence the decision on when to use frameless and when frame-based stereotaxy. Criteria such as application accuracy, image information and ergonomics were investigated for different lesions. Frameless and frame-based stereotaxy are complementary systems with different indications. They are different in terms of image information and ergonomics. Image guided surgery is the standard for continuous 3-dimensional topographical orientation. With high quality images (1 mm slice thickness) and bone marker registration, frameless stereotaxy may achieve an application accuracy comparable to frame-based systems. However, when using adhaesively mounted skin fiducials for patient registration, frameless stereotaxy is less accurate than framebased systems. Therefore, the size of the lesion should exceed 10 mm for punction and biopsy with a frameless system. Frame-based stereotaxy remains the gold standard for accurate targeting of lesions < 10 mm and for functional procedures.     

微侵袭手术切除脑内血管网状细胞瘤

目的：探讨神经导航及显微技术下的微侵袭手术切除囊性血管网状细胞瘤瘤结节及血供丰富的实体肿瘤的疗效。方法：本组共10例，对瘤结节直径＜1cm的3例肿瘤于神经导航下行显微手术切除，其余直接行显微手术，血供丰富的大型肿瘤在显微镜下逐步显露供瘤动脉，分别阻断后除之。结果：导航定位准确，平均误差仅2mm，9例全部切除，本组术后无神经功能缺失。1例肿瘤少量残留于术后15d因原瘤床出血而死亡。结论：神经导航及显微技术是脑内血管网状细胞 瘤有效的微侵袭手术方法，对血供丰富的瘤体应尽可能做到全切除。     

Navigated dorsolateral suboccipital transcondylar (NADOSTA) approach for treatment of hypoglossal schwannoma. Case report and review of the literature

Hypoglossal schwannoma is a rare skull base neoplasm, which lies in the midst of extremely complex anatomical structures. We report a 39-year-old man who presented with a history of right glossal hemiatrophy, dysesthesia and weakness of the left extremities. These symptoms were caused by a unilateral hypoglossal schwannoma located at the cranial base. This lesion was exposed through a dorsolateral suboccipital transcondylar approach, which was navigated with the frameless stereotaxy (NADOSTA). We also describe the epidemiology, symptomatology and the diagnosis of hypoglossal schwannoma as well as literature review of the operative approach. By introducing this minimally invasive dorsal surgical approach with neuronavigation in treating hypoglossal schwannoma, we believe that safe exposure and complete tumor resection can be achieved with minimal rate of morbidity.