婴幼儿入睡方式及其对睡眠质量的影响北大核心CSCD

目的了解婴幼儿入睡方式现状、入睡方式的影响因素及其对睡眠质量的影响。方法选取暨南大学附属深圳市宝安区妇幼保健院生长发育门诊体检的521名0~35月龄婴幼儿为研究对象,采用自制问卷和简明婴儿睡眠问卷收集其一般家庭情况、养育行为及近1周的睡眠情况等,采用多因素logistic回归分析评估婴幼儿入睡方式的影响因素,采用多元线性回归分析评估入睡方式对夜醒次数的影响。结果521名婴幼儿中,奶睡258例(49.5%),抱睡62例(11.9%),自行入睡39例(7.5%),父母陪伴入睡162例(31.1%)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,目前仍在母乳喂养的婴幼儿和月龄较小的婴幼儿奶睡概率较高(P<0.05),月龄较小的婴幼儿抱睡概率亦较高(P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析显示,奶睡显著增加婴幼儿夜醒次数(P<0.05)。结论婴幼儿以奶睡、抱睡及父母陪伴入睡等入睡方式居多;入睡方式与月龄及目前是否仍在母乳喂养相关;奶睡会增加婴幼儿夜醒次数。     

婴幼儿胃食管反流与呼吸道感染的关系探讨

目的探讨婴幼儿阶段胃食管反流与呼吸道感染的关系。方法用便携式24h食管pH监测仪记录食管下端pH值变化。观察组89例,平均年龄(10.5±0.9)个月,系因下呼吸道感染在呼吸科病房住院患儿,符合下述3条件之一①3个月内有下呼吸道感染史≥1次;②咳嗽喘息经过治疗≥半个月仍不愈;③溢乳史。对照组为26例健康儿,平均年龄(13.7±2.1)个月。结果观察组5项反流指标均高于对照组,差异有显著性(P均<0.001)。观察组病理性GER的检出率为79.8%(71/89例),显著高于对照组(χ2=49.554,P<0.01)。呼吸道感染合并GER的患儿在总反流次数、反流时间≥5min的次数和最长反流时间上婴儿高于幼儿,差异有显著性(P<0.01或<0.05);总pH<4时间百分比和综合评分也是婴儿较幼儿高(P<0.01)。呼吸道感染合并GER的患儿体重偏重眼体重大于第80百分位(P80)演占40.8%(29/71例)。婴儿GER患儿中体重偏重者占一半,与幼儿GER相比,差异有显著性。结论在婴儿期胃食管反流症状较幼儿期常见,溢乳和体重偏重有关;婴幼儿时期胃食管反流病与反复呼吸道感染、呼吸道炎症不愈以及部分哮喘有关。     

西安城区6～13岁儿童睡眠状况及其相关因素分析

目的 了解儿童睡眠状况及其相关因素.方法 于2005年11月采用分层随机抽样方法 在西安城区选取2 037名6～13岁儿童进行学龄儿童家庭社会环境与睡眠健康问卷调查.结果 6～13岁儿童午睡、夜睡和全天的睡眠次数随年龄的增长而减少(F=18.28～65.35,P均＜0.01),同时夜睡及全天睡眠时间也随年龄的增长而逐渐减少(F=22.290、45.333,P均＜0.01).影响儿童睡眠时间的因素主要有:儿童年龄、家庭作业量、居室环境、睡眠卫生习惯(就寝时间、睡前活动、入睡方式)、抚养人每天总睡眠时间.结论 西安城区6～13岁儿童睡眠时间不足,睡眠障碍的发生率较高,应该引起关注.     

屏幕暴露对0～3岁婴幼儿语言发育的影响

目的描述上海市0～3岁婴幼儿屏幕暴露的时间和特征,分析屏幕暴露对婴幼儿语言发育的影响。方法2014年5月至9月,采用分层定额整群随机抽样方法在上海市随机选择34个街镇,纳入8 500户0～3岁健康婴幼儿家庭进行自编问卷的调查研究。结果 1岁幼儿的语言发育迟缓总发生率为36.6%,2岁为15.2%;男孩发生率均高于女孩,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。0～3岁婴幼儿随年龄增加,屏幕暴露的时间逐渐延长;按性别分层,男孩和女孩屏幕暴露时间分别与表达性语言发育呈负相关(P0.05);按年龄分层,18月龄婴幼儿随着屏幕暴露时间增加,表达性语言指标越差,屏幕暴露时间与表达性语言发育呈负相关(P0.05);≥18月龄幼儿只有当屏幕暴露时间超过2小时,随着屏幕时间增加,表达性语言发育越差,呈负相关(P0.05)。结论屏幕暴露影响婴幼儿表达性语言的发育,特别是18月龄婴幼儿应避免任何屏幕接触。     

儿童重症监护病房急性重症肺炎常见病原菌分析

目的 分析遵义地区儿童重症肺炎的病原学特点,以期为本地区抗感染用药提供参考.方法 采集2014年1月至2015年12月在我院儿童重症监护病房住院的重症肺炎患儿痰、咽拭子、血清,通过病原菌培养、RT-PCR检测病毒、间接免疫荧光法检测非典型病原体等方法检测并鉴别重症肺炎病原体种类.结果 337例患儿中,病原检测阳性者292例(86.65%),其中病毒感染最多见,占37.32%,其次为细菌感染占28.42%,肺炎支原体感染占6.50%,混合感染占27.74%;病毒感染以呼吸道合胞病毒B型最为常见,占28.44%,且具有明显的年龄分布差异,3岁以下婴幼儿最为常见,尤其1岁以内婴儿易感性最高(P<0.05),各年龄组均以呼吸道合胞病毒B型感染最常见;病毒感染有一定季节性,秋冬季(9月~次年2月)病毒检出率高,夏季检出率较低(x2=29.28,P=0.001);细菌感染以大肠埃希菌最为多见,占21.69%,肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌感染以1岁以内婴儿多见,流感嗜血杆菌好发于1~3岁幼儿,肺炎链球茵感染在任何年龄段均可发病.结论 病毒感染是遵义地区儿童重症肺炎的最常见病原,多见于1岁以内幼儿,且秋冬季高发,细菌感染次之,3岁以上儿童重症肺炎以细菌感染多见,3岁以下尤其1岁以下小儿细菌和病毒混和感染明显.     

Ⅰ型糖尿病患儿持续皮下胰岛素输注临床研究

目的研究持续皮下胰岛素输注(continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, CSII)对1型糖尿病(type 1 diabetes mellitus, T1DM)儿童青少年及家长情绪状况的影响。方法 72例T1DM儿童青少年及其家长依据强化治疗方式分为CSII组(40例)和每日多次皮下胰岛素注射(multiple daily insulin, MDI)组(32例), 58例健康儿童青少年及其家长为对照组。以儿童抑郁障碍自评量表和儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表评估所有儿童青少年情绪状况, 以90项症状自评量表评估家长心理健康状况。结果 T1DM儿童青少年糖化血红蛋白达到良好水平[HbA1c, (7.406±1.294)%], CSII组明显优于MDI组[(7.040±1.082)%比(7.863±1.404)%, t=2.728, P=0.008]。T1DM组儿童青少年抑郁检出率高于对照组(31.9%比15.5%, χ2=4.671, P=0.031);CSII组、MDI组、对照组儿童青少年抑郁检出率差异有统计学意义(20.0%比46.9%比15.5%,χ2...     

上海市松江区学龄前儿童睡眠状况和睡眠问题的横断面调查

目的调查学龄前儿童的睡眠情况，分析不同特征学龄前儿童的常见睡眠问题。方法在普遍动员、自愿参与的原则下，以上海市松江区幼儿园作为问卷调查现场，以《儿童家族社会环境与睡眠健康问卷》作为调查工具，以年龄和性别分层分析。睡眠问题包括睡眠不足，就寝延迟，睡眠中发生每周＞2次的以下情况：害怕就寝、打鼾、白天嗜睡、磨牙、夜惊、梦魇、入睡困难和梦游。先对幼儿园保健老师集中统一培训，保健老师再对幼儿园班主任进行培训。问卷填写人为幼儿父或母或抚养人且近１年与幼儿一起生活。当场发放问卷、填写和回收。结果2018年5~6月22所幼儿园参与问卷调查，向儿童家长发放问卷8 624份，有效问卷8 586份，男孩4 595名(53.5%)，女孩3 991名； 3~岁占17.8%、4~岁占34.1%、5~岁占32.0%、6~岁占16.1%。平均晚上就寝时间为21∶43，平均晨醒时间为7∶01，随年龄增长，白天、夜间和全天睡眠时间总量在减少，晚上就寝时间点延迟，平均晨醒时间点提前，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。不同性别学龄前儿童白天、夜间、全天睡眠总量和就寝时间，差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。睡眠不足的发生率为12.2%，就寝延迟的发生率为75.7%。随年龄增长，睡眠不足和就寝延迟的发生率逐渐增加，差异有统计意义(P＜0.05)。害怕就寝72.4%，打鼾62.5%，白天嗜睡51.2%，磨牙50.4%，夜惊49.2%，梦魇41.2%，入睡困难33.4%，梦游4.4%。打鼾和磨牙的发生率男童高于女童（P＜0.05），夜惊、梦魇、入睡困难和梦游的发生率女童高于男童（P＜0.05）。结论上海市松江区学龄前儿童睡眠时间不足，就寝延迟，睡眠问题发生率高，应引起社会及家长的重视。     

上海市松江区学龄前儿童睡眠状况和睡眠问题的横断面调查

目的调查学龄前儿童的睡眠情况，分析不同特征学龄前儿童的常见睡眠问题。方法在普遍动员、自愿参与的原则下，以上海市松江区幼儿园作为问卷调查现场，以《儿童家族社会环境与睡眠健康问卷》作为调查工具，以年龄和性别分层分析。睡眠问题包括睡眠不足，就寝延迟，睡眠中发生每周＞2次的以下情况：害怕就寝、打鼾、白天嗜睡、磨牙、夜惊、梦魇、入睡困难和梦游。先对幼儿园保健老师集中统一培训，保健老师再对幼儿园班主任进行培训。问卷填写人为幼儿父或母或抚养人且近１年与幼儿一起生活。当场发放问卷、填写和回收。结果2018年5~6月22所幼儿园参与问卷调查，向儿童家长发放问卷8 624份，有效问卷8 586份，男孩4 595名(53.5%)，女孩3 991名； 3~岁占17.8%、4~岁占34.1%、5~岁占32.0%、6~岁占16.1%。平均晚上就寝时间为21∶43，平均晨醒时间为7∶01，随年龄增长，白天、夜间和全天睡眠时间总量在减少，晚上就寝时间点延迟，平均晨醒时间点提前，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。不同性别学龄前儿童白天、夜间、全天睡眠总量和就寝时间，差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。睡眠不足的发生率为12.2%，就寝延迟的发生率为75.7%。随年龄增长，睡眠不足和就寝延迟的发生率逐渐增加，差异有统计意义(P＜0.05)。害怕就寝72.4%，打鼾62.5%，白天嗜睡51.2%，磨牙50.4%，夜惊49.2%，梦魇41.2%，入睡困难33.4%，梦游4.4%。打鼾和磨牙的发生率男童高于女童（P＜0.05），夜惊、梦魇、入睡困难和梦游的发生率女童高于男童（P＜0.05）。结论上海市松江区学龄前儿童睡眠时间不足，就寝延迟，睡眠问题发生率高，应引起社会及家长的重视。     

中国7个月～7岁儿童铁缺乏症流行病学的调查研究

目的　调查我国儿童铁减少 (ID)、缺铁性贫血 (IDA)及铁缺乏症患病率。方法　采用分层抽样的方法 ,以全国 15个省 ,2 6个市县为调查点 ,随机抽取 9118名 7个月～ 7岁儿童为调查对象 ,检测末梢血血红蛋白 (Hb)、锌原卟啉 (ZPP)、血清铁蛋白 (SF)等指标。结果　 7个月～ 7岁儿童ID32 5 %、IDA 7 8% ;7～ 12个月ID 4 4 7%、IDA 2 0 8% ;13～ 36个月ID 35 9%、IDA 7 8% ;37个月～ 7岁ID 2 6 5 %、IDA 3 5 %。不同年龄组儿童ID、IDA、铁缺乏症患病率由高到低依次为 7～ 12个月 (婴儿组 ) ,13～ 36个月 (幼儿组 ) ,37个月～ 7岁 (学前组 ) ,各年龄组差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 1)。农村婴儿组ID 35 8%、IDA 30 1%、Hb ( 98 8± 9 1)g/L ;城市婴儿组ID 4 8 1%、IDA 16 8%、Hb ( 10 1 0± 6 8)g/L。农村幼儿组ID 31 0 %、IDA 15 5 %、Hb ( 98 2± 10 5 )g/L ;城市幼儿组ID 38 0 %、IDA 4 4 %、Hb( 10 2 8± 6 9)g/L。农村学前儿童组ID 2 7 6 %、IDA 6 3%、Hb( 10 1 2± 8 6 )g/L ;城市学前儿童组ID2 6 0 %、IDA 1 9%、Hb( 10 4 2± 4 4 )g/L。农村 7个月～ 7岁儿童铁缺乏症患病率 4 2 0 % ,城市 7个月～ 7岁儿童铁缺乏症患病率 39 5 % (P <0 0 1)。城市婴儿和幼儿ID患病率显著高于农村 (P <0     

温州地区2～12岁儿童睡眠障碍流行病学调查

目的　了解温州地区 2～ 12岁儿童睡眠障碍的发生情况及其相关因素。方法　 2 0 0 2年 6月至 2 0 0 3年 6月 ,随机抽样调查温州市鹿城区 2～ 12岁儿童 ,发放调查问卷 3330份 ,对回收的合格问卷进行分析。结果　实际接受调查人数 3317名 ,男 1885名 ,女 14 32名。睡眠障碍发生率为 5 1 5 % ,部分睡眠障碍症状的发生率存在年龄组的差异。幼儿组儿童全天睡眠时间为 (11 31± 1 4 9)h ,学龄前期组 (10 2 7± 1 2 0 )h ,学龄期组 (9 5 9±1 31)h ,各年龄组儿童全天睡眠时间明显低于儿童保健学各年龄儿童睡眠时间需求标准。结论　目前儿童睡眠障碍发生率较高 ,睡眠时间较前普遍有所减少 ,儿科和儿童保健医务人员应加强对儿童睡眠疾病重要性的认识 ,提高儿童父母的自我保健意识 ,控制危险因素 ,早期发现 ,早期干预和治疗。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

�¶�֢��ϵ�ϰ���ע��ȱ�ݶද�ϰ������ڵ�ת��

孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

---

---

Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.