广藿香药材的高效薄层色谱指纹图谱研究

目的 建立广藿香药材不同提取部位的高效薄层色谱(HPTLC)指纹图谱,通过比较分析来评价商品广藿香药材的质量.方法 采用硅胶GF254高效预制薄层板,广藿香挥发油以石油醚-乙酸乙酯-甲酸(10∶3∶0.05)为展开剂,喷50 g·L-1香草醛浓硫酸,于105℃加热,置可见光下检视;石油醚部位分别以石油醚-乙酸乙酯-甲酸(10∶1.5∶0.05、10∶3∶0.05)为展开剂,分别喷50 g·L-1香草醛浓硫酸和50 g·L-1三氯化铝乙醇,于105℃加热后分别置可见光下和紫外灯(366 nm)下检视;甲醇部位以石油醚-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-甲酸(7.5∶1.8∶1∶0.125)为展开剂,喷50 g·L-1三氯化铝乙醇溶液,于105℃加热后,置紫外灯(366 nm)下检视;将广藿香不同提取部位的HPTLC指纹图谱导入指纹图谱系统解决方案软件(Chromap 1.5)中生成共有模式,并进行相似度分析.结果 广藿香挥发油的指纹图谱与对照品对照,指认了其中的百秋李醇成分;石油醚部位图谱经香草醛浓硫酸显色,由8个特征条带构成,且指认了百秋李醇成分,经三氯化铝乙醇显色,由10个特征条带构成;甲醇部位图谱由10个特征条带构成.结论 不同商品的广藿香挥发油所含化学成分相似.石油醚部位提取的脂溶性物质,经香草醛浓硫酸显色后的化学成分相似,经三氯化铝乙醇显色后的化学成分因商品不同而差异较大.甲醇部位化学成分因商品不同相差很大.以上各部位的薄层色谱,尤其是石油醚部位经不同显色剂显色得到的指纹图谱可作为一种简便、快速的方法用于鉴定不同商品广藿香药材的质量.     

巴戟天不同炮制品的高效薄层色谱指纹图谱研究

目的以巴戟天药材生品为基础,建立巴戟天不同炮制品的高效薄层色谱(HPTLC)指纹图谱,并比较分析生品的指纹图谱。方法硅胶GF254高效预制薄层板,乙酸乙酯部位以石油醚-乙酸乙酯(5∶5.5)为展开剂,上行展开8 cm,10%硫酸乙醇溶液显色;正丁醇部位以正丁醇-冰醋酸-水(4∶1∶5)上层溶液为展开剂,上行展开8 cm,α-萘酚浓硫酸试剂显色。显色后置紫外光灯365 nm或自然光下检视,得薄层色谱指纹图谱,并进行相关分析。结果巴戟天生品的薄层荧光色谱指纹图谱与巴戟肉(蒸制)、盐巴戟天、制巴戟天(甘草制)图谱比较分析,彼此具有明显的区别,可用于生品与巴戟天炮制品的鉴别。结论通过HPTLC指纹图谱考察,生品巴戟天与巴戟肉、盐巴戟天、制巴戟天的区别较大,应分别制定质量评价的标准。     

应用色谱指纹图谱技术区别赤芝和紫芝

目的 以正品赤芝药材为基础,建立灵芝三萜类化合物的高效薄层荧光色谱指纹图谱及HPLC指纹图谱,并与紫芝进行比较分析.方法 应用硅胶GF254高效预制薄层板,通过二次展开,10%硫酸乙醇溶液显色后获得薄层荧光色谱指纹图谱;同时利用HPLC法建立赤芝药材的HPLC指纹图谱共有模式.结果 赤芝薄层荧光色谱指纹图谱由9个特征荧光条斑组成,荧光色谱图像与轮廓扫描图谱结合分析比较,可分为赤芝指纹图谱模式、紫芝指纹图谱模式;赤芝的HPLC指纹图谱共有18个特征峰,其中6个成分通过对照品得到指认.结论 通过色谱指纹图谱考察,赤芝与紫芝在三萜类化合物方面区别较大,建议区分应用.     

多基源大黄药材的梯度全信息薄层色谱鉴别法研究

目的建立多基源大黄药材的全信息薄层色谱鉴别法。方法采用薄层色谱法,分别以环己烷-乙酸乙酯-甲酸试液(12∶3∶0.1,V/V/V)、三氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-浓氨试液(8∶2∶4∶1,V/V/V/V)、三氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-浓氨试液(8∶5∶3∶0.5,V/V/V/V)、乙酸乙酯-丁酮-甲酸-水(10∶7∶1∶1,V/V/V/V)、三氯甲烷-甲醇-甲酸-水(10∶3∶0.2∶0.3,V/V/V/V)为梯度展开剂,通过365 nm、254 nm紫外光灯和日光检视3种基源大黄醇提、水提溶液中的脂溶性、中极性、水溶性成分显色前后的各信息斑点。结果共检出脂溶性、中极性和水溶性成分斑点53个,3种基源大黄提取溶液色谱中相同位置处的斑点一致。结论所建立的方法简便、快捷、实用,可多指标、快速鉴别大黄药材的质量,识别大黄药材的真伪。     

妇炎清颗粒的薄层色谱鉴别

目的用薄层色谱法鉴别妇炎清颗粒中的赤芍、苍术、延胡索、牡丹皮。方法赤芍鉴别以氯仿-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-甲酸（40：5：10：0．2）为展开剂，5％香草醛硫酸溶液为显色荆；苍术的鉴别以石油醚（60-90℃）-乙酸乙酯（20：1）为展开荆，10％硫酸乙醇溶液为显色刺；延胡索的鉴别以正己烷-氯仿-甲醇（7．5：4：1）为展开剂；牡丹皮的鉴别以环己烷-乙酸乙酯（3：1）为展开刺。盐酸酸化的5％三氯化铁乙醇溶液为显色刺。结果各色谱斑点清晰，阴性对照无干扰。结论鉴别方法简便、可靠、灵敏、专属性强，可用于妇炎清颗粒的质量控制。     

三七消痔栓的薄层色谱鉴别研究

目的建立三七消痔栓的薄层色谱鉴别方法,为制定其质量控制提供试验依据。方法采用薄层色谱鉴别方法鉴别处方中的主要药味。三七鉴别中以正丁醇-乙酸乙酯-水（4∶1∶5）的上层溶液为展开剂;红花鉴别中以乙酸乙酯-甲酸-水-甲醇（7∶2∶3∶0.4）的上层溶液为展开剂;冰片鉴别中以环己烷-乙酸乙酯（17∶3）为展开剂;川芎鉴别中以石油醚（30~60℃）-乙酸乙酯-冰醋酸（9∶1∶0.1）为展开剂。结果处方中的三七、红花、冰片、川芎4味药的薄层色谱具有鉴别特征。结论薄层色谱鉴别方法简便可靠,专属性、重现性好,可作为三七消痔栓的质量控制指标。     

中药中48种非法染色色素的TLC法检测

建立了薄层色谱法检测中药中的48种非法染色色素.分别采用乙腈、0.1％甲酸甲醇溶液、甲醇∶0.1％甲酸(3∶2)混合溶液超声提取样品粗粉.将乙腈提取液与脂溶性色素对照溶液点于同一硅胶G板上,以石油醚∶乙醚∶无水甲酸(80∶20∶1)为展开剂展开.将0.1％甲酸甲醇溶液提取液与水溶性碱性色素对照溶液点于同一硅胶G板上,以乙酸乙酯∶乙醇∶水∶氨水(12∶1∶1∶1.2)为展开剂展开.将甲醇∶0.1％甲酸(3∶2)提取液与水溶性酸性色素对照溶液点于同一硅胶G板上,以乙酸乙酯∶乙醇∶水∶氨水(6∶4∶2∶0.2)为展开剂展开.均在日光下检视.48种色素的检测限为0.025～0.6 μg.本法快速简便,可应用于中药材多色素染色初步筛查.     

紫雪颗粒中甘草、玄参的薄层鉴别

目的研究紫雪颗粒中甘草、玄参的薄层色谱鉴别方法。方法分别取甘草药材、玄参药材、紫雪颗粒及其阴性制剂的正丁醇提取液,甘草以1%NaOH溶液制备的硅胶G薄层板上,以（乙酸乙酯-甲酸-冰醋酸-水）=15∶1∶1∶2为展开剂,喷10%硫酸乙醇溶液,在紫外灯365nm下检视;玄参以（三氯甲烷-甲醇-水）=5∶1∶0.1为展开剂,喷以香草醛硫酸试液检视。结果在两者供试品色谱中与各自对照药材色谱相应位置上,均有相应的斑点,阴性制剂色谱图无此斑点。结论该法专属性强,为该制剂增加质量控制指标提供了实验依据。     

蒙药壮西-6味丸中红花和土木香的薄层色谱鉴别研究

目的：对蒙药壮西-6味丸中红花和土木香的质量控制方法进行研究。方法：以乙酸乙酯---冰醋酸-水-甲醇（3∶1∶1∶0.1）为展开剂,在硅胶H薄层板展开,进行红花薄层色谱的定性鉴别;以石油醚（60℃～90℃）-环己烷-乙酸乙酯（5∶0.5∶1）为展开剂,硅胶G薄层板上展开,进行土木香的薄层色谱的定性鉴别。结果：阴性对照无干扰,分离的效果好,色谱斑点清晰。结论：该鉴别方法灵敏、可靠、专属性强,可作为蒙药壮西-6味丸中红花和土木香质量控制方法。     

TLC法鉴别青果与西青果

目的对青果与西青果两种药材进行定性鉴别。方法采用薄层色谱法,以氯仿-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-甲酸（8∶18∶5∶5）为展开系统,以5%香草醛硫酸溶液为显色剂对两种药材的成分进行分离鉴定。结果两种供试品均显色明显,分离度良好,分离斑点清晰,青果显色6个斑点,西青果显色8个斑点。结论所建立的方法简便易行,可用于青果与西青果的鉴别。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.