HPLC同时测定参苓白术胶囊中的5种有效成分

目的 采用HPLC法同时测定参苓白术胶囊中5种有效成份的含量.方法 采用梯度洗脱法测定制剂中去氢土莫酸、猪苓酸C、茯苓酸、薯蓣皂苷元和尿囊素的含量.结果 5.27～105.40 μg· mL-1(r=0.9998)去氢土莫酸、4.30 ～ 86.00 μg·mL-1(r =0.9995)猪苓酸C、5.25 ～105.00μg·mL-1(r=0.9997)茯苓酸、4.26～85.20 μg· mL-1(r=0.9994)薯蓣皂苷元和6.91 ～ 138.20 μg· mL-1(r=0.9999)尿囊素与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率分别为97.77％、97.27％、98.13％、96.93％、99.37％,RSD分别为1.42％、1.07％、0.96％、1.10％、0.56％(n=6).结论 所用方法简便、快捷、重复性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制.     

RP－HPLC法测定不同寄主和不同产地肉苁蓉中松果菊苷和麦角甾苷的含量

目的:测定不同寄主和不同产地肉苁蓉中松果菊苷和麦角甾苷含量。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法,SUPELCOSIL LC-18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)。测定松果菊苷用流动相A:乙腈-水-冰醋酸(13:86:1);测定麦角甾苷用流动相B:甲醇-水-冰醋酸(32:67:1)。流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长分别为335 nm、334nm。柱温:40℃。结果:松果菊苷和麦角甾苷分别在0.04～0.28 μg(r=0.999 8)和0.04～0.40 μg(r=0.999 2)内呈良好线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为97.6％和99.1％,RSD均为1.2％。结论:方法准确可靠,重现性好,可用于肉苁蓉的质量评价。     

RP-HPLC双波长法同时测定熟地黄中4种成分的含量

目的建立RP-HPLC双波长同时测定熟地黄中4种成分含量的方法。方法色谱柱为WatersSunfire C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);以乙腈-体积分数0.2%磷酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱;检测波长为λ1=210 nm和λ2=330 nm;流速为1.0 mL.min-1;柱温为30℃。结果梓醇、麦角甾苷、吉奥诺苷B1和马替诺皂苷质量浓度分别在125.0～2 000.0 mg.L-1(r=0.999 9)、11.0～176.0mg.L-1(r=0.999 9)、15.0～240.0 mg.L-1(r=0.999 9)和7.5～120.0 mg.L-1(r=0.999 8)内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系。加样回收率在97.5%～101.3%内。结论该方法灵敏,操作简便,结果可靠,可用于熟地黄药材的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定穿山龙中伪原薯蓣皂苷、薯蓣皂苷和延龄草苷的含量

目的:建立反相高效液相色谱法同时测定穿山龙中伪原薯蓣皂苷、薯蓣皂苷和延龄草苷的含量。方法:采用Zorbax SB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈(A)-水(B),梯度洗脱(0～18 min,25%A线性变为36%A;18～40min,36%A线性变为90%A;40～55 min,90%A保持不变),流速1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长210 nm,柱温30℃。结果:伪原薯蓣皂苷、薯蓣皂苷和延龄草苷的色谱峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,线性范围分别为9.80～588.0μg.mL-1(r=0.9994),20.20～1212μg.mL-1(r=0.9995),5.330～319.8μg.mL-1(r=0.9999);平均回收率(n=9)分别为97.3%,99.4%,97.6%。结论:该方法简便、准确,为穿山龙药材的质量评价提供了方法。     

HPLC法同时测定杜仲补天素片中6种成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定杜仲补天素片中麦角甾苷、吉奥诺苷B_1、去氢土莫酸、猪苓酸C、去氢茯苓酸和茯苓酸含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Kromasil C_(18),流动相为乙腈-0.2%磷酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为0.8 mL/min,检测波长为330 nm(麦角甾苷和吉奥诺苷B_1)、210 nm(去氢土莫酸、猪苓酸C、去氢茯苓酸和茯苓酸),柱温为35℃,进样量为10μL。结果:麦角甾苷、吉奥诺苷B_1、去氢土莫酸、猪苓酸C、去氢茯苓酸和茯苓酸检测质量浓度线性范围分别为3.71~74.20μg/mL(r=0.9999)、4.35~87.00μg/mL(r=0.999 5)、3.86~77.20μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、5.05~101.00μg/mL(r=0.999 1)、4.20~84.00μg/mL(r=0.9997)、4.73~87.40μg/mL(r=0.999 6);定量限分别为0.322、0.187、0.105、0.381、0.214、0.452μg/mL,检测限分别为0.108、0.059、0.032、0.131、0.072、0.149μg/mL;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2.0%;加样回收率分别为96.20%~99.53%(RSD=1.23%,n=6)、96.99%~100.67%(RSD=1.47%,n=6)、96.64%~100.08%(RSD=1.28%,n=6)、97.47%~100.59%(RSD=1.18%,n=6)、97.97%~100.83%(RSD=1.25%,n=6)、96.81%~99.61%(RSD=1.09%,n=6)。结论:该方法操作简便、快速、准确,可用于杜仲补天素片中麦角甾苷、吉奥诺苷B_1、去氢土莫酸、猪苓酸C、去氢茯苓酸和茯苓酸含量的同时测定。     

HPLC法测定益坤宁酊中梓醇、麦角甾苷、马替诺皂苷、氧化芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、芍药苷和α-香附酮

目的建立HPLC波长切换法测定益坤宁酊中梓醇、麦角甾苷、马替诺皂苷、氧化芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、芍药苷和α-香附酮的方法。方法采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相A:乙腈–甲醇(1∶3),流动相B:0.2%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长210 nm(梓醇)、330 nm(麦角甾苷、马替诺皂苷)和230 nm(氧化芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、芍药苷、α-香附酮);体积流量0.8 m L/min;柱温25℃;进样量10μL。结果梓醇、麦角甾苷、马替诺皂苷、氧化芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、芍药苷和α-香附酮在2.66~66.50、1.59~39.75、0.76~19.00、1.38~34.50、7.02~175.50、9.91~247.75、1.19~29.75μg/m L线性关系良好。平均加样回收率分别为97.97%、98.31%、96.99%、97.78%、99.28%、100.03%、97.43%,RSD值分别为1.42%、0.92%、1.30%、1.13%、1.08%、0.65%、1.27%。结论本法操作便捷、数据准确、灵敏度高,重复性好,可为益坤宁酊的质量控制提供参考。     

HPLC法测定蒲葵药材中6种组分含量

目的:建立HPLC法同时测定蒲葵中荭草苷、异荭草苷、牡荆苷、异牡荆苷、异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、苜蓿素含量,并比较不同产地不同部位蒲葵中6种组分的含量。方法:采用Agilent TC-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱;以甲醇(B)-0.05%醋酸溶液(A)为流动相,梯度洗脱(0～25 min,B:33%→45%;25～40 min,B:45%→80%;40～45 min,B:80%→95%;45～50 min,B:95%→95%;50～60 min,B:95%→33%);流速0.800 mL·min-1;检测波长340 nm,柱温30℃。结果:6个成分的检测范围分别为荭草苷:8.59～550.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9997)、异荭草苷:9.37～600.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9999)、牡荆苷:8.59～550.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9998)、异牡荆苷:8.59～550.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9995)、异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷:7.81～500.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9999),苜蓿素:8.59～550.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9999);平均回...     

藏药短管兔耳草中松果菊苷和麦角甾苷的含量测定

目的:建立RP-HPLC法同时测定松果菊苷和麦角甾苷的含量。方法:采用ZORXDB C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.1%醋酸水溶液(3∶7),流速1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长330 nm,柱温25℃,进样量20μL。结果:本方法可在25 min内完成松果菊苷和麦角甾苷2个成分的色谱分析,且两成分色谱峰之间具有良好的分离度,线性范围分别为25～400μg.mL-1(r=0.9996)和19.4～310μg.mL-1(r=0.9985),平均加样回收率(n=9)分别为99.8%和97.8%。结论:以松果菊苷和麦角甾苷为目标成分时,青海省海北州热水地区为短管兔耳草的最佳采收地。该方法灵敏度高、准确、简便、快速,可用于短管兔耳草的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱波长切换法同时测定清凉膏药中7种成分的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱波长切换法测定清凉膏药中氧化前胡素、欧前胡素、异欧前胡素、梓醇、毛蕊花糖苷、焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1、马替诺皂苷的含量。方法采用Dikma Diamonsil C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6 mm,5μm),柱温25℃;采用甲醇-乙腈(3∶1)与0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速0.9 mL·min~(-1);氧化前胡素、欧前胡素、异欧前胡素的检测波长为310 nm,梓醇的检测波长为210 nm,毛蕊花糖苷、焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1、马替诺皂苷的检测波长为330 nm。结果氧化前胡素、欧前胡素、异欧前胡素、梓醇、毛蕊花糖苷、焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1、马替诺皂苷的线性范围分别为2.17～43.40 mg·L~(-1)(r=0.9991),1.76～35.20 mg·L~(-1)(r=0.9998),0.88～17.60 mg·L~(-1)(r=0.9993),3.26～65.20mg·L~(-1)(r=0.9996),2.37～47.40 mg·L~(-1)(r=0.9999),1.19～23.80 mg·L~(-1)(r=0.9995),1.46～29.20 mg·L~(-1)(r=0.9994);平均加样回收率分别为98.3%(RSD=1.4%)、97.6%(RSD=1.1%)、97.0%(RSD=1.5%)、100.0%(RSD=0.69%)、99.2%(RSD=0.99%)、97.4%(RSD=1.0%)、98.4%(RSD=0.89%)。结论该方法操作便捷、重复性好,可用于清凉膏药的的定量分析和质量评价。     

HPLC波长切换联合梯度洗脱法同时测定脑灵素胶囊中6个成分的含量

目的建立HPLC波长切换联合梯度洗脱法同时测定脑灵素胶囊中远志?酮Ⅲ、3,6'-二芥子酰基蔗糖、细叶远志皂苷、淫羊藿苷、宝藿苷Ⅰ和五味子醇甲的含量。方法采用Spurisil C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长分别为320 nm、210 nm、270 nm和250 nm;体积流量为0.9 mL·min-1;柱温为35℃。结果远志?酮Ⅲ、3,6’-二芥子酰基蔗糖、细叶远志皂苷、淫羊藿苷、宝藿苷Ⅰ、五味子醇甲分别在1.18～29.50μg·m L-1(r=0.9996)、3.26～81.50μg·mL-1(r=0.9998)、4.09～102.25μg·mL-1(r=0.9993)、4.66～116.50μg·m L-1(r=0.9999)、2.57～64.25μg·mL-1(r=0.9995)、4.89～122.25μg·mL-1(r=0.9997)内与峰面积线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为97.0%、98.5%、99.2%、98.1%、97.4%和100.0%,RSD分别为1.5%、0.78%、1.2%、1.4%、1.3%和0.66%,10个批次脑灵素胶囊中远志?酮Ⅲ、3,6’-二芥子酰基蔗糖、细叶远志皂苷、淫羊藿苷、宝藿苷Ⅰ和五味子醇甲含量分别为0.237～0.294、0.610～0.753、0.997～1.208、1.099～1.427、0.569～0.728、1.192～1.481 mg·g-1。结论该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于脑灵素胶囊中6个成分的同时测定,为脑灵素胶囊的质量评价提供依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.