附子不同配伍药对中生物碱成分的电喷雾质谱分析

以传统中医用药附子的配伍药对为研究对象，考察附子与不同中药配伍对附子中生物碱的影响规律，揭示配伍减毒的科学内涵。利用电喷雾质谱技术和内标法，分别对生附子，生附子加炙甘草、白芍、干姜、大黄共煎液和药渣中乌头类生物碱进行系统考察。与生附子相比，双酯型生物碱在附子加炙甘草、大黄、白芍、干姜共煎液中的含量降低；附子加炙甘草、白芍、干姜共煎液中的脂型生物碱含量增高。附子与炙甘草、白芍、干姜配伍的解毒机制是使毒性较大的双酯型生物碱转化为毒性小的脂型生物碱；与大黄配伍的解毒机制是药物所含成分与附子中的双酯型生物碱络合生成难溶于水的复合物，使双酯型生物碱的含量降低。本法对深入研究乌头属植物的配伍作用机制具有借鉴作用。     

基于UPLC-TOF/MS分析人参附子配伍减毒的物质基础

利用超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用技术(UPLC-TOF/MS)分析人参附子药对配伍减毒的物质基础,从化学成分层次阐释其配伍减毒机制。基于UPLC-TOF/MS建立人参附子药对配伍后生物碱类成分的化学指纹图谱,通过主成分分析法和正交偏最小二乘判别法分析药对配伍在合煎过程中的生物碱类成分的含量变化,找出差异变化显著的化学成分。结果表明,正离子模式时人参附子药对合煎液中次乌头碱、去氧乌头碱的含量明显降低,而苯甲酰中乌头原碱、苯甲酰次乌头原碱和去乙酸中乌头原碱等含量升高。人参附子药对配伍应用时双酯型二萜生物碱的含量明显降低,而单酯型二萜生物碱的含量明显升高,这可能是人参附子药对配伍减毒作用的物质基础。     

附子配伍原则的电喷雾质谱研究

目的从化学角度探讨附子配伍的原则。方法利用电喷雾质谱分析和比较生附子及其复方中药煎煮液中二萜类生物碱的变化规律；测定附子及其他中药煎煮液的pH值并用电喷雾质谱考察酸性对药材中乌头碱水解的影响。结果生附子单煎煮及与甘草共煎后双酯型乌头生物碱大部分发生水解，生附子与半夏或五味子共煎生物碱水解受抑制，生附子和甘草单煎液的酸性远低于半夏或五味子单煎液，中乌头碱在酸性条件下不水解。结论酸性是影响乌头碱类双酯型生物碱水解的重要因素，强酸条件下水解受抑制，附子煎煮液毒性增加。     

附子与甘草配伍前后含量的变化

目的研究附子与甘草配伍前后产生的化学成分的动态变化现象,探讨附子甘草配伍减毒增效的物质基础。方法用高效毛细管电泳法（HPCE）测定附子、甘草单煎及附子与甘草配伍合煎液中甘草苷、甘草酸、乌头碱的含量的动态变化情况。结果附子甘草配伍后乌头碱、甘草苷、甘草酸含量均比单煎时低。结论甘草苷、甘草酸、乌头碱等化学成分的变化是附子甘草配伍能减毒增效的重要物质基础。本实验从组分合和的角度,肯定了附子甘草组分配伍的合理性与科学性。     

附子炮制品及其煎煮液6种生物碱的含量测定

目的从附子炮制品来源、煎煮、配伍等方面评价其的安全性和有效性,为临床用药的提供一定参考依据。方法采用高效液相色谱法同时测定不同来源附子炮制品、单方煎煮和复方煎煮液中6种生物碱含量,综合评价附子炮制品的质量及煎煮、配伍对其有效成分和毒性成分的影响。结果不同来源黑顺片中6种生物碱含量差异较大,单酯型生物碱在0.303 5~1.394 8 mg/g之间,双酯型生物碱的含量在0~0.094 0 mg/g之间;炮附片生物碱含量偏低,单酯型生物碱在0.099 0~0.213 5 mg/g之间;两种炮制品经煎煮后,双酯型生物碱基本消失,单酯型生物碱含量也有所降低,其中黑顺片单煎液的溶出率为58.92%,炮附片单煎液的溶出率为87.87%,其复方煎煮液中单酯型生物碱含量均比单煎液偏高。结论 12批黑顺片中6种生物碱含量均符合药典要求,炮附片中生物碱含量偏低,不合格现象明显,煎煮液中双酯型生物碱含量基本消失,毒性更小,与甘草和干姜配伍后,有增效作用。     

四逆汤口服液中附子与甘草配伍前后有效成分变化

四逆汤具有温中祛寒,回阳救逆之功效,本实验对附子与甘草配伍前后有效成分进行定性、定量分析,结果附子与甘草配伍后乌头类生物碱的含量降低,再加入干姜之后含量又升高,为探讨中医学上所说“附子无干姜不热,得甘草则缓”这一理论提供科学的依据。     

四逆汤口服液中附子与干姜配伍前后有效成分变化

四逆汤具有温中祛寒,回阳救逆之功效。现代药理表明:此方具有显著的强心、升压作用。本实验对附子与干姜配伍前后有效成分进行定性、定量分析,结果表明:附子与干姜配伍后乌头类生物碱的含量增高,再加入甘草后含量又降低。     

温脾汤中诸药不同组合及煎法对乌头碱含量的影响

目的：研究温脾汤中诸药的不同组合及煎法对乌头碱含量的影响。方法：以温脾汤为基础,配伍成不同组方,采用不同的提取工艺,应用紫外分光光法测定乌头碱的含量。结果：附子与干姜配伍能提高乌头碱含量,附子与大黄、甘草配伍能降低乌头碱含量,人参与附子配伍对乌头碱含量没有影响。结论：在温脾汤中,大黄、甘草能佐制附子的毒性,干姜能增强附子的功效。     

附子的水解程度测定

附子是常用中药，但具有大毒，其剧毒成分为双酯型乌头碱，临床上常用水解法（即长时间煎）减缓毒性，但水解程度难于控制。本文采用异羟肟酸铁法测定其酯型乌头碱含量，可衡量乌头碱水解程度，取得满意结果。     

大黄附子汤中诸药的不同组合及煎法对乌头碱含量的影响

目的 :研究大黄附子汤中各组分不同配伍对附子中乌头碱含量的影响。方法 :以大黄附子汤为基础 ,配伍成不同的组方 ,采用不同的提取工艺 ,应用紫外分光光度法测定乌头碱的含量。结果 :各组方单煎混合提取液中乌头碱的含量比附子单煎下降20 %左右 ,各组方合煎提取液中乌头碱的含量比附子单煎下降45 %左右 ;细辛与附子配伍对乌头碱的含量无影响。结论 :在大黄附子汤中大黄能佐制附子的毒性     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.