盐酸埃罗替尼的合成工艺改进

以3,4二羟基苯甲酸乙酯为起始原料,经醚化、硝化、还原、环合、氯化等反应,最后经过一步与间氨基苯乙炔对接得到靶向性抗肿瘤药盐酸埃罗替尼.     

液质联用法同时测定埃罗替尼及其活性代谢产物OSI-420在BALB/c裸鼠体内的浓度及其药代动力学研究(英文)

本试验建立了一种简单快速灵敏的液质联用方法, 用以同时测定裸鼠血浆内埃罗替尼及其活性代谢物OSI-420的浓度。采用液液萃取法从血浆中提取埃罗替尼, OSI-420和内标普萘洛, 用C18反相柱进行分离, 流动相为乙腈-5 mM甲酸铵 (35:65, v/v, pH = 3.0)。所有化合物均采用电喷雾电离源, 正离子方式检测。埃罗替尼和OSI-420的最低定量下限均为0.5 ng/mL。埃罗替尼的准确度在0.07%-8.00%范围内, OSI-420准确度在-2.83%-6.67%范围内; 埃罗替尼精密度在2.28%-15.12%范围内, OSI-420精密度在1.96%-11.50%范围内。此方法应用于BALB/c裸鼠口服12.5 mg/kg埃罗替尼的药代动力学研究中, 并用二室模型拟合埃罗替尼的药代动力学, 一室模型拟合OSI-420的药代动力学。代谢为OSI-420的埃罗替尼占埃罗替尼总量的10%, 比文献中的这一比值大一倍, 表明种属间埃罗替尼的代谢存在差异。     

盐酸替沃扎尼一水合物的合成

目的:考察盐酸替沃扎尼一水合物(1)的合成工艺。方法:以3,4-二甲氧基苯乙酮(2)为起始原料,经过硝化、还原、环合、氯化、缩合、成脲及成盐等7步反应,制得盐酸替沃扎尼一水合物(1)。结果:中间体及目标产物1经核磁共振氢谱、电喷雾离子化质谱和(或)元素分析确证结构,总收率35%。结论:本合成工艺原料易得,反应条件温和,操作简便,收率稳定。     

达沙替尼的合成工艺研究

目的 优化酪氨酸激酶抑制剂达沙替尼的合成工艺。方法 以2-氯-6-甲基苯胺为起始原料,经酰胺化、环合、取代、取代共4步反应合成达沙替尼。结果与结论 经4步反应合成达沙替尼,其结构经¹H-NMR、MS谱确证。改进后的合成工艺反应条件温和、操作简便,总收率为51.5%。     

盐酸替扎尼定的合成改进

目的：改进盐酸替扎尼的合成路线.方法：以4-氯-2-硝基苯胺为起始原料,经还原反应和环合反应得5-氯-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑,再经硝化反应、还原反应得5-氯-4氨基-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑,与N-乙酰基-2-咪唑烷酮发生缩合反应后,再经醇解反应、成盐反应等步骤制得盐酸替扎尼定.结果：目标化合物的结构经红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、核磁共振碳谱、质谱及元素分析确证.总收率52.4%.结论：本改进合成方法反应条件温和,操作简便.     

吉非替尼合成工艺改进

目的 改进和优化吉非替尼的合成工艺,便于工业化生产.方法 以3,4-二甲氧基苯甲醛为原料,先硝化,后依次脱甲基、侧链烷基化、醛基转化为氰基、氰基氧化成酰胺、还原、闭环、氯代最后与3-氯-4-氟苯胺反应合成了抗肿瘤药物吉非替尼.结果 总收率约23.6％,产物经核磁共振氢谱、质谱、元素分析确证其结构为目标产物.结论 ...     

塞卡替尼的合成

目的:合成Src蛋白酪氨酸激酶抑制剂塞卡替尼,并对其工艺改进。方法:以2,4,6-三氟苯腈为原料,经氨解、水解、环合、取代得到塞卡替尼。结果:合成了塞卡替尼,目标产物结构经1H-NMR,MS确证,总收率为24.54%。结论:本方法具有可行性,适合工业化生产。     

盐酸阿替卡因的简便合成方法

目的合成盐酸阿替卡因,寻找操作方便、反应路线短且成本低的工艺路线.方法以巯基乙酸甲酯和2-甲基丙烯腈为起始原料,经环合、氧化、重排、酰化、氨化共5步反应合成盐酸阿替卡因,其中环合、氧化、重排3步反应采用一勺烩的工艺.结果成功地合成了盐酸阿替卡因,总收率为17%.结论改进后的合成路线与文献报道的合成路线相比,反应步骤简化.     

间氨基苯乙炔的合成

间硝基苯甲醛通过Perkin反应、溴加成、脱溴化氢和脱羧制得(Z)-1-溴-2-(3-硝基苯基)乙烯,经NaH脱溴化氢后再经铁粉/盐酸还原得到抗肿瘤药盐酸厄洛替尼关键中间体间氨基苯乙炔,总收率约45％.     

卡奈替尼的合成工艺改进

目的改进抗肿瘤药物卡奈替尼的合成工艺。方法以2-氨基-4-氟苯甲酸和乙酸甲脒为起始原料,经环合、硝化、氯化、取代、氢化、酰化等反应制得抗肿瘤药物卡奈替尼。结果目标化合物的结构经1H-NMR谱和质谱确证。总收率为23.4%,比文献收率提高了17.2%。结论改进后的方法操作简便,有利于工业化生产。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.