NVP-AAM077和Ro25-6981对全脑缺血小鼠海马神经元损伤及BDNF表达的影响

目的探讨N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDA)亚基NR2A和NR2B特异性拮抗剂对脑缺血/再灌注后海马CA1区神经元损伤的不同影响及其可能机制。方法制作三动脉阻断(3-VO)小鼠全脑缺血模型,小鼠随机分为假手术组、脑缺血/再灌注(I/R)对照组、NVP-AAM077(NVP)干预组和Ro25-6981(Ro)干预组;应用Fluoro-JadeB(F-JB)和Nissl染色检测海马神经元变性死亡和存活情况,Western blot对脑源性神经生长因子(BDNF)蛋白表达水平进行定量分析。结果①小鼠全脑缺血12min/再灌注3d后,海马CA1区出现选择性迟发性神经元死亡,NVP干预组增加了缺血所致的海马神经元死亡(P<0.05),而Ro干预组CA1区神经元存活数量明显多于缺血/再灌注组(P<0.01);②NVP干预能明显下调缺血/再灌注所致的海马组织BDNF蛋白表达升高(P<0.01),而Ro干预能明显上调BDNF蛋白的表达(P<0.05)。结论 NMDA受体亚基NR2A和NR2B在小鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤中具有不同的作用,其机制可能与调节BDNF表达改变有关。     

大黄酚脂质体对脑缺血再灌注损伤小鼠海马脑源性神经营养因子和胶质酸性纤维蛋白表达的影响

目的通过观察脑缺血再灌注损伤后,大黄酚脂质体对脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)和胶质酸性纤维蛋白(GFAP)表达的影响,探讨大黄酚脂质体对脑缺血再灌注损伤小鼠海马的保护作用及其机制。方法采用暂时性阻断颈总动脉的方法建立小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,腹腔注射大黄酚脂质体10.0,1.0,0.1 mg·kg-1采用免疫组化方法检测海马BDNF和GFAP蛋白的表达。结果大黄酚脂质体可显著提高BDNF的表达,降低GFAP的表达,减轻海马损伤,其中以10.0 mg·kg-1组大黄酚脂质体的作用最为明显(P<0.05)。结论脑缺血再灌注损伤后应用大黄酚脂质体对海马具有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与上调BDNF的表达,降低星形胶质细胞活性有关。     

新生鼠脑缺血再灌注后海马CA1区神经胶原纤维酸性蛋白的动态变化及意义

目的 观察新生Wistar鼠脑缺血再灌注后海马CA1区神经胶原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的动态变化,探讨其与缺血性神经元的联系。方法 通过阻断7日龄新生Wistar大鼠右侧颈总动脉45分钟制备脑缺血模型,设置假手术组、缺血再灌注组。通过免疫组化方法和计算机图像分析技术检测二组新生鼠不同时点(灌注后2小时、6小时、12小时、24小时、3天、7天、14天)海马CA1区脑组织GFAP的动态变化。结果 缺血再灌注组海马CA1区GFAP表达在再灌注后24小时开始增高,3天后达高峰,并持续至再灌注后14天,与假手术组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论 脑缺血再灌注后海马CA1区星形胶质细胞活化及胶原纤维酸性蛋白表达增强在再灌注后14天仍保持在较高水平,星形胶质细胞的活化、增生可能与脑缺血后神经细胞的保护有关。     

1,6-二磷酸果糖镁对大鼠脑缺血及再灌注损伤的保护作用(英文)

目的 :观察 1,6′ 二磷酸果糖镁 (FDP Mg)对大鼠短暂全脑缺血及再灌注损伤的影响。方法 :采用四血管 (即双侧颈总动脉 +双侧椎动脉 )闭塞法致全脑缺血及再灌注模型。结果 :与假手术组相比 ,生理盐水及FDP Mg组脑缺血再灌注后均出现不同程度的海马形态结构损伤及神经元细胞死亡。与生理盐水组相比 ,FDP Mg组再灌注 2 4h ,72h及 7d ,CA1区锥体细胞密度较生理盐水组正常形态的细胞数明显增多 (P <0 .0 1) ,海马周围胶质细胞浸润也明显减轻。结论 :FDP Mg对脑缺血后再灌注损伤有明显的保护作用     

黄芪提取物对大鼠海马神经元迟发性死亡的影响

目的探讨黄芪提取物(Extractofastragalus,EA)对全脑缺血再灌注7d引起的大鼠海马神经元迟发性死亡的作用。方法用四动脉阻断法造模,观察背侧海马神经元的超微结构;CA1区神经元结构、正常神经元计数;免疫组化法检测胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达。结果与缺血再灌(I/R)组比较,EA能改善背侧海马神经元超微结构;抑制CA1区正常神经元数目的减少,I/R组为38±11.5,EA(20、40mg·kg-1)分别为63±12.8(P<0.05)和77±16(P<0.01);降低GFAP的表达,I/R组GFAP阳性细胞数为69±10.7,EA三个剂量组分别为53±5.6(P<0.05)、39±7.1(P<0.01)、46±7.6(P<0.05)。结论EA能抑制全脑缺血再灌注7d大鼠海马迟发性神经元死亡,可能与其抑制海马CA1区星形胶质细胞(AS)过度增生有关。     

5,6-二羟乙基黄芩苷对大鼠急性脑缺血再灌注所致海马神经细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的考察5,6-二羟乙基黄芩苷对脑缺血再灌注所致神经元损伤的保护作用,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法采用大鼠双侧颈总动脉阻断合并降压法导致全脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,用HE染色法观察大鼠海马CA1区神经元形态变化;TUNEL法测定海马CA1区神经细胞凋亡的数量;免疫组织化学法检测大鼠海马CA1区Bcl-2、Bax与Caspase-3蛋白的表达。结果 5,6-二羟乙基黄芩苷各给药组能够剂量依赖性地减少TUNEL阳性凋亡细胞的数量,下调促凋亡蛋白Bax及Caspase-3的表达,上调抑凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达,并不同程度地改善了大鼠海马CA1区神经元的病理改变。结论 5,6-二羟乙基黄芩苷对脑缺血再灌注损伤具有显著的保护作用,其作用机制可能与抗神经元凋亡有关。     

EGB对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织GFAP表达的作用

目的:观察银杏叶提取物(extract of Ginkgo biloba,EGB)对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注梗死区胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达的影响。方法:大脑中动脉插线法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型。观察各时间点大鼠神经功能缺损程度,并应用Metamoph图像分析系统对结果进行分析。结果:EGB药物组神经功能评分较缺血再灌组好(P<0.05),GFAP阳性细胞于脑缺血2h再灌注24h后即已出现,48、72、96h阳性细胞表达量增加,其中以72h为最多,EGB可抑制缺血后GFAP的表达(P<0.05)。结论:局灶性脑缺血再灌注后,可诱导脑组织GFAP表达增强,EGB可抑制脑缺血后星形胶质细胞GFAP的高表达,提示EGB可能对缺血诱导的星形胶质细胞活化具有抑制作用,这可能是EGB抗脑缺血损伤保护神经元作用的机制之一。     

SP600125对大鼠脑缺血再灌注神经元的保护作用

目的探讨SP600125-JNK特异性抑制剂对大鼠脑缺血再灌注神经元损伤的保护性作用及其作用机制。方法雄性SD大鼠54只,体重230～250g,随机分成假手术组(SH组),缺血再灌注组(IR组)和JNK抑制剂SP600125组(SP组),每组根据再灌注时间分为30min、24h和72h3个亚组,每亚组6只动物。采用4-VO法建立SD大鼠脑缺血模型,三组于缺血前30min侧脑室注射DMSO,DMSO及JNK抑制剂SP600125(溶媒采用DMSO),容积均为10μl;脑缺血再灌注后30min、24h、72h免疫组织化学方法测定各时间点海马CA1区Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达阳性细胞数量,TUNEL法检测CA1区凋亡细胞。结果缺血再灌注使海马CA1区Bcl-2和Bax阳性锥体细胞数目表达增加,再灌注24h阳性锥体细胞数目表达至高峰(P<0.01),再灌注24～72h可见阳性锥体细胞数目表达减少(P<0.05)。其中SP组Bcl-2阳性锥体细胞数目显著多于IR组(P<0.05),而Bax阳性锥体细胞数目显著小于IR组(P<0.05)。脑缺血再灌注后海马CA1区神经元存活数目SP组高于IR组(P<0.01),凋亡细胞数目低于IR组(P<0.01)。结论 SP600125对大鼠脑缺血再灌注神经元损伤具有保护作用。     

褪黑素对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的研究褪黑素(melatonin,MT)对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的神经保护作用。方法用沙土鼠双侧颈总动脉结扎法建立全脑缺血再灌注损伤模型。用开场迷宫测试沙土鼠的定向运动活性的变化。用T迷宫测试沙土鼠的学习及工作记忆能力。光镜下观察缺血后d 7海马CA1区神经元组织形态学变化。结果缺血模型组沙土鼠定向运动活性较假手术组显著增高,学习及工作记忆能力降低。MT可降低沙土鼠的定向运动活性,提高沙土鼠的工作记忆能力;还可显著减轻海马CA1区锥体神经元的病理改变,且作用呈剂量依赖性。结论MT对沙土鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用。     

益智胶囊对大鼠脑弥散性缺血再灌注后海马CA1区神经元迟发性死亡的影响

目的 :观察益智胶囊对大鼠全脑缺血后海马CA1区神经元迟发性死亡及学习功能的影响。方法 :使用四血管闭塞 (4 VO)法制成大鼠急性全脑缺血再灌注模型。采用免疫组织化学方法计数脑缺血再灌注脑损伤后 1、2、4、8及 4 0d后 ,大鼠海马CA1区正常神经元数量 ;并用Morriss水迷宫观察脑缺血再灌注脑损伤后 4 0d时各组大鼠的学习记忆功能。结果 :从缺血再灌注后d 2起 ,益智胶囊(10 0mg·kg-1)组大鼠海马CA1区正常神经元数量明显多于缺血对照组大鼠海马CA1区正常神经元数量 ,差异有明显统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。同时 ,Morris水迷宫法检测全脑缺血再灌注脑损伤后 4 0d时各组大鼠记忆功能 ,益智胶囊 (10 0mg·kg-1)组大鼠明显好于缺血对照组大鼠 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :益智胶囊对全脑缺血后大鼠海马CA1区神经元具有保护作用 ,并可改善大鼠的记忆功能障碍     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.