高中生自我概念及其与学业成就的关系

目的探讨高中生自我概念的特点及其与学业成就的关系。方法采用自我描述问卷（SDQ-Ⅱ）对187名高中生进行了调查,并收集学生的学业成绩数据。结果①高中生自我概念在年级之间的差异不具有显著性;②高中生自我概念在性别之间的差异具有显著性;③不同学业成就组学生除在体能自我、与父母关系自我、诚实可信自我、情绪稳定性自我4个子量表上得分不存在差异外,在其他各子量表和学业自我、非学业自我分量表以及自我概念总分上差异均有显著性。结论①高中生自我概念发展趋于稳定;②男生相比女生表现出更为积极的自我概念;③学业成就高的学生对自我的评价更为积极。     

大学生自我概念、人格特质与职业生涯规划的相关性

目的探讨大学生自我概念、人格特质和职业生涯规划的特点及其关系。方法采用田纳西自我概念量表（大学生版）、大五人格问卷和生涯决定量表对237名大学生进行调查。结果男大学生在生涯自我概念、宜人性、尽责性、道德自我、家庭自我和自我概念总分上的得分均显著低于女大学生（t=．2．16,-3．89,-4．60;P〈0．05;t=-4．73,-4．67,-3．69;P〈0．001）;工科大学生的生涯自信心和心理自我得分显著低于文科生和理科生（F=3．29,P〈0．05,F=4．62,P〈0．01）;自我概念、人格特质和职业生涯规划三者存在显著相关关系（P〈0．05）。结论大学生的自我概念和人格特质对生涯规划具有一定的预测作用。     

大学生自我概念与防御方式的相关研究

目的：探讨大学生自我慨念与防御方式之间的关系。方法：采用“田纳西自我概念量表”及“防御方式问卷”，对390名大学生的自我概念和防御方式进行了测量。结果：①大学生自我概念性别差异非常显著（P〈0.01）．城乡差异显著（P〈0．05）；②大学生防御方式的性别差异显著（P〈0.05），而城乡差异均不显著（P〉0．05）；③大学生的自我概念与防御方式有显著相关。结论：自我概念是影响大学生防御方式的重要因素。     

高中生对父母的依恋与学业成就和自尊的关系

目的：探讨高中生对父亲和母亲的依恋与学业成就和自尊的关系。方法：使用关系问卷（RQ）、亲密关系经历量表（ECR）、自尊量表（SES）和自评学业成就对四个地区的高中生施测。结果：①方差分析发现，对父亲倾注型依恋被试的学业成就得分显著的低于对父亲轻视型依恋被试的学业成就得分（P〈0．01）。②相关分析的结果显示，对父亲的依恋回避、依恋焦虑及孩子的自尊与孩子的学业成就之间均有显著的正相关（r分别为0．195，0．166和0．325）；③回归分析的结果说明对父亲的依恋回避可以预测孩子的学业成就。结论：对父亲的依恋回避和依恋焦虑可以预测高中生的自尊和学业成就。     

学习风格、学业自我概念与学业成绩的关系

目的：探讨学习风格、学业自我概念与学业成绩的关系。方法：采用学习风格量表、学业自我概念量表，对609名中、小学生进行测查，并通过线性相关、方差分析和线性回归等量化分析。结果：①学业自我概念各维度与学业成绩相关系数在0．079-0．321之间，除数学成绩与语文自我概念相关外，其余相关系数的显著性检验P值均低于0．01；②对不同学习风格学生的学业成绩进行方差分析F值为12．811，P值低于0．01；③对不同学习风格学生的数学自我概念、各科自我概念进行方差分析F值分别为11．51、8．67，P值均低于0．001；④通过分层回归分析，学习风格、学业自我概念对学业总分、数学分数、语文分数有预测作用。结论：学习风格、学业自我概念对学业成绩有预测作用。     

高中生自尊、学业自我概念及考试焦虑的关系

目的探讨高中生自尊、学业自我概念及考试焦虑的关系。方法采用自尊量表(SES)、学业自我概念问卷和考试焦虑量表(TAS),对271名高中生进行问卷调查。结果高中生的考试焦虑处于中等程度;不同性别、年级的高中生在考试焦虑上存在显著差异;不同性别的高中生在自尊上存在显著差异;不同学校类型的高中生在学业自我概念上存在显著差异;高中生的自尊、学业自我概念和考试焦虑之间存在显著负相关。结论有必要对高中生进行考试焦虑的心理辅导;自尊、学业自我概念对高中生的考试焦虑有显著的预测作用。     

不同接纳水平的青少年同伴冲突处理策略的比较分析

目的了解青少年冲突处理策略的使用与其人际关系质量的关系。方法采用社会测量法和青少年同伴冲突处理策略问卷对316名青少年（男152,女164,年龄16±3岁）的同伴冲突处理策略和人际关系进行考查。结果①青少年同伴冲突处理策略具有较好的信度（复测信度为0．67～0．78）和效度,达到了心理测量学的要求;②搁置不理和寻求帮助两种策略存在显著的年级差异（P〈0．001）,而公开反抗策略和妥协退让策略存在显著的性别差异（P〈0．01）。在接纳水平上,只有搁置不理策略达到显著性水平（P〈0．05）;⑧初中生较之高中生更多的采用寻求帮助策略,而高中生则更多采用搁置不理策略。结论不同性质的青少年同伴冲突处理策略对其人际关系有显著影响。     

初中生的社会支持状况及其与心理健康的关系

目的：探讨初中生在社会支持的来源、性别和年级方面的特点及与其心理健康状况的关系。方法：使用社会支持问卷和心理健康调查问卷，调查548名初中生（从初一到初三年级）。结果：同性朋友在初中生社会支持方面的地位明显高于其他重要社会他人（F=110．2，P〈0．01），是初中生社会支持最主要的来源；初中生社会支持的性别（F=2．88，P〈0．05）、年级差异（F=4．43，P〈0．01）显著，成人（主要是母亲）是初一年级社会支持的首要来源，同性朋友是初二、初三年级社会支持的首要来源；女生感受到的母亲的社会支持高于男生，男生感受到的同性朋友和父亲的社会支持高于女生。同性朋友的肯定与支持、对与教师关系满意度、与父亲的冲突及受到的惩罚、母亲的肯定与支持和对与母亲关系满意度对初中生的心理健康状况有显著的预测作用（P〈0．01）。结论：同性朋友在初中生的社会关系中有重要意义，从初一到初二是初中生社会支持状况发生转折的时期；社会支持与初中生的心理健康状况有密切联系。     

始成年期大学新生同一性风格、自我控制和手机依赖的关系

目的：探讨始成年期大学新生同一性风格、自我控制和手机依赖的关系。方法：采用同一性风格问卷、自我控制问卷和手机依赖问卷对523名大学新生进行测量。结果：自我控制负向预测手机依赖（β＝－0．70, P＜0．001）;信息风格正向预测自我控制（β＝0．29,P＜0．001）,自我控制在信息风格与手机依赖关系中起完全中介作用;规范风格正向预测手机依赖（β＝0．35,P＜0．001）;扩散风格负向预测自我控制（β＝－0．53,P＜0．001）,自我控制在扩散风格与手机依赖关系中起完全中介作用。结论：同一性风格对始成年期大学新生手机依赖有显著地影响,自我控制是重要的中介变量。     

中学生自我概念的调查研究

目的 研究中学生自我概念状况,为实际教育工作提供依据。方法 采用田纳西自我概念量表对259名中学生自我概念状况进行调查,并对测验结果进行t检验和F检验。结果 各年级间在生理自我、自我认同、自我满意以及自我总分有显著差异（P〈0．05）;男女生在自我满意、自我认同、生理自我、自我总分上存在着显著差异（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论 中学生自我概念的年级差异显著,中学生自我概念的性别差异显著。     

师生、同伴关系与初中生焦虑的探讨

目的：考察师生关系，同伴关系与初生中焦虑情绪之间的关系。方法：分别从四川省南充市三所普通中学随机抽取初一至初三的学生各一个班，共500人，采用儿童显在焦虑量表、师生关系问卷和同伴评定量表进行测评及相关分析。结果（1）师生关系、同伴关系与初中睡的焦虑情绪关系密切，良好的师生关系与同伴关系有助于缓解学生的焦虑情绪。（2）进一步的回归分析发现，消极情感和积极情感对初中生的焦虑均有显著的预测作用。     

师生关系、同伴关系影响青少年自尊的路径分析

目的探讨师生关系、同伴关系对青少年自尊发展的影响。方法对560名中小学生施测青少年自尊评定问卷、师生关系满意度量表和同伴关系满意度量表,然后采用路径分析的方法对其进行分析。结果①师生关系、同伴关系与自尊有密切的相关关系。就相关程度而言,同伴关系与自尊相关程度高于师生关系与自尊的相关;②同伴关系直接对青少年自尊产生重要影响;师生关系对自尊产生的影响,更多的是通过同伴关系间接实现的,即同伴关系起到了中介作用。结论师生关系、同伴关系与自尊三者的关系表现为师生关系通过同伴关系这一中介对自尊产生影响。     

云南民族地区大学生人际关系与师生关系调查研究

目的 了解云南少数民族地区大学生的人际关系现状、师生关系现状,以及师生关系对人际关系的影响状况进行研究,以便对他们有效的人际交往进行有效指导.方法 使用2个针对大学生群体的人际关系、师生关系量表,对来自云南少数民族地区5所高等院校的761名大学生进行了调查研究.结果 ①人际状况不良的比例为6.4%,师生人际状况不良的为...     

Modelling the effects of electric fields on nerve fibres: Influence of the myelin sheath

The excitation and conduction properties of computer-based cable models of mammalian motor nerve fibres, incorporating three different myelin representations, are compared. The three myelin representations are a perfectly insulating single cable (model A), a finite impedance single cable (model B) and a finite impedance double cable (model C). Extracellular stimulation of the three models is used to study their strength-duration and current0distance (I–X) relationships, conduction velocity (CV) and action potential shape. All three models have a chronaxie time that is within the experimental range. Models B and C have increased threshold currents compared with model A, but each model has a slope to the I–X relationship that matches experimental results. Model B has a CV that matches experimental data, whereas the CV of models A and C are above and below the experimental range, respectively. Model C is able to produce a depolarising afterpotential (DAP), whereas models A and B exhibit hyperpolarising afterpotentials. Models A and B are determined to be the preferred models when low-frequency stimulation (<∼25Hz) is used, owing to their efficiency and accurate excitation and conduction properties. For high frequency stimulation (∼25Hz and greater), model C, with its ability to produce a DAP, is necessary accurately to simulate excitation behaviour.     

Selective Microstimulation of Central Nervous System Neurons

The goal of this study was to identify stimulus parameters and electrode geometries that were effective in selectively stimulating targeted neuronal populations within the central nervous system (CNS). Cable models of neurons that included an axon, initial segment, soma, and branching dendritic tree, with geometries and membrane dynamics derived from mammalian motoneurons, were used to study excitation with extracellular electrodes. The models reproduced a wide range of experimentally documented excitation patterns including current-distance and strength-duration relationships. Evaluation of different stimulus paradigms was performed using populations of fifty cells and fifty fibers of passage randomly positioned about an extracellular electrode(s). Monophasic cathodic or anodic stimuli enabled selective stimulation of fibers over cells or cells over fibers, respectively. However, when a symmetrical charge-balancing stimulus phase was incorporated, selectivity was greatly diminished. An anodic first, cathodic second asymmetrical biphasic stimulus enabled selective stimulation of fibers, while a cathodic first, anodic second asymmetrical biphasic stimulus enabled selective stimulation of cells. These novel waveforms provided enhanced selectivity while preserving charge balancing as is required to minimize the risk of electrode corrosion and tissue injury. Furthermore, the models developed in this study can predict the effectiveness of electrode geometries and stimulus parameters for selective activation of specific neuronal populations, and in turn represent useful tools for the design of electrodes and stimulus waveforms for use in CNS neural prosthetic devices. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8717Nn, 8719La, 8719Nn, 8717Aa     

大学生宿舍人际关系的特点

目的:探讨大学生宿舍人际关系的特点。方法:采用自编的大学生宿舍人际关系调查问卷对451名1-3年级的大学生进行测试。结果:①大学生宿舍人际气氛良好,人际和谐性(3.0±0.6)和亲融性(3.5±0.6)因子得分明显高于冲突性(1.8±0.6)和扰他性(2.0±0.7)因子得分。②男生人际冲突性和人际扰他性因子的均分(1.9±0.6,2.0±0.8)均高于女生(1.8±0.6,1.9±0.6),女生则在人际和谐性和亲融性因子的均分(3.0±0.6,3.6±0.6)高于男生(2.9±0.7,3.4±0.7)。③二年级学生人际和谐性和亲融性因子得分高于一、三年级,扰他性低于一、三年级,而一、三年级间差别不明显。结论:大学生宿舍人际气氛良好;男生中矛盾冲突一面高于女生,亲和一面低于女生;二年级学生宿舍人际关系最好。     

On the pressure-volume relationship in circulatory elements

A generalisation of the equation used bySalazar (1964) to fit the pressure-volume relationship of normal human lungs between FRC and TLC is found to fit the pressure-volume relationship of a variety of circulatory elements. The equation contains only two fundamental physiologic parameters: one a compliance constant k and the other a maximum element volume V_m. Fits of this equation to published atrial, ventricular, veneous, and arterial data are presented. Combined with the Poiseulle relationship, this equation is shown to fit data of flow resistance against transmural pressure for the pulmonary vascular system of a dog.     

心理治疗中治疗师与来访者的性关系

在早期的伦理学法典中关于健康保护方面即有规定 :从业者不能与来访者发生性关系[1] 。但是 ,现在临床伦理学法典却忽视了这方面的问题。直到1970年代 ,研究发现在心理治疗中有不少的治疗师违反了这一规定时 ,才明确提出 :治疗师与病人之间的性关系是违反规定的行为。随后这一规定便被法庭认识并接受。早期对心理治疗中治疗师与来访者的性关系的理解主要是基于理论、一般感受及个案研究的结论 ,在最近 2 5年来这种情况大为改善 ,许多系统的调查研究提供了客观真实的数据统计资料。本文将概述这方面的情况。1　文献回顾从Ｍａｓｔｅｒ及Ｊｏ…     

Losing home

I come to respect an elderly patient, and watch as he has to leave the home and way of life that he has known for nearly a century     

The use of physician-patient email: a follow-up examination of adoption and best-practice adherence 2005-2008

Background

Improved communication from physician- patient emailing is an important element of patient centeredness. Physician-patient email use has been low; and previous data from Florida suggest that physicians who email with patients rarely implement best-practice guidelines designed to protect physicians and patients.

Objective

Our objective was to examine whether email use with patients has changed over time (2005-2008) by using two surveys of Florida physicians, and to determine whether physicians have more readily embraced the best-practice guidelines in 2008 versus 2005. Lastly, we explored the 2008 factors associated with email use with patients and determined whether these factors changed relative to 2005.

Methods

Our pooled time-series design used results from a 2005 survey (targeting 14,921 physicians) and a separate 2008 survey (targeting 7003 different physicians). In both years, physicians practicing in the outpatient setting were targeted with proportionally identical sampling strategies. Combined data from questions focusing on email use were analyzed using chi-square analysis, Fisher exact test, and logistic regression.

Results

A combined 6260 responses were available for analyses, representing a participation rate of 28.2% (4203/14,921) in 2005 and 29.4% (2057/7003) in 2008. Relative to 2005, respondents in 2008 were more likely to indicate that they personally used email with patients (690/4148, 16.6% vs 408/2001, 20.4%, c² ₁ = 13.0, P < .001). However, physicians who reported frequently using email with patients did not change from 2005 to 2008 (2.9% vs 59/2001, 2.9%). Interest among physicians in future email use with patients was lower in 2008 (58.4% vs 52.8%, c² ₂ = 16.6, P < .001). Adherence to email best practices remained low in 2008. When comparing 2005 and 2008 adherences with each of the individual guidelines, rates decreased over time in each category and were significantly lower for 4 of the 13 guidelines. Physician characteristics in 2008 that predicted email use with patients were different from 2005. Specifically, in multivariate analysis female physicians (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.12-1.95), specialist physicians (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.12-1.84), and those in a multispecialty practice (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.30-2.37) were more likely than their counterparts to email with patients. Additionally, self-reported computer competency levels (on a 5-point Likert scale) among physicians predicted email use at every level of response.

Conclusions

Email use between physicians and patients has changed little between 2005 and 2008. However, future physician interest in using email with patients has decreased. More troubling is the decrease in adherence to best practices designed to protect physicians and patients when using email. Policy makers wanting to harness the potential benefits of physician-patient email should devise plans to encourage adherence to best practices. These plans should also educate physicians on the existence of best practices and methods to incorporate these guidelines into routine workflows.