无左心房和肺静脉三维重建的阵发性心房颤动导管消融术

目的探讨无左心房和肺静脉三维重建与有左心房三维重建的Carto系统引导下阵发性心房颤动（房颤）导管消融术的差异。方法入选2008年1月至12月在本中心由同一位熟练术者行Carto系统引导下导管消融术的阵发性房颤患者31例,其中17例接受无左心房和肺静脉三维重建的消融术（非重建组）,14例接受有左心房三维重建的消融术（重建组）。具体消融方法为以环肺静脉电隔离为基础,按照个体情况选择是否行三尖瓣峡部画线消融。消融终点均为肺静脉电位与心房完全隔离,电生理检查不可诱发持续的房颤、心房扑动和房性心动过速。对比上述两组患者消融术中各步骤的耗时情况,并进行随访。结果重建组男女比例为10：4,非重建组为11：6,P〉0．05;重建组年龄（54．64±15．58）岁,非重建组（59．41±10．59）岁,P〉0．05;重建组房颤病程（5．05±10．4）年,非重建组为（7．34±7．74）年,P〉0．05。重建组左心房内径（35．29±4．73）mm,非重建组是（36．47±6．15）mm,P〉0．05。重建组消融术时间（107．23±28．92）min,非重建组是（93．47±26．09）min,P〉0．05;重建组X线曝光时间（21．09±6．49）min,非重建组是（14．16±5．35）min,P〈0．05;重建组环右肺静脉消融时间（27．29±18．53）min,非重建组是（18．00±4．51）min,P〈0．05;重建组环左肺静脉消融时间（28．14±9．26）min,非重建组是（23．94±7．10）min,P〈0．05。消融术后随访2～13个月,重建组85．7％无明显房颤发作,非重建组是82．4％（P〉0．05）。结论与有左心房三维重建的Carto系统引导下的阵发性房颤导管消融术相比,无左心房和肺静脉三维重建可以缩短消融术和x线曝光时间,可以达到相同的消融效果。     

非接触心内膜激动标测系统引导下的左房消融治疗阵发性心房颤动的初步研究

为探讨非肺静脉起源的阵发性心房颤动 (简称房颤 )用非接触心内膜激动标测系统 (EnSite30 0 0 )标测房颤的起始激动部位、折返途径与传导以及射频消融术治疗的方法、效果及其安全性。对 6例左房起源的房颤 ,用改良Ross法穿刺房间隔后置入EnSite30 0 0标测球囊导管于左房 ,将大头导管分别送至左上、下肺静脉 ,右上、下肺静脉 ,二尖瓣口及在左房前后、左右各壁移动 ,描记左房三维几何图形。记录诱发房颤的房性早搏 (简称房早 )起源点、房颤起始的传导方向、折返部位。设计消融点与消融线 ,用 5 0～ 5 5℃温控消融导管放电 ,每点 6 0s。参考消融终点 :①房早等房性心律失常消失 ,必要时静脉滴注异丙肾上腺素重复检查 ;②设计的线状消融部位传导中断 ;③先前的电生理方法不能诱发房颤和其他房性心律失常。结果 :经EnSite30 0 0标测 ,6例房早均起源于左房后壁 ,其中单点起源 2例、多点起源 4例 ;折返限于左房壁 2例、与左上肺静脉有关 3例、与右上肺静脉有关 2例、合并典型心房扑动 1例。EnSite30 0 0引导下的左房消融术 3例成功、3例有效 ,无并发症发生。随访 1个月 ,2 4h动态心电图检查术后房早明显减少 (5 6 .8±7.5 8个vs 15 2 6 2 .4± 8914 .5个 ,P <0 .0 0 1)。结论 :用EnSite30 0 0能准确标测左房非?     

EnSite-NavX和双Lasso指导下的左心房线性消融治疗阵发性心房颤动

目的在ENSITE-NAVX和双LASSO指导下环肺静脉口外线性消融,使肺静脉电活动与心房电活动分离,介绍这一手术方法治疗阵发性心房颤动(房颤)的初步经验。方法2004年4月至11月,共收治22例阵发性房颤患者,其中男性19例,女性3例,年龄25~67(48·5±11·4)岁,房颤病史0·5~13·0(4·3±3·3)年。3例有原发性高血压史,余均无器质性心脏病病史。超声心动图检查示左心房直径为31~46(37·5±4·6)MM。所有患者在建立ENSITE-NAVX左心房几何构型后,于肺静脉开口外0·5~1·0CM处设置环右侧肺静脉和左侧肺静脉的环状消融线径。盐水灌注导管沿拟定消融线逐点消融,完成右侧消融环线至LASSO电极上肺静脉电位消失;再完成左侧消融环线至肺静脉电位消失。术后服用普罗帕酮450MG/D、培哚普利4MG/D,共3个月。结果22例患者,除1例术中因心包填塞未达消融终点外,余21例均达到消融终点;其中3例于房颤节律时消融,余18例于窦性节律下消融。手术时间5·0~10·0(6·6±1·3)H,X线时间为30~84(56·1±18·0)MIN。随访3~11(5·3±2·7)个月,10例患者术后症状消失,HOLTER示偶见房性早搏。2例经再次手术后未再有房颤发作。3例术后1个月内有阵发性房颤发作,但1个月后未再有发作。2例术后仍有心悸症状,但无房颤发作,HOLTER示频繁房性早搏,少数组成短阵房性心动过速;3例仍有房颤发作;1例患者房颤发作更趋频繁。术中共2例发生心包填塞。本研究组总成功率为81%。结论ENSITE-NAVX和双LASSO指导下的左心房线性消融治疗阵发性房颤具有较高成功率,其长期结果有待于更多病例的积累和更长时间的随访。     

Lasso环形标测电极导管指导阵发性心房颤动肺静脉电隔离

探讨在Lasso环形标测电极导管指导下对阵发性心房颤动 (PAF)患者行肺静脉电隔离术的安全性、有效性。顽固性PAF患者 30例 ,男 19例 ,年龄 5 3± 15 (41～ 70 )岁 ,在肺静脉口用Lasso环形电极导管对肺静脉逐一进行标测 ,于肺静脉最早的心房 肺静脉电位处消融 ,电学隔离肺静脉。消融温度控制在 5 0℃ ,功率 2 5～ 35W。结果 :电学隔离肺静脉 6 9根 ,其中左上肺静脉 2 8根、左下肺静脉 2 0根、右上肺静脉 15根、右下肺静脉 6根 ,电隔离成功6 5根 ;电隔离上腔静脉 6根 ,左房后游离壁异位兴奋灶消融 8个 ,无手术相关并发症。即刻成功率 94 %。随访10 .1± 5 .1(5～ 2 2 )个月 ,成功率 (无心房颤动发作 ) 6 1%。结论 :在Lasso环形标测电极导管指导下对PAF患者行肺静脉电隔离术安全有效 ,是一种很有前途的治疗PAF的消融方法。     

Comparison of 2 mapping strategies for pulmonary vein isolation.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary vein (PV) isolation using a circular catheter (CC) creates an entrance block from the left atrium (LA) to PV to eliminate paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). We describe a new approach for PV isolation during distal PV pacing using a basket catheter (BC). The purpose of the present study was to compare 2 mapping strategies for PV isolation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Of 100 consecutive patients with PAF, 50 underwent CC-guided PV isolation and 50 underwent BC-guided PV isolation. During CC-guided ablation, the endpoint was the elimination of PV potentials based on the entrance block from the LA to PV. During BC-guided ablation during distal PV pacing, the endpoint was the elimination of bidirectional PV-LA conduction. At 12 months, 62% of patients who underwent CC ablation and 80% of patients who underwent BC ablation were free of symptomatic PAF without the use of antiarrhythmic drugs (p<0.05). The incidence of mild (<50%) PV stenosis in BC ablation was significantly lower than that in CC ablation (12 vs 24%, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This new approach for PV isolation during distal PV pacing using BC is useful for confirming a bidirectional PV-LA conduction block and is more effective than CC ablation.     

老年人阵发性心房颤动的导管消融治疗

为评价老年人阵发性心房颤动 (PAF)行导管消融治疗的可行性和疗效 ,选择药物无法控制或不能耐受的PAF患者 5 6例 ,男 4 1例、女 15例 ,年龄 6 5 .7± 10 .1(6 0～ 74 )岁 ,无器质性心脏病 4 6例 ,合并高血压 7例 ,高血压及糖尿病 1例 ,高血压及冠心病 1例 ,冠心病 1例。均经食管超声心动图检查排除左房血栓。据消融技术的演进及患者入选的时间顺序 ,采用不同的消融方法 (点消融术、超声球囊肺静脉电隔离术、肺静脉节段性消融电隔离术 )。 3～ 6个月后评价疗效。结果 :5 6例患者 ,5 5例完成消融术 :点消融术 4例 ,成功 1例 ,无效 2例 ,心包积血 1例 ;超声球囊肺静脉电隔离术 14例 ,成功 7例 ,有效 5例 ,无效 2例 ,无肺静脉狭窄 ;肺静脉节段性消融电隔离术 37例 ,成功11例 ,有效 2 3例 ,无效 3例 ,左下肺静脉开口 >30 %狭窄 1例。结论 :导管消融治疗老年人PAF是安全有效的 ,肺静脉电隔离术使疗效明显提高 ,但仍未令人满意。     

非接触心内膜激动标测系统指导左房消融治疗阵发性心房颤动

探讨非接触心内膜激动标测系统 (EnSite30 0 0 NavX)引导下左房消融治疗阵发性心房颤动 (简称房颤 )的可行性和临床疗效。对 4例阵发性房颤患者采用EnSite30 0 0 NavX建立左房、肺静脉的三维立体图 ,并在距离肺静脉口 1～ 2cm处于左房后壁描记两环 (一环包括左上、下肺静脉 ,另一环包括右上、下肺静脉 )、两线 (一线为左房后顶部两环之间 ,另一线为左环至二尖瓣峡部连线 )作为消融隔离线 ,于非X线下分别沿各线依次消融。结果 :4例房颤全部终止 ,无并发症发生 ,手术时间 15 1.3± 2 3.2min ,X线曝光时间 2 2 .0± 6 .8min ,术后 6个月内均未复发房颤。结论 :非接触心内膜标测系统指导下的左房消融是治疗阵发性房颤的有效而安全的方法。     

永存左上腔静脉并发室上性心动过速的射频消融治疗

目的:探讨永存左上腔静脉（PLSVC）并发室上性心动过速（SVT）的射频消融策略。方法: 2008年6月～2011年6月在我科行射频消融的SVT患者1 460例, 17例并发PLSVC。其中房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT)8例,左侧隐匿性旁路伴房室折返性心动过速（AVRT）6例,阵发性房颤（PAF）3例。结果: 17例患者均经左锁骨下静脉穿刺成功,并放置冠状窦电极,8例AVNRT患者经房室结改良成功;6例左侧隐匿性旁路,4例经主动脉逆行途径消融,2例经房间隔穿刺,在二尖瓣心房侧进行旁路消融;3例PAF患者行房间隔穿刺后行环肺静脉电隔离。消融成功率100%,无手术并发症。结论: PLSVC并发SVT,导管消融治疗仍有较高的手术成功率和较低的手术并发症,但在左锁骨下静脉穿刺的识别、导管消融的技巧及手术并发症的防治方面仍有其特殊性。     

Ablation of paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation: 1-year follow-up through continuous subcutaneous monitoring

Ablation of Paroxysmal and Persistent Atrial Fibrillation . Background: The aim of this prospective observational study was to identify responders to ablation through continuous subcutaneous monitoring for 1 year after ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) or persistent AF (PersAF). Method: Patients with symptomatic drug refractory AF were enrolled. Real‐time three‐dimensional (3D) left atrium maps were reconstructed by using a nonfluoroscopic navigation system (CARTO, Biosense‐Webster Inc., Diamond Bar, CA, USA). The ipsilateral left and right pulmonary veins (PVs) were encircled in 1 lesion line by circumferential PV isolation. All patients were implanted with Reveal XT (Medtronic Inc.) for continuous AF monitoring and data collected every month during the 12‐month follow‐up. Results: We enrolled 129 patients (56 ± 9 years, 102 males), all of whom were followed‐up for 12 months after the last ablation procedure: 58 (45%) had a history of PersAF. After only 1 ablation procedure, 76 (59%) of the 129 patients were AF‐free at 12‐month: 48 out of 71 (68%) in the PAF group and 28 out of 58 (48%) in the PersAF group. After 1 or more ablation procedures, 94 (73%) of the 129 patients were AF‐free 12 months after the last procedure: 57 out of 71 (80%) in the PAF group and 37 out of 58 (64%) in the PersAF group. Conclusion: Ablation is highly effective in treating AF, as assessed through detailed 1‐year continuous monitoring: success rate is higher in PAF than in PersAF patients. The use of subcutaneous monitors is a valuable means of identifying responders and nonresponders, and can potentially guide antiarrhythmic and antithrombotic therapies. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 22, pp. 369‐375)     

阵发性心房颤动患者上腔静脉肌袖与心房的电学连接特征

总结 16例阵发性心房颤动患者上腔静脉 (SVC)肌袖的电生理标测和导管射频消融电隔离的结果 ,评价SVC肌袖和心房电连接的类型和特点。在环状标测电极指导下 ,对 16根SVC肌袖进行电位的记录、分析以及开口部的点或段的消融电隔离治疗。根据窦性心律和心房起搏下的肌袖内环形电极标测的袖电位激动顺序 ,即电突破点的数目和位置 ,以及有效放电对袖电位及其电突破点的影响 ,总结和分析袖房之间的电连接类型和特点。结果 :共标测和电隔离SVC肌袖 16根。其中呈单束状电连接 8根 (5 0 % ) ,双束状电连接 7根 (43.7% ) ,多束状电连接 1根 (6 .3% )。 16根SVC平均每根电连接束为 1.6± 0 .6根 ,共消融 2 .1± 0 .6个节段和部位 ,每个部位进行了2 .3± 0 .7次的放电。所有病例均达到完全电隔离的标准。结论 :SVC袖房之间电连接的类型多为单束状和双束状 ,在袖房连接处行点或节段性消融即可达到完全袖房电隔离的结果。     

老年阵发性心房颤动患者心房内及心房间的不同步性研究

目的 研究老年阵发性心房颤动(房颤)患者心房内和心房间的不同步运动,并进一步探讨其不同步性的影响因素.方法 采用组织多普勒成像(TDI)技术,在心尖四腔观测右心房游离壁、房间隔和左心房游离壁各取样点处心电图P波开始到TDI(PW-TDI)上A波起始点的时限:右心房(P-RA)、房间隔(P-IAS)、左心房(P-LA).比较 51例非老年对照组、40例老年对照组与52例老年阵发性房颤组心房内和心房间的不同步性.应用多因素逐步回归方法探讨老年阵发性房颤患者心房不同步的主要影响因素.结果 老年阵发性房颤患者的左房内、心房间不同步性较老年对照组显著增大(P＜0.01),右心房内不同步性差异无统计学意义.老年阵发性房颤组多因素逐步回归分析结果显示,左房内不同步性与收缩压(x2)、年龄(x1)、左室质量指数(LVMI,x5)具有相关性,回归方程为Y=-57.241+0.481 x1+ 0.223 x2+0.294 x5.结论 老年阵发性房颤患者存在显著的左心房内、心房间不同步性;收缩压、年龄、LVMI是老年阵发性房颤患者左心房内、心房间不同步性的主要影响因素.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate intra- and interatrial asynchrony and its determinants in aged patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) by using tissue Doppler imaging. Methods Ninty-one patients without PAF (control group, including 40 elder patients and 51 non-elder patients) and 52 aged patients with PAF were included. As to assessment of intra- and interatrial synchronicity, the atrioventricular plane were selected on the right atrial (RA) free wall, interatrial septum (IAS), and left atrial (LA) free wall. The time differences from the onset of the P wave to the onset of the A wave at the left atrium (P-LA), the IAS (P-IAS), and the right atrium (P-RA) were measured. Intra-atrial asynchrony was defined as the differences between P-IAS and P-RA (RA asynchrony) and between P-LA and P-IAS (LA asynchrony). Interatrial asynchrony was defined as the difference between P-LA and P-RA. Stepwise regression was made to determine the influencing factors for atrial asynchrony in aged patients with PAF. Results Compared with the control group, aged patients with PAF had significant LA and interatrial asynchrony (P＜0.01). Multivariate stepwise regression demonstrated that systolic blood pressure (x2), age (x1) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI x5) entered the regression equation in aged patients with PAF (Y=-57.241+0.481 x1+0.223 x2+0.294 x5). Conclusions Aged patients with PAF have LA and interatrial asynchrony. LVH, aged and SBP are important factors leading to these asynchronies in the aged patients with PAF.     

心房颤动射频消融术后继发房性心律失常的机制和对策

目的 研究心房颤动(AF)患者环肺静脉射频消融术后继发房性快速性心律失常(ATA)的机制和对策.方法 继发ATA 15例.左房各肺静脉逐一标测,对恢复心房-肺静脉传导的静脉补点消融,达到心房-肺静脉电隔离.成功后仍然存在或诱发ATA的则进行CARTO激动标测和拖带标测,并行辅线消融或局灶消融,直到不能诱发.结果 经电生理标测发现14例恢复了心房-肺静脉传导.相应补点消融后电隔离,9例不能再诱发,3例诱发了左房大折返心动过速,左房顶部/峡部消融后终止,1例诱发左房局灶心动过速,局灶消融后成功.2例诱发右房大折返心动过速,右房峡部消融后消失.术后随访1～16(5.5±4.4)个月,13例无复发,2例发作明显减少.结论 左房-肺静脉传导恢复是继发ATA的重要机制;其他机制还包括左房顶部、峡部、右房峡部依赖的大折返心动过速以及局灶房性心动过速等.对继发ATA,先检查肺静脉并补点消融很重要,但不能完全解决问题,尚需根据CARTO激动标测和拖带标测进行个体化的消融.     

Transient ST-segment-elevation during pulmonary vein ablation using circumferential coiled microelectrodes in a prospective multi-centre study.

AIMS: Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) is predominantly triggered by focal ectopies located within the pulmonary veins (PV). The BITMAP Study (Breakthrough and Isolation Trial: Mapping and Ablation of Pulmonary Veins) investigated prospectively the safety and efficacy of a catheter design with circumferential mapping and ablation electrodes. We report the phenomenon of ST-segment-elevation during catheter placement in the left atrium (LA) and superior PVs in this multi-centre study. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-three patients (57+/-10 years) with PAF were included in this study. Radiofrequency catheter (RFC) ablation supported by the 4F REVELATION Helix microcatheter (Cardima Inc., Freemont, CA, USA) with eight distal-coiled microelectrodes for bipolar mapping and ablation. RFC was applied at the ostial region of PV (30 W, 45-50 degrees C) with a maximum of four RFC applications per electrode. In four of the 43 patients from three centres, we recorded the occurrence of ST-segment-elevation greater than 0.2 mV and accompanying left thoracic discomfort. The ECG changes and the symptoms started abruptly and lasted for 4.2+/-2.2 min. Pericardial effusion could instantaneously be excluded by echocardiography in all cases. Coronary angiograms were performed in three patients with the longest episodes; no thrombotic material or air emboli were present. The symptoms and the ECG changes resolved completely in all patients. CONCLUSION: The phenomenon of ST-segment-elevation during LA- and PV-mapping in patients with PAF may be a common occurrence. In this prospective multi-centre trial, we demonstrated the reversibility of this phenomenon; no cardiovascular or cerebral damage was reported during both the procedure and the follow-up. Although the mechanism is still unclear, vasospasm may contribute to this phenomenon because of autonomic dysregulation.     

Can segmental pulmonary vein ablation reduce the recurrence of atrial fibrillation when using a higher RF power, larger tip electrode catheter, and additional RF deliveries?: the limitations of point-by-point RF ablation

The aim of this study was to investigate whether segmental ostial catheter ablation (SOCA) designed to prevent the electrical connections (ECs) between the left atrium and pulmonary veins (PVs) might help increase the efficacy of SOCA in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). PV mapping and successful SOCA were performed with a basket catheter in 108 consecutive patients with PAF. Radiofrequency energy was delivered using a maximum output of 30 W with a 4 mm tip catheter (group I; 47) or 40 W with an 8 mm tip catheter (group II; 61). Only in the group II patients were additional radiofrequency deliveries to the specific sites where the ECs tended to recover performed after successful SOCA. After the first procedure, PAF recurred in 47% of the group I patients and 32% of the group II patients. In all 27 patients who underwent repeat procedures, EC recoveries were observed more frequently in group I than in group II (69% versus 49%; P < 0.05). After multiple procedures, there was more freedom from PAF in group II (84%) than in group I (66%) (P < 0.05). SOCA with a higher RF power, larger tip catheter, and additional RF deliveries could achieve a more effective SOCA.     

Outcomes after cardiac perforation during radiofrequency ablation of the atrium

BACKGROUND: Perforation during catheter procedures in either the atrium or ventricle is relatively uncommon, but potentially fatal if tamponade ensues. This study analyzes the occurrence and outcomes of cardiac perforation during catheter-based radiofrequency ablation procedures in the left atrium. METHODS: All patients with a periprocedure perforation who have undergone radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) or tachycardia were included. RESULTS: Of 632 procedures performed from January 1999 to October 2004, 15 (2.4%) were complicated by perforation requiring pericardiocentesis. The perforation site was left atrium in 9 (60.0%), right atrium in 1 (6.7%), and right ventricle in 5 (33.3%). Intracardiac echocardiography was used in 13 (86.7%) and revealed an effusion before overt instability in 11 (73.3%). Thirteen (86.7%) patients developed a blood pressure <60 mmHg. The pressure stabilized in all patients after pericardiocentesis (hypotension to intervention: 10.1 +/- 5.1 minutes). The total blood volume removed was 848 +/- 880 mL (left atrium/right atrium: 1,074 +/- 1,002 vs right ventricle: 396 +/- 266, P = 0.168). Two patients required surgery to close left atrium dome perforations. The ablation was completed in 7 (46.7%) patients. Ten (66.7%) later developed early reoccurrence of AF. All patients were neurologically intact at hospital discharge. During a 1.5 +/- 1.1 year follow-up, AF was eliminated (n = 4) or controlled (n = 1) in 5 (71.4%) patients with complete procedures, and 2 (20.0%) patients underwent successful repeat ablation. CONCLUSION: The incidence of perforation during ablation of the left atrium is low. Most perforations occur in the left atrium; however, few require surgical closure. Although less than with uncomplicated procedures, the majority of patients with complete ablations achieve long-term elimination of AF.     

Role of Residual Potentials Inside Circumferential Pulmonary Veins Ablation Lines in the Recurrence of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

Residual Potentials After Pulmonary Vein Isolation. Background: Residual gaps due to incomplete ablation lines are known to be the most common cause of recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF) after catheter ablation. We hypothesized that any residual potentials at the junction of the left atrium and pulmonary vein (PV), inside the circumferential PV ablation (CPVA) lines, would contribute to the recurrence of AF or post‐AF ablation atrial flutter (AFL); therefore, the elimination of these potentials increases AF‐/AFL‐free survival rates. Methods and Results: One hundred and two patients with paroxysmal AF (PAF) were enrolled and prospectively randomized to a group with ablation of residual potentials as add‐on therapy to CPVA + PV electrical isolation (PVI) (group 1, n = 49), or a group without ablation of the residual potentials (group 2, n = 53). Post‐CPVA residual potentials, inside the ablation lines, were identified by contact bipolar electrode mapping catheter and a detailed 3‐dimensional voltage map. Twenty‐three patients in group 1 and 18 patients in group 2 had post‐CPVA residual potentials (46.9% vs 34.0%, P = 0.182). The AF‐/AFL‐free survival rate during follow‐up of 23.3 ± 7.9 months was not different in comparisons between the 2 groups (P = 0.818), and 79.6% and 81.1% of the patients in groups 1 and 2 maintained a sinus rhythm (P = 0.845), respectively. Conclusions: Residual potentials inside CPVA were commonly found in the patients with PAF after CPVA + PVI. Further ablation of residual potentials did not increase the efficacy of catheter ablation in patients with PAF. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 959‐965, September 2010)     

射频导管消融进行心房-肺(或上腔)静脉电隔离治疗阵发性心房颤动的并发症分析

目的总结射频导管消融进行心房 肺静脉和 /或上腔静脉 (合称大静脉 )电隔离治疗阵发性心房颤动 (房颤 )的并发症。方法顽固性阵发性房颤患者 89例 ,在环状标测电极导管指导下行大静脉的射频导管消融电隔离治疗 ,分析出现的各种并发症。结果 89例病人共接受电隔离治疗 10 3次 ,隔离大静脉 2 30根 ,其中肺静脉 2 0 7根 ,上腔静脉 2 3根。出现并发症 10例 ,其中严重迷走神经反射导致的一过性三度房室阻滞引起的晕厥发作 2例 ,脑卒中 2例 ,肺静脉狭窄 4例 (狭窄程度 >5 0 % ) ,术后少量心包积血 2例 ,并发症的总发生率为 11%。结论射频导管消融进行心房 肺和 /或上腔静脉电隔离治疗阵发性房颤可出现各种并发症 ,多数并发症可通过采取相应的措施使之减少或避免 ,其中肺静脉狭窄和脑卒中为最棘手的并发症 ,应予以高度重视。     

Electroanatomic characteristics of atrial premature beats triggering atrial fibrillation in patients with persistent versus paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

APBs in Persistent Versus Paroxysmal AF. BACKGROUND: Although the electrical disconnection between the left atrium (LA) and pulmonary veins (PVs) by radiofrequency catheter ablation has been proven to be effective in controlling atrial fibrillation (AF), the recurrence rate is higher in patients with persistent AF (PeAF) than with paroxysmal AF (PAF). We hypothesized that the origin of the atrial premature beats (APBs) that trigger AF and the pattern of their breakthrough into the LA differ between PAF and PeAF. METHODS: We mapped 75 APBs (53 APBs triggering AF, 22 isolated APBs) from the LA and PVs in 26 patients with AF (age: 49.5 +/- 9.6, males: 23, PAF = 17, PeAF = 9), using a noncontact endocardial mapping (NCM) system. The location of the preferential conduction (PC) sites and their conduction velocity (CV) were compared. RESULTS: In patients with PeAF, the earliest activation (EA) site and exit of the PC were more frequently located on the LA side of the LA-PV junction as compared with PAF (P < 0.001). Eighty-one percent of the PCs were located in the area between the left and right superior PVs. The incidence of PCs was similar between the PeAF and PAF patients (P = NS). PCs were more commonly found with APBs inducing AF (63.3%) than with those not inducing AF (35.2%, P = 0.01). The CV of the PC was slower for PeAF than PAF (P < 0.001). The CV in the LA during sinus rhythm was also slower for PeAF than PAF (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: PeAF was more frequently triggered by APBs from the LA side of the LA-PV junction than PAF and resulted in slower conduction than did PAF. These findings may help explain the higher potential for recurrence after electrical PV isolation in patients with PeAF.     

The Relationship Between Endocardial Voltage and Regional Volume in Electroanatomical Remodeled Left Atria in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Comparison of Three‐Dimensional Computed Tomographic Images and Voltage Mapping

Background: Long‐standing atrial fibrillation (AF) changes left atrial (LA) morphology, and the LA size is related to recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA). We hypothesize that LA morphology, based on embryological origin, affects the outcome of RFCA. Methods: We analyzed 3D computed tomographic (CT) images of LA in 70 patients with AF (54 males, 55.6 ± 10.5 years old, paroxysmal AF (PAF):persistent AF (PeAF) = 32:38) who underwent RFCA. Each LA image was divided into venous atrium (VA), anterior LA (ALA), LA appendage (LAA), and both antrum. Absolute and relative volumes were calculated, and the lengths of linear ablation sites were measured. Results: (1) In patients with the mean LA voltage ≤ 2.0 mV, LA volume, especially ALA, was larger (P < 0.01) compared to those with LA voltage > 2.0 mV. (2) The total LA volume was significantly larger (P < 0.01) and LAA voltages (P < 0.05) and conduction velocities (P < 0.05) were lower in patients with PeAF than in those with PAF. (3) In patients with recurrence, LA volume was generally larger (P < 0.01) than in those without recurrence. In PAF patients with recurrence, the relative volume of ALA was significantly larger (P < 0.01) than those without recurrence. Conclusions Morphologically remodeled LA has low endocardial voltage, and enlargement of ALA is more significant in electroanatomically remodeled LA. The disproportional enlargement of ALA was observed more often in PAF patients with recurrence after ablation than those without recurrence.     

国产ColumbusTM三维标测系统在心房颤动射频消融中的初步应用

目的报道国产ColumbusTM三维电解剖标测系统在射频消融治疗持续性心房颤动（简称房颤）中的初步应用经验。方法2012年3月至2013年4月入选持续性房颤患者10例作为实验组,术中两次穿刺房间隔成功后送入环形标测电极和冷盐水灌注消融电极导管,使用Columbus系统构建左房和肺静脉电解剖结构后行房颤消融。另取10例使用CaaoXP系统辅助消融的持续性房颤患者作为对照组。结果实验组和对照组患者术中均成功完成肺静脉电隔离和必的线性消融。与对照组相比,实验组建模时间、X线曝光时间和放电时间无显著性差异[分别为（11±4）minVS（9±4）min;（13±3）minVS（4±5）min;（35±8）minVS（33±9）min,P均〉0．05]。实验组总手术时间长于对照组[（135±20）minvs（120±17）min,P〈O．05]。两组在术中、术后均没有严重并发症出现。在术后至少1年的随访时间中,实验组和对照组分别有4例和5例患者复发。结论国产Columbus三维标测可安全有效地指导房颤的射频消融手术。