自体外周血干细胞移植联合利妥昔单抗治疗自身免疫性溶血性贫血——附1例报告

目的:探讨自体外周血干细胞移植(autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, APBSCT)联合抗CD20单克隆抗体利妥昔单抗治疗自身免疫性溶血性贫血(autoimmune hemolytic anemia,AIHA)的疗效.方法:对1例激素依赖的AIHA患者进行APBSCT同时联合使用利妥昔单抗.采用环磷酰胺4g/m2联合非格司亭5μg/(kg·d)动员患者的外周血干细胞,然后予环磷酰胺50 mg/(kg·d)共4日,预处理后回输保存的外周血干细胞,共回输单个核细胞2.12×108/kg,CD34 细胞1.48×106/kg,回输后分别于第1日及第8日予利妥昔单抗375 mg/m2行体内净化.结果:移植后患者造血恢复顺利,于第8日中性粒细胞绝对数超过0.5×109/L,第9日血小板超过20×109/L.患者在移植过程中血红蛋白最低降至82g/L,于第16日升至90g/L,网织红细胞降至正常,胆红素恢复正常.随访13个月,造血功能恢复良好,血红蛋白为127g/L,网织红细胞正常,胆红素正常,抗人球蛋白试验转阴,仍在继续随访中.结论:APBSCT联合利妥昔单抗是治疗激素依赖的AIHA的有效方法之一.     

自体造血干细胞移植联合抗CD20单抗治疗B细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤(附1例报告)

目的探讨自体造血干细胞移植(AHSCT)联合抗CD20单克隆抗体(利妥昔单抗)治疗B细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤(B-NHL)的方法和疗效。方法对1例难治、复发的弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤患者进行AHSCT同时联合使用了抗CD20单抗。采用环磷酰胺(CTX)4g/m2 阿糖胞苷(Ara-C)4g/m2化疗联合粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)5μg/kg/d动员患者的外周血干细胞,然后予去甲氧柔红霉素(IDA)10mg/d×3d 经典BEAM方案预处理后回输保存的外周血干细胞,共回输单个核细胞(MNC)4.36×108/kg,CD34 细胞2.48×106/kg,回输后分别于 1d及 8d予抗CD20单抗375mg/m2行体内净化。结果患者移植后造血恢复顺利,于 15d中性粒细胞绝对数(ANC)>0.5×109/L, 18d血小板>20×109/L。移植后1月复查腹腔淋巴结消失。随访至移植后13月,造血功能恢复良好,病情处于持续完全缓解状态,仍在继续随访中。结论AHSCT联合抗CD20单抗是治疗难治、复发B细胞NHL的有效方法之一,有利于清除移植后的微小残留病(MRD),防止复发。     

不同大剂量环磷酰胺联合移植或不移植自体外周造血干细胞治疗重型系统性红斑狼疮23例

选择2004-10/2009-01桂林医学院附属医院风湿免疫科住院的23例重型系统性红斑狼疮患者,男3例,女20例,中位年龄(28±11)岁.分为4组:环磷酰胺10 mg/(kg·d)组12例,环磷酰胺20 mg/(kg·d)组5例,环磷酰胺30 mg/(kg·d)组4例,环磷酰胺40mg/(kg·d)组2例.对每组患者实施不同预处理剂量的环磷酰胺,×3d,存预处理前均采集自体外周血造血干细胞,保存细胞数为(1.7～3.8)×108/kg.所有受试者在任何时间点着白细胞低于0.5×109 L-1,血小板低于10×109 L-1即进行干细胞颈内静脉移植,回输细胞昔为(2.1～3.4)×108/kg.结果显示:环磷酰胺10 mg/(kg·d)组9例血小板和白细胞无下降,3例血小板和白细胞第7～9天下降,但能自行恢复.环磷酰胺20 mg/(kg·d)组1例血小板和白细胞无下降,4例血小板和白细胞第5～9天下降,但能自行恢复,均无需自体外周造血干细胞移植支持.环磷酰胺30mg/(kg·d)组4例血小板和白细胞第3～7天下降,其中1例于第5天回输干细胞,白细胞在移植后10,14 d最低值分别为2.47×109 L-1,18.8×109 L-1;移植后30 d血小板为134×109 L-1.环磷酰胺40 mg/(kg·d)组2例血小板和白细胞第3,5天下降,其中1例于第4天回输干细胞,白细胞在移植后10,14 d最低值分别为1.67×109 L-1,9.8×109 L-1;移植后30 d血小板为215×109 L-1.1例于第6天回输自体外周造血干细胞,白细胞在移植后10,14 d最低值分别为2.18×109 L-1,16.5×109 L-1;移植后30 d血小板为96×109 L-1.所有移植病例均无移植物抗宿上病、肝静脉闭塞病、出血性膀胱炎和感染的发生.与环磷酰胺10 mg/(kg·d)组比较,环磷酰胺20,30,40 mg/(kg·d)组完全的临床缓解率明显升高.提示以自体外周血干细胞移植为后盾,采用移植或不移植干细胞的方法,将很可能使重型系统性红斑狼疮达到长期的完全临床缓解.     

异基因外周血造血干细胞移植治疗白血病141例

海口市人民医院2003-11/2008-11收治的14例白血病患者,均采用改良Bu-CTX2预处理方案的异基因外周血造血干细胞移植进行.具体预处理方案为阿糖胞苷2.0～3.0 g/(m2·d),×2 d,24 h持续静滴;马利兰4 mg/(kg·d)×3 d;环磷酰胺50 mg/(kg·d),×2 d;甲基环已亚硝脲250 mg/(m2·d),×1 d;抗胸腺细胞球蛋白25 mg/kg·d),×4 d.移植前3 d,供者行重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子皮下注射,于用药第4,5天采集外周血干细胞,并分别于当天由锁骨下静脉输入患者体内,回输单个核细胞数为(7.82～9.11)×108/kg,CD34+细胞数为(2.9～7_7)×106/kg.结果14例患者完全植入,均获得造血重建,移植后11～25 d白细胞＞1.0×109 L-1.,移植后11～51 d血小板＞20×109 L-1.3例出现Ⅰ度急性移植物抗宿主病,2例出现Ⅱ度急性移植物抗宿丰病,1例出现Ⅳ度急性移植物抗宿主病:3例出现出血性膀胱炎;所有患者目前均正常生活或工作.提示采用改良Bu-CTX2预处理方案的异基因外周血造血干细胞移植治疗白血病足安全有效的方法.     

非血缘及HLA配型不合移植预防急性移植物抗宿主病13例

目的:探讨非血缘及人类白细胞抗原配型不合的异基因外周血造血干细胞移植时,环孢素A、麦考酚酸酯、抗胸腺细胞球蛋白、白细胞介素11及短程甲氨蝶呤联合预防急性移植物抗宿主病的疗效.方法:2004 09/2008-11海口市人民医院采用环孢素A等五联用药预防非血缘及血缘HLA配型不合异基因外周血造血干细胞移植患者13例.供受者HLA相合情况:非血缘供者7例,单倍型移植3例,人类白细胞抗原1个位点不合同胞供者3例.具体预处理方案为移植前7d开始,环孢素A5-10mg/(kg·d),12 h静滴1次,2次/d,无呕吐后改为口服维持:移植前7 d开始,麦考酚酸酯1次/d;移植前5 d～移植前2 d予抗胸腺细胞球蛋白2.5 mg/(kg·d);移植前2 d～移植后10 d予白细胞介素11,1.5 mg/d皮下注射;移植后1 d予甲氨蝶呤15 mg/m2,移植后3,6,11 d各予甲氨蝶呤10 mg/m2静脉滴注.临床若无移植物抗宿主病出现,3～6个月逐渐减量至停药,单倍型移植者适当延长.移植前3 d,供者行重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子皮下注射,于用药第4,5天采集外周血干细胞,并分别于当天由锁骨下静脉输入患者体内,回输单个核细胞数为(7.82～9.1 1)×108/kg,CD34+细胞数为(2.9～7.7)×106/kg.结果:13例患者均获得造血重建,急性移植物抗宿主病的发生率为46%(6/13),Ⅲ～Ⅳ度急性移植物抗宿主病发生率为8%(1/13).随访至2009-04,除1例患者尚未能到公共场所外,余12例目前均正常生活或工作.结论:环孢素A、麦考酚酸酯、抗胸腺细胞球蛋白、白细胞介素11及短程甲氨蝶呤联合预防急性移植物抗宿主病可获得较好的疗效.     

自体外周血干细胞移植联合大剂量化疗治疗恶性淋巴瘤31例分析

【目的】分析自体外周血造血干细胞移植(autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation,APB-SCT)治疗恶性淋巴瘤的临床疗效及安全性。【方法】采用APBSCT联合大剂量化疗治疗恶性淋巴瘤31例。平均4周期常规诱导化疗后行APBSC动员及采集。动员方案:非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)患者采用常规剂量CHOP方案,其中环磷酰胺(CTX)增至2.5 g/m2;霍奇金淋巴瘤(HD)患者采用高剂量单药CTX 4 g/m2。化疗后给予粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)3.5~5μg/kg。当外周血白细胞(WBC)计数达(2~5)×109/L,单核细胞(MNC)计数达20%~30%时分离外周血造血干细胞。预处理方案:异环磷酰胺(IFO)12 g/m2或CTX 4 g/m2,阿糖胞苷(Ara-c)4.5 g/m2,足叶乙甙(Vp-16)0.75 g/m2。移植后对原发灶直径大于4 cm或有肿瘤残留的病灶给予局部补量放疗。【结果】31例患者移植后缓解时间为1~108个月,中位缓解期43个月。其中1年无病生存26例(83.9%),2年23例(74.1%),3年21例(67.7%)。最长存活108个月。全组无移植相关死亡。【结论】APB-SCT联合大剂量化疗治疗恶性淋巴瘤的疗效明显优于常规化疗且安全性高值得推广。     

采用减量Bu/Cy+ATG方案进行异基因造血干细胞移植治疗恶性血液病

目的 探讨使用低强度Bu/Cy ATG预处理方案进行异基因造血干细胞移植治疗恶性血液病的疗效.方法 采用减低剂量的Bu/Cy ATG方案,进行异基因造血干细胞移植治疗18例恶性血液病,预处理方案是:马利兰(BU)4 ms/(ks·d)×3,环磷酰胺(CY)60 ms/(kg·d)×2,司莫司汀(Me-CCNU)450 Ing/(m2·d)×1,抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)3 ms/(kg·d)×2.采用环孢素A 霉酚酸酯(MMF) 短程MTX预防GVHD.结果 18例患者重建造血,中位随访时间22(3～40)个月,18例中无病存活10例,死亡8例,缓解期移植患者的存活率达66.7%.结论 低强度的Bu/Cy预处理方案,移植相关毒性减小,该方法治疗恶性血液病安全可行.     

改良BU/CY预处理方案在外周血造血干细胞移植中的临床应用

背景:在异基因造血干细胞移植中,预处理方案的选择是造血干细胞移植成败的重要关键环节之一,也是干细胞移植的重要研究方向.清髓性预处理方案毒性大,预处理相关死亡率高,从而探索理想的坝处理方案,期望在降低不良反应的同时减少复发.目的:观察用改良Bu/CY预处理方案治疗恶性血液病的疗效.方法:选取2003-11/2008-03存中南大学湘雅医学院附属海口市人民医院血液科住院患者8例,均采用改良的Bu/CY预处理方案:阿糖胞苷2.0～3.0 g/(m2·d)×2 d,持续24 h静滴;马利兰4 mg/(kg·d)×3 d;环磷酰胺50 mg/(kg·d)×2 d;甲基环已亚硝脲25 mg/(m2·d)×1 d:抗胸腺细胞球蛋白25 mg/(kg·d)×4 d.在改良方案的基础上加大阿糖胞苷剂量1倍,且改为持续24 h静滴,使预处理强度增加,促进造血干细胞持久植入.移植物抗宿主病预防:在经典的甲氨蝶呤方案基础上将环孢素A及霉酚酸酯提前至-7 d((回)输干细胞前为-)使用.患者移植前后进行ABO血型及DNA检测.结果与结论:①移植后造血重建检测:8例患者均获得造血重建,未发生预处理相关死亡.造血于细胞移植后-3～+7 d白细胞降为0,并持续3～22 d,+10～+21 d白细胞＞1.0×109L-1,+11～+51 d血小板＞20×109L-1.②移植物抗宿主病的发病情况:8例患者移植物抗宿主病Ⅳ级(肠道)1例,急性移植物抗宿主病Ⅰ～Ⅱ级3例.提示进一步改良BU/CTX方案其不良反应小,优于经典的全身照射/CY方案,且简便易行,抗白血病作用确实可靠,是治疗恶性血液病安全有效的方法.关健词:造血干细胞移植;移植预处理;白血病;淋巴瘤;移植物抗宿主病     

DA-EPOCH化疗联合G-CSF有效动员非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者自体外周血造血干细胞

目的:探讨CTX+G-CSF和DA-EPOCH+G-CSF方案对非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)患者外周血干细胞动员采集及造血恢复的效果。方法:回顾性分析我科收治的40例NHL患者分别采用CTX+G-CSF及DA-EPOCH+GCSF方案进行外周血造血干细胞(PBSC)动员、采集,并予BEAM方案预处理后回输自体外周血干细胞,分析动员效果、不良反应及自体移植后造血恢复情况。结果:CTX+G-CSF组动员期间1例患者外周血白细胞(WBC)计数降至0.8×10~9/L,其余WBC数最低值均2.0×10~9/L,3例血小板数降至80×10~9/L左右,其余患者血小板数均正常,单次采集物CD34~+细胞比例中位数0.99(0.35-1.30)%,共采集单个核(MNC)数(3.80±2.05)×10~10~,累计MNC(5.84±2.48)×10~8/kg,CD34~+细胞数中位数3.84(3.91-6.5)×10~6/kg。DA-EPOCH+G-CSF组动员期间患者外周血白细胞(WBC)计数最低降至(0.2-1.4)×10~9/L,1例血小板(Plt)数最低为8×10~9/L,其余均在40×10~9/L以上,单次采集物CD34~+细胞比例中位数0.85(0.34-1.2)%,共采集MNC中位数(3.68±1.56)×10~(10),累计MNC数(6.01±2.26)×10~8/kg,CD34~+细胞数中位数4.44(2.7-7.10)×10~6/kg。2组患者采集物CD34~+细胞比例中位数、总MNC中位数,累计每公斤体重MNC数及CD34~+细胞数中位数比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。CTX+G-CSF组自体干细胞移植后粒细胞植活平均时间为10.00(9.00-11.00)d,血小板植活平均时间为12.00(11.00-13.50)d;DA-EPOCH组自体干细胞移植后粒细胞植活平均时间为10.00(9.00-11.00)d,血小板植活平均时间为12.50(11.00-17.25)d,2组比较无统计学差异(P0.05),在移植过程中无死亡病例。结论:DA-EPOCH联合G-CSF方案可有效动员NHL患者的外周血干细胞,安全性高,且经济实惠,值得临床推广     

抗胸腺细胞球蛋白在HLA配型部分相合的造血干细胞移植患者的药代动力学

为了研究抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(antithymocyte globulin,ATG)在HLA配型部分相合造血干细胞移植患者体内的药代动力学,将2003年10月至2004年10月北京大学血液病研究所骨髓移植部15例患者纳入本研究方案并应用ATG,其中AML5例、CML6例、ALL3例、AA1例。给15例接受HLA部分配型相合造血干细胞移植术患者静脉滴注ATG,剂量为10mg/kg,分4天给药,用ELISA Fc法检测ATG血药浓度,用3P97程序根据房室模型进行数据处理。结果表明:ATG为超长半衰期药物,剂量2.5mg/d连续应用4天,血药浓度随之升高,移植前5天血药浓度上升到44.8%。根据AIC(Akaike's information criterion),该值符合一级消除动力学的二室模型;主要药代动力学参数:AUC0-t3415.9±216.2mg/(L·d);Cmax136.0±10.31mg/L,ATG的达峰时间(Tmax)为4.8±0.7天;t1/2为29.7±2.60天;ATG表观分布容积的平均值为0.12±0.02L/kg;CL(s)为0.002927L/d,ATG体内有效的血药浓度至少维持90天。在给药期间患者未出现严重药物不良反应,耐受性好。结论:含总剂量10mg ATG预处理方案,临床有效,患者安全耐受,适宜用于HLA部分相合的造血干细胞移植患者,ATG在机体的药代动力学无种族差异性。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.