人体测量指标与儿童血压的相关性研究

目的调查分析人体测量指标对儿童血压的影响。方法随机抽样检查郑州地区6 790名6~13岁儿童,测量体质指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)、臀围(HC)、血压,计算腰围/臀围比(WHR)及腰围/身高比(WHtR),采用SPSS16.0软件进行统计分析。结果儿童高血压检出率为5.57%。控制年龄因素后采用偏相关分析发现,男、女童的BMI、WC、HC、WHtR与收缩压和舒张压均呈显著正相关(P均0.05)。无论男女,高血压组的BMI、WC、HC、WHR和WHtR的水平均高于正常血压组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。共检出肥胖儿童280名(4.12%),超重622名(9.16%)。肥胖、超重及正常体质量组的高血压比例的差异有统计学意义(P0.01),肥胖组高血压比例高于超重及正常体质量组。肥胖、超重组的收缩压、舒张压水平均高于正常体质量组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论郑州地区6~13岁儿童高血压患病率处于同年龄段儿童的中低等水平。BMI、WC、HC、WHtR与男、女童血压具有显著相关性,尤以HC较为显著。     

电阻抗法测量儿童体脂肪率正常参考值

目的 为评估肥胖儿童体脂肪率，建立身体组成成分正常参考值而进行电阻抗测儿童体脂肪率正参考值研究。方法于1999年对北京地区4～18岁男、女健康儿童1129名采用电阻抗法测量体脂肪率，从象中抽出肥胖度在-20％以上， 20％以下的为正常群组，根据其性别年龄别归纳出体脂肪率的平均值和标差作为正常参考值。结果正常人群组889名，男435名，女454名。男童9岁以前，随年龄增长，体脂肪率呈降趋势，9～11岁和15～17岁体脂肪率明显增加。女童体脂肪率总趋势是随年龄增长而增加。男童体脂肪率5、6、9、10、15和16岁时明显高于女童；女童体脂肪率在13、14、17和18岁时明显高于男童。结论儿童体脂率有明显的年龄和性别差异．体脂肪率提示青春期正常男童组有潜在发生超重或肥胖的可能。     

贫困地区6～14岁儿童血清瘦素水平的变化

目的研究贫困地区儿童在营养状况相对较差时血清瘦素水平及与生长发育指标的关系。方法将研究对象分为≤9岁男童组、≤9岁女童组、>9岁男童组和>9岁女童组4组。调查其年龄、体质量、身高并计算体质量指数(BMI)、体脂百分量(BF%)及体脂含量(FM),使用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测瘦素浓度,比较各组间瘦素浓度的差异,同时分析各组瘦素与各指标间的相关性。结果男童:瘦素浓度>9岁组较≤9岁组高,但无显著性差异(P>0.05);女童:瘦素浓度9岁组较≤9岁组明显高(P<0.01);≤9岁组女童瘦素浓度较男童高,但无显著性差异(P>0.05);>9岁女童组瘦素浓度较男童明显高,且有显著性差异(P<0.01)。Pearson相关分析表明各组瘦素浓度均与BF%和BMI呈明显正相关(P均<0.01),≤9岁组男童瘦素与身高呈明显负相关(P<0.05);≤9岁组女童与FM呈显著性相关(P<0.05);>9岁组男童瘦素与其他指标无明显相关(P>0.05);≤9岁组女童瘦素与所有其他指标呈显著性相关(P均<0.01)。结论在营养状况相对较差的农村,6～14岁儿童中瘦素在女童青春期发育中起重要作用;不论性别和年龄,瘦素均与BF%和BMI密切相关。     

天津市7123名学龄期儿童腰围、臀围及相关指标特征分析

目的 了解天津市学龄期儿童腰围、臀围、腰臀比(WHR)水平及年龄、性别特征,分析其与身高、体质量及体质量指数(BMI)的关系,并探讨腰围与三酰甘油(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)及尿酸(UA)的关系.方法 测量7123名天津市学龄期儿童的身高、体质量、腰围、臀围,计算其WHR、BMI,记录各个年龄组男童和女童的腰围、臀围和WHR,通过两组独立样本资料的t检验分析各年龄组腰围、臀围和WHR的性别差异,并对各指标进行相关性分析.其中1 811名留取静脉血行TG、TC、HDL、LDL、UA检测.结果 儿童的腰围和臀围均随年龄的增长而增长,且男童大于女童(Pa<0.05);男童WHR无明显变化,女童WHR随年龄增长而呈下降趋势,各年龄组男童大于女童(Pa<0.05);BMI均随年龄的增长而增长,各年龄组男童大于女童(Pa<0.05);腰围和臀围分别与年龄、身高和体质量呈正相关,WHR与体质量呈正相关(男童r=0.419,P<0.05;女童r=0 241,Pa<0.05),BMI与年龄、身高和体质量均呈正相关.腰围与TG、TC、LDL、UA呈正相关(r=0.076、0.098、0.137、0.401,Pa<0 05),与HDL呈负相关(r=-0.319,P<0.05).结论 天津市学龄期儿童腰围、臀围和BMI均与身高、体质量有关,WHR与体质量有关,腰围与TG、TC、HDL、LDL、UA有关.腰围及相关指标可作为儿童肥胖及相关疾病的预测指标.     

郑州地区7~12岁儿童血压分布特征

目的：了解郑州地区7~12岁儿童的血压现况。方法按分层整群随机抽样法抽取郑州市3个城区和2个郊区县的5所学校6~13岁在校儿童,测量身高、体质量、腰围、臀围、收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP),对相关数据进行分析。结果调查的7~12岁儿童有效人数为6460人,其中城区3206人(49.63%),郊区县3254人(50.37%);男童3525人(54.57%),女童2935人(45.43%)。男童的SBP(117.86±18.18)mmHg明显高于女童(113.82±13.11) mmHg,差异有统计学意义(t=3.16,P=0.002)。高血压发生率7.52%;其中男童高血压发生率明显高于女童,差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.66, P=0.002);无论男、女童,城区儿童高血压发生率均高于郊区县,差异有统计学意义(χ2=24.15、14.39,P均=0.000)。男童的SBP和DBP,女童SBP均与年龄、身高、体质量、BMI、腰围呈显著正相关(P均<0.01)。结论郑州地区儿童青少年血压的分布特征为男性高于女性,城区高于郊区县,儿童血压与年龄、身高、体质量、BMI、腰围密切相关。     

新型气体信号分子硫化氢在高脂血症儿童中的变化

目的探讨血脂紊乱儿童的血浆硫化氢(H2S)水平及其影响因素。方法随机选取常规体检时发现血脂增高的儿童40例(男31例,女9例)为血脂紊乱组,血脂正常儿童60例(男38例,女22例)为对照组。通过对其身高、体质量的测量得出肥胖指数(BMI);并对其家族史进行调查。应用敏感硫电极法测定血浆H2S水平。结果血脂紊乱组儿童血浆内源性H2S水平较对照组儿童H2S水平明显降低(P<0.01);男童组与女童组血浆H2S水平无显著性差异(P>0.05);血脂紊乱组与对照组儿童的身高、体质量、BMI、腰围、上臂围及坐高比较,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论高脂血症儿童血浆H2S水平明显降低,H2S可能参与儿童高脂血症的发病过程。     

体脂肪含量与儿童青少年高血压关系

目的探讨儿童青少年体脂肪含量与高血压的关系。方法采用横断面研究方法纳入5 144名6~13岁学生(男2 649名、女2 495名)为研究对象;采集身高、体质量、血压,以生物电阻抗法检测体脂肪含量;以收缩压或舒张压任一项高于同年龄同性别血压P95为高血压。采用ROC曲线分析体脂肪含量预测高血压的切点值;以多因素logistic回归分析体脂肪含量对高血压的影响。男生体脂肪含量分布以10岁年龄组为高峰,而女生体脂肪含量分布则与年龄增长一致。男生和女生体脂肪含量预测高血压的切点值分别为18.0%和18.8%。控制年龄、性别、身高和体质量,男生体脂肪含量高于该预测切点值,则高血压风险增加51%(OR=1.51,95%CI:1.04~2.07);女生体脂肪含量超过切点值,则高血压风险增加53%(OR=1.53,95%CI:1.00~2.34)。体脂肪含量预测男生高血压的效能[ROC曲线下面积(AUC)=0.649]低于BMI(AUC=0.695),差异有统计学意义(P0.01);体脂肪含量预测女生高血压的效能(AUC=0.644)与BMI(AUC=0.650)的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论男生和女生体脂肪含量预测高血压的切点值分别为18.0%和18.8%。BMI预测儿童高血压时仍优于体脂肪含量。     

苏州农村儿童肺功能正常值及其相关因素分析

目的获得农村及城市5～14岁健康儿童的肺通气功能指标,探讨其与性别、年龄、身高及体质量的相关性。方法筛选1 076名农村户籍5～14岁儿童,参照中国儿童正常身高、体质量范围等,选取605名健康儿童,男309名、女296名;同期以同样方法筛选城区户籍5～14岁儿童,选取540名健康儿童,男267名、女273名。采用肺功能仪测定1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、最高呼气峰流速(PEF)指标,经多元线性回归,检测FEV1、PEF与儿童年龄、身高及体质量相关性。并比较同性别、同年龄组城区与农村儿童的肺功能正常值。结果 605名农村儿童与540名城区儿童肺功能检测均合格。随儿童年龄增加,FEV1、PEF均逐渐增加,在各年龄组间的差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。9～10岁、14～15岁组FEV1均为男童大于女童;7～8岁、13～14岁、14～15岁组PEF均为男童大于女童,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。经多元线性回归分析发现,身高对所有儿童FEV1的影响最为显著(β=0.532,P0.001)。男孩中FEV1、PEF均与身高、体质量呈正相关;女孩中FEV 1、PEF均与年龄、身高、体质量呈正相关,以身高影响较为显著。将各年龄段儿童农村与城区之间肺功能正常值进行比较发现仅6～7岁、8～9岁组城区男童FEV1大于农村;6～7岁、9～10岁组城区女童FEV1大于农村,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 FEV1、PEF分别与儿童的身高、体质量、年龄相关,其中身高影响最为显著,年龄影响最小。苏州城区与农村的肺功能正常值比较无明显差异。     

经济不发达地区3～9岁儿童血清瘦素水平的变化

目的：了解经济不发达地区3～9岁儿童在营养状况相对较差时血清瘦素的水平及与相关生长发育指标的关系。方法：根据年龄和性别将研究对象分为<6岁女孩组(F36组)、<6岁男孩组(M36)、≥6岁女孩组(F69组)和≥6岁男孩组(M69组)共4组,调查其年龄、体重、身高并计算体重指数(BMI)、体脂百分量(BF%),使用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测瘦素浓度,比较各组间瘦素浓度的差异,同时在各组分析瘦素与各指标间的相关性。结果：①瘦素浓度在同性别比较中,差异无显著性(P>0.05),在同年龄比较中,女孩明显高于男孩(P<0.05);②无论是男孩还是女孩,在3～6岁儿童瘦素与BMI和BF无明显相关(P>0.05),而在6～9岁儿童瘦素浓度与BMI和BF显著相关(P<0.05)。结论：在经济不发达地区3～9岁儿童中瘦素存在性别差异,6～9岁儿童中瘦素与BMI和BF密切相关。     

女童全身体脂比率与性早熟的关系

目的 既往研究提示体重指数（BMI）与女童发育年龄有关,但是否与女童全身脂肪比率相关尚不清楚。该研究旨在分析全身脂肪比率与性早熟的关联性。方法 依据中枢性性早熟诊断与治疗共识将2017年7~8月收治的128例性早熟患儿分为中枢性性早熟组（CPP组,87例）和外周性性早熟组（PPP组,41例）,同时纳入51例未发育女童作为对照组。利用双能X线吸收测量法检测上肢组织、腿部组织、躯干组织、男性区、女性区和全身组织的脂肪比率,结合研究对象的年龄、BMI、BMI-Z值、骨龄、卵巢体积、激素水平等实验室检查结果,综合分析脂肪比率和性早熟的相关性。结果 与对照组比较,CPP组和PPP组患儿上肢、腿部、躯干、男性区、女性区和全身组织的体脂率参数以及腿部/全身脂肪比和（上肢+腿部）/躯干脂肪比均显著升高（均P < 0.05）,而上述所有体脂率和脂肪分布指标在CPP组和PPP组间比较差异均无统计学意义（均P > 0.05）。在性早熟女童中,高体脂率组的黄体生成素（LH）基础值及黄体生成素释放激素（LHRH）激发试验的LH峰值、LH/卵泡刺激素峰值均显著高于低体脂率组,差异均有统计学意义（均P < 0.05）。同时高体脂率组和低体脂率组LH基础值相比于对照组均显著升高（均P < 0.05）。结论 体脂含量的增加可能是诱发女童性早熟的因素,但具体机制尚有待进一步研究。     

Body fat ratios in urban Chinese children

OBJECTIVE: As obesity has been increasing in China, the present study examined the body composition of children to assess their fatness. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 532 healthy schoolchildren who lived in central Beijing were examined. Skinfold thicknesses, hip and waist circumferences, and body fat percentage were measured, as well as height and weight. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight (Body Mass Index (BMI) >or= 95% for age and sex of Chinese children) was 27.7% in boys and 14.2% in girls (chi-squared; P = 0.0001). The percentages of body fat (BF%), waist/hip ratios and skinfold thicknesses ratios (subscapular/triceps) in overweight children were significantly higher than those in non-overweight children (Mann-Whitney U-test). The BF% of non-overweight boys was significantly higher than that of non-overweight girls. CONCLUSION: Urban Chinese overweight children have high BF% with adverse fat distribution. They may have high risk of atherogeniety. Boys in the non-overweight category may have higher fat accumulation than predicted by BMI. The establishment of an intervention program for childhood obesity is strongly recommended.     

Criteria for medical intervention in obese children: A new definition of ''Obesity disease'' in Japanese children

The Committee of the Japan Society for the Study of Obesity reported the new criteria for 'obesity disease' for Japanese adults in 2000. We defined the criteria for the diagnosis of obesity in children with medical problems, corresponding to the 'obesity disease' criteria in adults. Obesity in childhood was defined as follows: percentage of overweight (POW) and body fat exceeded the criteria. 'Obesity disease in childhood' was defined as obesity associated with health or medical problems, and with indications for medical intervention. Medical problems with indications for immediate intervention were grouped as A problems, which consisted of (i). hypertension; (ii). sleep apnea or hypoventilation; (iii). Type 2 diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance; and (iv). increased waist circumference or accumulation of visceral adipose tissue. Metabolic derangements or equivalent associated with obesity were grouped as B problems: (i). liver dysfunction; (ii). hyperinsulinemia; (iii). hypercholesterolemia; (iv). hypertriglyceridemia; (v). low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; (vi). acanthosis nigricans, and (vii). hyperuricemia. Obese children over 5 years of age with following conditions were diagnosed as 'obesity disease in childhood': (i). any 'A problem', (ii) POW >or= 50% and any 'B problem', or (3) POW < 50% and more than one 'B problem' or equivalent. We decided to take physicosocial problems related to obesity into consideration as the criteria. The resultant criteria are proposed by the Committee for Research of Appropriate Body Build in Children*.     

人体脂肪测量方法及其在儿童肥胖评估中的应用价值

在人体成分的测量中,有关脂肪组织这一成分的测量由于儿童肥胖及其相关代谢性并发症的日益流行而显得极为重要.目前,人体脂肪测量方法主要有体格测量法、密度法、生物电阻抗法、同位素稀释法、影像学技术等,这些测量手段各有优劣,适应于各种不同的条件和要求.该文复习了常见的几种人体脂肪测量方法及其在儿童肥胖评估中的应用价值.     

Percent body fat,skinfold thickness or body mass index for defining obesity or overweight,as a risk factor for asthma in schoolchildren: which one to use in epidemiological studies?

None of the epidemiological studies indicating that obesity is a risk factor for asthma in schoolchildren have used the percent body fat (PBF) to define obesity. The present study compares the definition of obesity using body mass index (BMI), PBF and the raw sum of the thickness of four skinfolds (SFT) to evaluate this condition as a risk factor for asthma. All classes of children of the target ages of 6-8 years of all schools in four municipalities of Murcia (Spain) were surveyed. Participation rate was 70.2% and the number of children included in the study was 931. Height, weight and SFT (biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac) were measured according to standard procedures. Current active asthma was defined from several questions of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. Obesity was defined using two standard cut-off points for BMI and PBF, and the 85th percentile for BMI, PBF and SFT. The highest quartile of each type of measurement was also compared with the lowest. A multiple logistic regression analysis was made for the various obesity definitions, adjusting for age, asthma in the mother and father and gender. The adjusted odds ratios of having asthma among obese children were different for boys and girls and varied across the different obesity definitions. For the standard cut-off points of BMI they were 1.19 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41-3.43] for girls and 2.00 (95% CI 0.97-4.10) for boys; however, for PBF (boys 25%, girls 30%) the corresponding figures were 1.54 (95% CI 0.63-3.73) and 1.20 (95% CI 0.66-2.21). BMI, PBF and SFT showed more consistency between each other when using the other cut-off points. BMI, PBF (except standard cut-off points) and SFT produce relatively comparable results when analysing the interaction between obesity and asthma.     

Physical Activity in Relation to Energy Intake and Body Fat in 8- and 13-Year-Old Children in Sweden

ABSTRACT. A random sample of 682 8- and 13-year-old children resident in Sweden was studied with regard to physical activity, energy intake, height, weight and skinfold thickness. A reduction of physical activity over the years was indicated by a tendency towards a higher body fat content in spite of a lower mean energy intake as compared with such values obtained 10-15 years ago in Swedish children of equal ages. Children characterized by high habitual physical activity tended to have a lower body fat content, despite a higher energy intake, than less active children. Children, especially girls, of parents with a low educational level showed a tendency towards higher body fat content as compared with those of parents with higher education.     

Usefulness of an age-adjusted body shape index in Korean children and adolescents

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present paper was to determine the usefulness of an age-adjusted anthropometric index of body shape for the assessment of obesity in Korean children and adolescents aged 10-15 years. METHODS: The population sample was composed of 556 boys and 489 girls who completed an interview survey, anthropometry, and medical examination for the Korean National Health and Nutritional Survey conducted in 1998. An age-adjusted anthropometric index, body shape index standard deviation score (BSI-SDS), was derived from waist-to-hip ratio divided by height (WHR/Ht) and its common standard deviation according to Asayama et al. (1997). Serum levels of lipids, glucose, and liver function markers were defined as abnormal if they were above the 90th percentile of the study population. Using logistic regression analysis, the odds ratios of having a lipidemic, diabetic, or liver complication on increasing BSI-SDS were estimated. RESULTS: For both boys and girls, lipidemic and liver complications had statistically significant odds ratios associated with increasing BSI-SDS. With 1 unit increase in BSI-SDS, the odds ratios of lipidemic complications were 1.5 and 1.3, respectively, for boys and girls, and the odds ratios of liver complications were 1.3 and 1.4, respectively, for boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS: A new measure developed by Asayama et al., BSI-SDS, is a useful marker of obesity in addition to body mass index among Korean children and adolescents aged 10-15 years.