经导管肾动脉栓塞的临床应用(附53例报告)

目的：对肾肿瘤及肾出血行肾动脉栓塞术的疗效及技术进行评价。方法：以明胶海绵、NT—CRE、线段、自体凝血块及无水乙醇用于栓塞肿瘤、先天性肾动静脉瘘和肾外伤出血，共53例。结果：41例术前辅助治疗的肾肿瘤在肾动脉栓塞后均成功进行了肾切除术，手术中平均输血405ml。4例晚期肾癌姑息性栓塞治疗者术后分别存活了3．5、13、17和25个月。1例先天性肾动静脉瘘和4例肾外伤出血在栓塞术后出血迅速停止，另1例先天性肾动静脉瘘出血，行超选择肾段动脉栓塞无效后又行肾切除术。结论：肾动脉栓塞术安全有效，可用于肾肿瘤的术前辅助治疗、晚期肾癌的姑息治疗及先天性肾动静脉瘘和肾外伤出血的治疗。     

先天性肾动静脉畸形的栓塞治疗

目的评价经导管动脉栓塞治疗先天性肾动静脉畸形的价值。方法回顾性分析7例以肉眼血尿为主要症状的先天性肾动静脉畸形,选择性肾动脉造影确诊为肾动静脉畸形后,超选择性病变动脉插管,用明胶海绵、无水乙醇、弹簧钢圈等对病变血管进行栓塞治疗。结果所有7例先天性肾动静脉畸形都成功栓塞,栓塞24h内7例肉眼血尿消失,术后1周内可有栓塞侧腰部酸痛、低热、腹胀、恶心、呕吐等症状,但无严重并发症。随访36～98个月无血尿复发,肾功能正常。结论经导管肾动脉造影能明确诊断,动脉栓塞安全有效,对先天性肾动静脉畸形的治疗有重要意义。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术后严重出血的DSA诊断和介入治疗

目的 探讨肾结石微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)术后出血的肾动脉造影表现及超选择性肾动脉栓塞止血的价值.方法 回顾性分析48例肾结石MPCNL术后出血患者的临床与动脉造影资料,分析其肾动脉造影表现、栓塞治疗效果及并发症等.结果 肾动脉造影结果显示MPCNL后出血的原因:单纯假性动脉瘤25例(52.1%)、假性动脉瘤伴动静脉瘘6例(12.5%)、假性动脉瘤伴对比剂外渗1例(2.1%)、肾动静脉瘘11例(22.9%)、血管破裂对比剂外渗2例(4.2%)和包膜动脉曲张1例(2.1%),未发现异常2例(4.2%).46例接受了栓塞治疗,并达到了栓塞治疗成功的DSA标准和临床标准,其中采用聚乙烯醇颗粒(PVA)栓塞18例、PVA+钢圈栓塞5例、明胶海绵栓塞10例、明胶海绵+钢圈栓塞11例、PVA+明胶海绵+钢圈栓塞2例.栓塞后均出现不同程度的栓塞后综合征;术后血清肌酐较术前轻度升高12例.结论 超选择性肾动脉栓塞能有效止血和保存肾脏功能,是MPCNL术后严重出血的首选治疗方法.     

选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗肾造瘘术后出血

目的评价选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗肾造瘘术后出血的临床价值。方法对12例肾造瘘术后出血患者,使用选择性肾动脉栓塞术,栓塞材料为明胶海绵微粒、聚乙烯醇(PVA)微粒或弹簧圈。结果造影显示肾实质动静脉瘘2例;对比剂外溢4例;假性动脉瘤3例;假性动脉瘤合并动静脉瘘3例。栓塞治疗后异常血管征象消失,12例患者的血尿3～7d内消失,随访期间未出现严重并发症及再次血尿。结论选择性肾动脉栓塞是治疗肾造瘘术后出血的微创、安全、有效的方法。     

经动脉栓塞治疗肾动静脉畸形或瘘所致血尿

目的评价经动脉栓塞治疗肾动静畸形(或瘘)所致血尿的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析因肉眼血尿行肾动脉造影而确诊的肾血管病变7例,包括先天性肾动静脉畸形3例,非肿瘤获得性动静脉瘘4例,选择相应的栓塞剂行动脉栓塞治疗。结果7例均获成功栓塞,术后1～7d临床肉眼血尿症状完全消失,无严重并发症,随访l2～36个月无再发。结论经动脉栓塞治疗肾动静脉畸形或瘘所致的血尿安全、有效。     

颅内动静脉瘘和畸形的血管造影分类

颅内动静脉病变缺乏血管造影的正确术语,不利介入神经放射学的治疗和准确的信息交流。很多临床上应用的分类如脑动静脉畸形,硬脑膜动静脉畸形,巨大的动静脉瘘,大脑大静脉瘤和颈动脉海绵窦瘘等在血管造影上描述为动静脉瘘(AVF)或动静脉畸形(AVM)等,但AVF和AVM的含     

选择性肾动脉栓塞的临床应用

目的：研究肾动脉栓塞术在肾肿瘤术前和肾血管畸形出血病人中的临床应用。方法：对１６例进行选择性肾动脉栓塞，其中１４例肾肿瘤为术前栓塞，应用明胶海绵碎屑，栓塞程度达肾动脉主干。２例肾动静脉血管畸形出血，采用２ｃｍ长丝线段加明胶海绵碎屑行肾亚段栓塞。结果：（１）术中易剥离，出血少。（２）术野清晰，缩短术时。（３）肾血管畸形者，止血效果显著，并能免于剖腹手术，且不影响患肾功能。结论：选择性血管造影可以鉴别肾良、恶性病变，为肾切除及止血栓塞提供依据。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术后肾出血的造影诊断和介入治疗

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术后肾出血的造影表现及介入治疗方法。方法对42例微创经皮肾镜取石术后肾出血患者行肾动脉造影和超选择性动脉栓塞,术前、术后检查肾功。结果术前造影表现为单纯假性动脉瘤19例,假性动脉瘤伴动静脉瘘15例,造影剂外溢4例,阴性4例。24例钢圈栓塞,13例明胶海绵颗粒加钢圈栓塞,1例PVA栓塞,4例用明胶海绵栓塞,栓塞成功率100%。明胶海绵栓塞后复发1例。术前、术后检查肾功无明显变化。结论肾动脉造影及超选择动脉栓塞对诊断和治疗微创经皮肾镜取石术后肾出血效果优良,对内科治疗无效、造影阴性病例,按穿刺部位超选择诊断性动脉栓塞,可起到止血作用。     

医源性肾血管损伤出血的介入治疗

目的评价应用血管内栓塞技术治疗医源性肾血管损伤出血的安全性和疗效。 方法对34例医源性肾血管损伤出血患者进行了超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗。损伤原因有肾脏穿刺活检术后14例,肾部分切除术后8例,经皮肾镜碎石术后8例,经皮肾盂造瘘术后3例,经皮氩氦刀术后1例。栓塞材料包括微钢丝圈、氰基丙烯酸正丁酯碘油混合物、聚乙烯醇微球、明胶海绵碎粒。 结果选择性肾动脉造影显示肾实质假性动脉瘤21例,肾动静脉瘘8例,肾实质破裂造影剂外溢10例。栓塞技术成功率为100%,治疗结束时复查造影显示异常血管消失,正常分支保留。30例患者栓塞后失血症状改善,栓塞后30天内出院,4例患者术前伴失血性休克,栓塞后10天内死亡。30例患者随访5～48个月均未再出血,也未出现其他严重并发症,16例死于原发疾病。 结论经导管选择性肾动脉分支栓塞术是治疗医源性肾血管损伤出血安全有效的方法。     

动脉性肾出血的急诊介入栓塞治疗

目的：探讨动脉性肾出血急诊造影的不同表现及介入栓塞治疗方法与疗效。方法对87例经保守治疗无效的动脉性肾出血患者行急诊肾动脉造影,明确出血动脉部位及程度后,使用弹簧圈、丙烯酸微球等栓塞剂行急诊介入栓塞治疗。对急性肾出血的动脉造影表现及栓塞效果进行回顾性分析。结果43例患者动脉造影可见单纯性对比剂外溢,13例为对比剂外溢合并肾动静脉瘘(RAVF);15例为肾假性动脉瘤(RAP),其中包括5例 RAP 破裂合并 RAVF 及1例 RAP 破裂合并肾动脉-肾盏瘘;15例为肿瘤血管出血;1例为肾动静脉畸形(RAVM)。47例患者介入术前行肾动脉 CT 血管造影(CTA)检查。82例患者采用急诊栓塞治疗后血尿完全停止或明显减少,3例肾外伤患者及2例经皮肾镜取石术后患者介入术后仍有持续血尿,行外科手术切除患肾。栓塞术后随诊2年,急诊介入栓塞治疗总有效率为94.25%(82/87),所有患者无严重并发症出现。结论介入栓塞术是治疗急性肾出血的一种有效、安全、微创的方法,可最大限度地保留肾功能;急性肾出血动脉造影表现不一;合理地选择栓塞剂是成功止血的关键;介入术前行肾脏 CTA 检查对肾出血的诊断及治疗有重要价值。     

肾段及亚段疾病血管栓塞术的临床应用

目的：探讨经肾动脉手管超选择至肾段及肾亚段对肾肿瘤及肾动静脉畸形进行栓塞治疗的临床应用价值。方法：4例肾肿瘤患，经导管超选择至肾段及肾亚段，行化疗栓塞术。8例肾动静脉畸形均经DSA证实，经导管超选择性插管至肾段及肾亚段行栓塞治疗。栓塞材料为弹簧图、无水酒精、PVA或IBCA。结果：4例肾肿瘤患节段性栓塞均获得成功，治疗后肿瘤缩小，碘油沉积良好，CT复查肿瘤平均6个月无复发，相邻的肾段无梗死征象。8例肾动静脉畸形患超选择性栓塞均获得成功。1例术后6个月血尿复发，再次栓塞后血尿症状消失，其余未见复发。结论：肾段及肾亚段栓塞是治疗无手术适应证的肾脏肿瘤及肾动静脉畸形的有效方法，互能够最大限度的保护正常肾脏，并发症少。     

经导管肾动脉节段性栓塞治疗肾动静脉畸形

目的：探讨经导管肾动脉节段性栓塞治疗肾动静脉畸形的栓塞材料及其效果。方法：9例因肾动静脉畸形（先天性者8例，获得性者1例）引起大量血尿患者，施行经导管肾动脉节段性栓塞治疗10次，栓塞材料为无水乙醇、聚乙烯醇颗粒、异丁基-2-氰基丙烯酸酯和弹簧圈。9例患者术后随访观察10-56个月。结果：9例患者栓塞术后肾动脉造影显示畸形血管完全闭塞，3d内血尿消失。随访期间，9例患者中，只有1例单纯应用弹簧圈栓塞患者术后6个月血尿复发，血管造影证实为侧支血管形成导致畸形血管再通，改行无水乙醇及弹簧圈栓塞，术后18个月血尿未再复发。9例患者均无严重并发症发生。结论：经导管肾动脉节段性栓塞是治疗肾动静脉畸形的安全有效的方法，栓塞材料以无水乙醇和弹簧 圈联合栓塞为最佳。     

Pseudoaneurysm and renal arteriovenous fistula after nephrectomy: two cases treated by transcatheter coil embolization

Pseudoaneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas of renal arteries are rare clinical lesions. Invasive renal procedures may lead to pseudoaneurysm or arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs). We report two pseudoaneurysms and arteriovenous fistula cases that were treated by transcatheter embolization with metallic coils. The first case is left main renal artery pseudoaneurysm after nephrectomy in a patient with a solid renal tumor. The second case is right main renal artery AVF with giant pseudoaneurysm after both gunshot injury and nephrectomy. On the basis of color Doppler sonography and computed tomography (CT) findings, cases were diagnosed as pseudoaneurysm after nefrectomy. Contrast-enhanced CT scans showed a hyperdense area within the hematoma consistent with pseudoaneurysm. Endovascular treatment with coil embolization succeeds to total occlusion in renal artery pseudoaneurysm. Delayed hemorrhage related to postnephrectomy may be life-threatening conditions because of diagnostic difficulties. AVF and pseudoaneurysm can be treated safely and successfully by transcatheter arterial embolization.     

脊髓血管畸形的血管内栓塞治疗：附九例报告

作者报道了９例经数字减影血管造影（ＤＳＡ）确诊后同时进行血管内栓塞治疗的脊髓血管畸形（ＡＶＭ）病例。根据ＤＳＡ显示的异常血管的部位、形态、分布和供血动脉及引流静脉情况将其分为两型：硬膜动静脉瘘（ＡＶＦ）型和硬膜内ＡＶＭ型，然后经导管注入栓塞物质进行栓塞治疗。栓塞后造影显示ＡＶＭ大部或完全消失，６例栓塞程度达１００％，平均９２．２％。在２个月至３年的随访期内，７例肢体肌力增加，症状明显改善。栓塞后反     

Vena cava filter scaffold to prevent migration of embolic materials in the treatment of a massive renal arteriovenous malformation

Transcatheter occlusion of high-flow arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) or arteriovenous fistulas may be complicated by migration of embolic materials intended to impede flow. Reducing antegrade flow during catheter embolization via balloon occlusion or inhibiting migration with anchoring devices may improve procedural safety in high-flow settings. We describe the use of an inferior vena cava filter as a scaffold to support complete vascular occlusion of a large renal AVM.     

眼眶血管畸形介入硬化栓塞治疗的临床观察

目的探讨介入硬化栓塞治疗眼眶血管畸形的方法,评价其临床疗效及安全性。 方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2019年1月在我院收治的46例眼眶血管畸形患者（包括静脉畸形、动静脉畸形）的临床资料,其中静脉畸形33例,动静脉畸形13例。静脉畸形治疗均为经皮局部硬化治疗（药物为聚多卡醇/无水乙醇）,动静脉畸形以经导管动脉硬化栓塞（栓塞剂为弹簧圈）及经皮局部硬化（药物为聚多卡醇/无水乙醇）联合治疗。随访时间15～57个月（中位随访时间35个月）。 结果33例静脉畸形接受局部硬化治疗次数2～5次（平均3.5次）,13例动静脉畸形接受介入治疗次数2～6次（平均3.9次）。33例静脉畸形至随访期结束时,13例治愈、11例症状明显缓解、9例部分缓解。13例动静脉畸形至随访期结束时,5例自觉血管搏动消失或明显缓解、8例眶周肿胀较前缓解。所有患者均有术后一过性眶周肿胀,未发生眶周皮肤破溃、视力衰退、眼球萎缩及异位栓塞等严重并发症。 结论眼眶血管畸形行介入治疗安全,可以有效地缓解眶周症状。     

Renal aneurysm and arteriovenous fistula. Management with transcatheter embolization

Embolization was performed in six patients with renal artery aneurysms (n = 2) and arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) (n = 5). The aneurysms were observed in one patient with fibromuscular dysplasia and in another with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. All the AVFs were intraparenchymal and secondary to iatrogenic trauma. Elective embolization was performed in five patients with good clinical results at follow-up between 1 and 9 years. Because of rupture of the aneurysm emergency embolization was attempted without success in the patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and nephrectomy was carried out. A postembolization syndrome complicated three procedures in which Gelfoam and polyvinyl alcohol were used; in two of these cases unexpected reflux of the particulate material occurred, resulting in limited undesired ablation of the ipsilateral renal parenchyma. Embolization is the most reliable and effective treatment for intrarenal vascular abnormalities since it minimizes the parenchymal damage.     

Embolization of high-flow craniofacial vascular malformations with onyx

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Various techniques and materials have been used for the endovascular treatment of craniofacial high-flow arteriovenous vascular malformations, because their rarity precludes standardization of their treatment. The aim of this retrospective review is to assess Onyx as the primary embolic agent in the treatment of these vascular malformations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six patients with arteriovenous fistulas and 3 with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the head and neck region were treated with intra-arterial (IA)/direct percutaneous injections of Onyx. Adjunctive maneuvers used during embolization included external compression of the arterial feeders or venous outflow (6 patients), balloon assist (4 patients), and direct embolization of the draining vein remote to the fistula site (1 patient). n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) was used in addition to Onyx for rapid induction of thrombosis in a large venous pouch (1 patient) and for cost containment purposes (1 patient). Four patients were treated surgically after the embolization. RESULTS: There were no neurologic complications secondary to the embolization procedure. The arteriovenous shunt was eliminated in all of the fistulous lesions and 2 of the 3 AVMs. The embolization was incomplete in 1 patient with a large AVM who declined further endovascular or surgical procedures. Untoward events included 2 instances of catheter entrapment (of 9 IA injections), blackish skin discoloration necessitating surgical revision in 1 patient, and difficulty of balloon deflation/wire withdrawal during a balloon-assisted embolization. CONCLUSION: Onyx appears to be a safe and effective liquid embolic agent for use in the treatment of craniofacial high-flow vascular malformations with distinct advantages and disadvantages compared with n-BCA.     

Embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations achieved with polyvinyl alcohol particles: angiographic reappearance and complications.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The appropriate choice of embolic materials with respect to the permanency of obliterated nidi after embolization and complications related to the procedure is essential for safe and effective embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Our purpose was to ascertain the recanalization and complication rates after AVM treatment with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles. METHODS: Between 1988 and 1994, 36 AVMs were embolized with PVA particles at our institution. Follow-up angiographic findings and occurrence of complications during the embolization procedures were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Complete obliteration of the nidus immediately after embolization was achieved in five patients, and 80% to 99% obliteration was attained in 12 patients. Fifty-one follow-up angiographic examinations were performed 1 week to 60 months (mean, 7 months) after embolization in 31 patients. An increase in nidal size was seen on 15 follow-up angiograms (29%) and a decrease was seen in seven (14%). In 28 of the 51 angiograms obtained more than 1 month after follow up (mean, 13 months), 12 (43%) showed AVM enlargement. In four (80%) of five cases of complete obliteration, nidi reappeared on follow-up angiograms. Hemorrhagic complications occurred in three cases and ischemic ones in seven. One patient (3%) died and five (14%) suffered persistent neurologic deficits. CONCLUSION: Embolization with PVA particles can produce significant volume reduction in AVM nidal size, but recanalization is a distinct possibility.