大鼠局灶性脑缺血后受累动脉调节功能受损

目的 研究脑缺血对受累动脉调节功能的影响,探讨缺血再灌注损伤发生的可能机制.方法 线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉梗死模型,2 h后取受累侧大脑中动脉游离血管段,测量压力和血管活性物质诱发的动脉直径变化,据此计算出膨胀性、肌源性张力及对5-羟色胺和乙酰胆碱的反应性,与对照组对比.结果 低压区,缺血动脉肌源性张力增加[40mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)时,19.3%±0.4%与10.0%±0.2%,t=20.568,P=0.000],直径缩小(F=9.572,P=0.009);高压区肌源性张力下降(120 mm Hg时,12.0%±0.2%与21.8%±0.4%,t=-23.575,P=0.000),动脉易膨胀,直径增大;生理压力区,肌源性反应变化不明显(80 mm Hg时,18.7%±0.4%与18.3%±0.3%,t=0.635,P=0.537).缺血后动脉对5-羟色胺和乙酰胆碱反应性下降.结论 脑缺血可引起受累动脉调节功能0下降,动脉再通后易出现缺血区的过度灌注,造成缺血再灌注损伤.     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血后受累动脉调节功能受损

Objective To investigate the effect of cerebral ischemia on functional parameters of affected arteries and probe into the possible pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury.Methods Intraluminal suture ischemic model was used by occlusion of left middle cerebral artery in rats.Two hours later,the middle cerebral artery segments were isolated from both ischemia and control groups for measurement of changes in vessel diameter induced by increasing pressure and vasoactive compounds.And then,distensibility,myogenic tone,reactivity to 5-HT and ACh were calculated and compared between groups.Results In lower pressure range,ischemic vessels showed an increased myogenic tone(at 40 mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa,19.3%±0.4% vs 10.0%±0.2%,t=20.568,P=0.000)and decreased diameter.In higher pressure range,ischemic vessels showed an increased diameter.distensibility and decreased myogenic tone(at 120 mm Hg,12.0%±0.2% vs 21.8%±0.4%,t=-23.575,P=0.000).In normal pressure range,myogenic tone was not altered after ischemia. Both groups constricted to 5-HT and dilated to ACh,however,the response was significantly diminished after ischemla.Conclusion These findings demonstrate that contractile and diastolic function of affected artery was impaired after ischemia,a result that may contribute to ischemia-reperfusion injury by losing upstream cerebrovascular resistance and increasing perfusion on the microcirculation.     

大鼠大脑中动脉阻断可逆性局灶脑缺血模型的研究

采用普通外科手术，以一顶端贫成光滑圆球的4—0单丝尼龙线，可逆性阻断大鼠一侧大脑中动脉（MCA）的血流，制备局灶性脑缺血及再灌注模型。通过观察动物的神经行为学、脑电生理学及病理形态学变化情况，对该模型的可靠性进行客观评价。结果表明这种改良栓线法制备的模型操作简单，与临床缺血性脑卒中的发病情况相近似，适用于局灶性脑缺血及再灌注损伤机制的研究以及治疗手段的评价。     

两种局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型的比较

目的比较两种大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,寻找一种更加理想、稳定和可靠的模型。方法将22只SD大鼠随机分为颈外动脉插线组和颈总动脉插线组,采用线栓法建立大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,MCAO2h再灌注24h,采用TTC染色和NF-κB免疫组化染色,并分别测定脑梗死体积和NF-κB表达量。结果两种插线方法都能造成大鼠局灶性脑梗死,颈外动脉插线组再灌注状态优于颈总动脉插线组,且脑梗死体积和NF-κB表达量均高于颈总动脉插线组。结论颈外动脉插线闭塞大脑中动脉是一种较为理想和可靠的大鼠MCAO局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型制作方法。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤后半暗带区锌离子的变化

目的观察大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后半暗带区锌离子的变化,探讨锌离子在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的可能作用。方法将28只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(n=12)和大脑中动脉梗死(MCAO)组(n=16),以线栓法制作大鼠MCAO模型。分别于再灌注0h、3h、12h和24h时处死大鼠,取脑组织行TTC染色检测梗死体积,并制作脑组织冷冻切片,采用Newport Green(NG)染色法计数半暗带区NG阳性细胞数目并检测其平均荧光强度,分析NG阳性细胞数目与脑梗死体积的相关性。结果 (1)假手术组大鼠脑组织无梗死灶,也未见NG染色阳性细胞。MCAO组大鼠随再灌注时间延长脑梗死体积增大(均P<0.01),脑缺血半暗带区域NG阳性染色细胞数目随再灌注时间延长递增(均P<0.01)。各时间点间NG染色阳性细胞平均荧光强度无统计学差异(P>0.05)。(2)MCAO组大鼠脑切片NG阳性细胞数目与脑梗死体积比率呈正相关(r=0.88,P<0.01)。结论锌离子可能参与了脑缺血再灌注损伤的过程。     

脑不对称性对大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型的梗死体积及行为功能的影响

目的 探讨不同时间点应用线栓法制作不同侧别大脑中动脉闭塞（middle c erebral a rtery o cclusion, MCAO）模型对大鼠神经功能和脑梗死体积的影响。 方法 参照Zea-Longa法制作大鼠局灶脑缺血模型,1.5 h后进行缺血再灌注（I/R）。36只SD大鼠随机 分为经左、右侧插线组,并对两组大鼠I/R后不同时间点（1、3、7 d）的神经功能缺损评分、平衡木试 验、水迷宫试验及脑梗死体积进行测定和比较。 结果 经左侧MCAO组大鼠的肢体运动平衡能力在I/R后1、3、7 d均显著低于右侧组,而记忆功能显 著高于右侧组,以I/R后7 d差异更明显。两组脑梗死体积在I/R后3 d时最大,7 d时最小;在I/R后1 d及 3 d时两组脑梗死体积无明显差异;而I/R后7 d时,左侧组梗死体积高于右侧组。 结论 栓塞左右侧对大鼠MCAO模型早期梗死体积影响不大,而后期左侧栓塞的梗死体积大于右侧。 并且左侧半球梗死引起的运动功能损害更重,右侧半球梗死引起的记忆功能缺损更严重。提示大鼠 左右脑半球可能存在结构和功能的不对称,从而影响局灶性脑缺血的结局。     

大鼠短暂局灶性大脑中动脉缺血后calpain的表达

目的：研究calpain在缺血性脑损伤中的作用，进一步探讨缺血性脑血管病的分子机制，为治疗研发提供理论依据。方法：用Belayev改良的Langa线栓法制备大鼠局灶性大脑中动脉(MCA)缺血／再灌注模型，TTC染色观察梗死灶的形成，分别用原位杂交及免疫组化技术检测鼠脑中calpain mRNA与活性蛋白的表达。结果：缺血2h再灌注24h,TTC染色见明显的梗死灶形成，正常脑组织、假手术组及：MCAO缺血对侧脑中有少量的calpain mRNA表达，但活性蛋白几无表达；缺血脑组织calpain mRNA表达及蛋白质活化均显著增加，呈双峰式，MCA缺血2h增加，再灌注4h减少，至24h更明显增高，而48h又有所下降。结论：Calpain参与了缺血性脑损伤过程，尤其在迟发性神经元死亡中起重要作用。     

建立大鼠可逆性大脑中动脉闭塞的局灶脑缺血模型

通过应用４－０单股尼龙外科线沿颈内动脉进入颅内阻断大鼠大脑中动脉血流，制成大鼠短暂性局灶脑缺血模型。大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞后，均出现各种神经病学征象。氯化三苯四氮唑染色能清楚地显示梗塞范围。光镜和电镜观察大鼠短暂性局灶脑缺血后的病理变化，结果显示细胞超微结构的病理损害在电镜下可被观察。该实验表明此模型是比较理想的短暂性局灶脑缺血模型。     

阻断大脑中动脉建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血致MODS动物模型

目的探讨线栓法阻断大脑中动脉（MCA）建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血致多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）动物模型的可行性。方法参照Longa等的线栓法，采用阻断大鼠MCA后再灌注法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血致MODS模型。按随机化原则将54只Wistar大鼠分为3个组：正常对照组（n=6）、假手术组（n=6）及缺血再灌注后7个亚组（2h、6h、12h、24h、48h、72h、5d），每亚组6只。记录各组大鼠各时相点的症状、体征及体温、呼吸；检测外周血白细胞计数、血糖、肝功和肾功；光镜下观察脑与各器官组织的病理变化，依据全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）和MODS的诊断标准，判断SIRS和MODS的发病率。结果（1）缺血组大鼠的体温、呼吸、谷丙转氨酶、尿素氮、肌酐、血糖变化与正常组、假手术组相比有显著差异，24～72h达到高峰。（2）大鼠脑缺血后各时相点的肺、肝、小肠及肾组织均有不同程度的病理损害。（3）大鼠急性脑缺血后SIRS的发生率为100％，MODS的发生率为57．1％。结论阻断MCA可成功建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血致MODS的动物模型。     

大鼠急性局灶性脑缺血动物模型实验研究

脑血管疾病尤其是急性缺血性脑血管疾病的病理生理研究 ,依赖能模拟临床疾病、重复性好的动物模型。本文重点介绍制作大鼠急性局灶性脑缺血动物模型动物的选择、制作方法、各种模型的优缺点及实验影响因素 ,对系统研究急性脑缺血动物模型的选择具有一定的参考价值。     

Temporal profile of nestin expression after focal cerebral ischemia in adult rat

Nestin is an intermediate filament protein, transiently and abundantly expressed early in embryogenesis, e.g., in neuroepithelial cells, radial glia, germinal matrix cells and vascular cells. In the adult rat brain, nestin is only present in endothelial and select subventricular cells. We tested the hypothesis that after an experimental stroke, nestin expression is induced in glial cells and neurons. We measured the temporal profile of nestin expression after induction of focal cerebral ischemia in adult rats. Brain from rats (n=24) subjected to 2 h of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 7 days and 28 days (n=3, per time point) of reperfusion, and control sham operated (n=3) rats were processed for Western blotting to quantify nestin. Another set of brains from rats (n=28), subjected to 2 h of MCAo and 6 h, 12 h, 2 days, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days (n=4, per time point, except n=8 at 2 days) of reperfusion, and control sham operated (n=3) and normal (n=2) rats were processed by single and double labeled immunohistochemistry for cellular identification of nestin expression. By Western blotting, nestin within ischemic tissue increased slightly as early as 6 h, peaked at 7 days, and expression persisted for at least 4 weeks after 2 h of MCAo. By immunohistochemistry, nestin was expressed in astrocytes in the ischemic core from 6 to 12 h after MCAo. Nestin immunoreactivity was present in large numbers of astrocytes, and in scattered oligodendroglia and monocytes/macrophages in both the inner and outer boundary zones to the ischemic core at 1–7 days after MCAo. Nestin expression in glial cells declined at longer durations of survival, although for least 4 weeks after MCAo the nestin immunoreactivity delineated the boundary zone adjacent to the ischemic core. Nestin expression was present in some neurons localized to the outer boundary zone of the ischemic lesion in the cortex and striatum, and in most ependymal cells in the ventricular and subventricular zone (VZ/SVZ) from day 2 after MCAo and onward. The expression of nestin increased throughout the microvasculature in both the ischemic core and the boundary zone in all ischemic rats after 12 h of reperfusion. After stroke, nestin immunoreactivity in glial, neuronal and ependymal cells is suggestive of a protein expression pattern found in developing brain.     

局灶缺血诱导大鼠脑肝细胞生长因子表达的动态观察

目的:探讨肝细胞生长因子(HGF)在局灶脑缺血边缘区表达的动态变化及其意义。方法:采取线栓法建立局灶脑缺血模型,根据缺血时间分为1h、3h、12h、24h组,RT-PCR法检测HGF的表达及其动态变化。结果:缺血1h脑缺血边缘区即有HGF的表达,且随着缺血时间的延长其表达逐渐增强,24h尤为明显。结论:HGF在局灶脑缺血诱导的高表达可能在脑缺血损伤组织的保护及修复过程中起重要作用。     

局灶性脑缺血耐受和星形胶质细胞反应

目的　研究短暂性局灶性脑缺血预处理对永久性局灶性脑缺血的保护作用 ,及最佳预处理时间剂量 ,并探讨星形胶质细胞在脑缺血耐受中的反应。方法　采用开颅方法阻断大鼠大脑中动脉 ,通过观察大鼠脑梗死后神经功能损伤状况、脑梗死体积分析及病理形态学变化 ,评价不同的缺血预处理时间剂量 (10分钟、2 0分钟、30分钟 )对永久性局灶性脑缺血的保护作用。采用胶质纤维酸性蛋白 (GFAP)免疫组化法观察星形胶质细胞在脑缺血耐受中的反应。结果　与对照组相比 ,缺血预处理 2 0分钟未引起明显的神经元损伤 ,但使永久性局灶性脑缺血后神经功能损伤减轻 ,梗死体积明显减小 (P <0 .0 1)。免疫组化显示 ,2 0分钟缺血预处理组及重复缺血组星形胶质细胞在损伤预处理侧广泛激活。结论　 2 0分钟局灶性脑缺血预处理能够有效诱导脑缺血耐受。星形胶质细胞的激活可能与脑缺血耐受中神经元的存活相关。     

实验性局灶性脑缺血再灌流后bcl—2蛋白的表达

目的探讨ｂｃｌ－２在大鼠局灶脑缺血再灌流损伤中的表达与缺血所致凋亡的关系。方法采用免疫组化方法观察ｂｃｌ－２蛋白在大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌流后皮层和基底节区动态变化。结果ｂｃｌ－２蛋白在大脑中动脉阻塞２ｈ后，随再灌流时间延长其解剖分布不同。基底节区持续时间短，而皮层区持续时间较长，其中再灌流６ｈ，ｂｃｌ－２蛋白表达最显著。结论ｂｃｌ－２蛋白表达与神经细胞存活密切相关，可能是神经细胞自我保护机制之一，防止或减少细胞凋亡的发生     

动脉栓塞法复制局灶性脑缺血模型的影响因素探讨

目的　提高栓塞法大鼠局灶性脑缺血 (MCAO)模型的成功率和稳定性 ,探讨大鼠体重、栓子体积、插管深度与MCAO模型成功的关系。方法　采用 2× 2× 2析因设计 ,通过检测神经功能缺损评分和脑梗死体积进行分析。结果　栓子体积、插管深度的两水平之间有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,大鼠体重两水平之间无差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;栓子体积和插管深度之间有显著性交互作用 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,其余两两因素之间以及三者之间无交互作用 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　最佳造模方案是大鼠体重 2 80～ 30 0g、动脉血栓子≈ 1.0 μl、导管插入颈内动脉入口 1.5cm ,该方案制作的MCAO模型成功率高 ,梗死面积稳定 ,重复性好。导管进入大脑中动脉的深度是模型成功的关键。     

Impaired cerebral autoregulation 24 h after induction of transient unilateral focal ischaemia in the rat

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral autoregulation have been investigated 24 h after transient focal ischaemia in the rat. Cerebral blood flow was measured autoradiographically before and during a moderate hypotensive challenge, to test autoregulatory responses, using two CBF tracers, (99m)Tc-d,l-hexamethylproyleneamine oxide and 14C-iodoantipyrine. Prior to induced hypotension, CBF was significantly reduced within areas of infarction; cortex (28 +/- 20 compared with 109 +/- 23 mL/100 g/min contralateral to ischaemic focus, P = 0.001) and caudate (57 +/- 31 compared with 141 +/- 32 mL/100 g/min contralaterally, P = 0.005). The hypotensive challenge (mean arterial pressure reduced to 60 mmHg by increasing halothane concentration) did not compromise grey matter autoregulation in the contralateral hemisphere; CBF data were not significantly different at normotension and during hypotension. However, in the ipsilateral hemisphere, a significant volume of cortex adjacent to the infarct, which exhibited normal flow at normotension, became oligaemic during the hypotensive challenge (e.g. frontal parietal cortex 109 +/- 15% to 65 +/- 15% of cerebellar flow, P < 0.01). This resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in the volume of cortex which fell below 50% cerebellar flow (39 +/- 34 to 97 +/- 46 mm3, P = 0.003). Moderate hypotension induced a significant reduction in CBF in both ipsilateral and contralateral subcortical white matter (P < 0.01). In peri-infarct caudate tissue, CBF was not significantly affected by hypotension. In conclusion, a significant volume of histologically normal cortex within the middle cerebral artery territory was found to have essentially normal levels of CBF but impaired autoregulatory function at 24 h post-ischaemia.     

Regional brain polyamine levels in permanent focal cerebral ischemia

Transient global cerebral ischemia has been shown to induce marked changes in the polyamine pathway with a significant increase in putrescine, the product of the ornithine decarboxylase reaction. This study examined the relationship between tissue and extracellular polyamines and regional cerebral blood flow and brain edema. Six hours of focal ischemia in cats (n=10) was produced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Extracellular polyamines were measured in extracellular fluid obtained by microdialysis. Regional cerebral blood flow using laser Doppler flowmetry and specific gravity, an indicator of brain edema, were measured in contralateral (non-ischemic), penumbra and densely ischemic brain regions. A significant increase in the tissue putrescine level was found in the penumbra but there was no difference in the putrescine levels between contralateral and densely ischemic regions. There was no significant change in the spermidine and spermine levels in the three regions. Extracellular levels of putrescine and spermidine were found to be significantly lower than the tissue levels and no change in polyamines was observed in any region. Significant edema formation was observed in densely ischemic and penumbra regions. This is the first demonstration that tissue putrescine is increased in the penumbra region, an area of incomplete ischemia that is developing brain edema.