儿童难治性颞叶癫痫的手术治疗

Objective To study the preoperative evaluation, surgical treatment strategies, and factors associated with seizure outcome of refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in children.Methods Of a series of 21 children with refractory TLE, who were treated surgically during the period from July 2007 to February 2009, nineteen were followed up and their clinical data were retrospectively reviewed. Most patients had complex partial seizure, seizure aura such as abdominal discomfort, and automatism such as smacking lips and swallowing. MRI scanning demonstrated abnormal signal at temporal lobe in 15 cases. Six patients had abnormal results in PET scaning. Scalp EEG monitoring demonstrated local epilepsy discharge in 7 cases, and multiple locals in 12. Fifteen patients underwent surgery for removal of one side pretemporal lobe and amygdalohippocampus, and 4 had still partial cortex of the frontal lobe resection. Results The follow- up period ranged from 12 to 30 months. The seizure outcome according to Engel outcome scale were Ⅰ grade in 13 cases, Ⅱ in 3, Ⅲ 1 and Ⅳ in 2.Neuropsychological outcome: Two patients improved significantly. Postoperative pathology results included the brain cortex dysplasia and mesial temporal lobe sclerosis. Conclusions Most of the children who had temporal lobe surgery for intractable TLE had good seizure contral. The procedure is safe, with a low complication rate. A concordant localization of epileptogenic zone from seizure manifestation, EEG and neuroimaging studies may predict a favorable seizure outcome. Early surgical intervention may improve the neuropsychological scale.     

视频脑电图与发作期SPECT对痫灶定位的对比研究

Objective To investigate the value of ictal single photon emission computed tomography and VEEG in localization of epileptogenic foci for intractable epilepsy. Method The data of ictal SPECT and VEEG were reviewed from 48 patients with intractable epilepsy, all the results were analyzed and compared with each other. Surgical treatment were performed on 48 cases. Results The positive rate of ictal SPECT and VEEG localization was 94% and 96% respectively. The rate of complete coincidence of the two methods was 46% (22/48), partial coincidence was 29% (14/48). Comparing ictal SPECT with video EEG in the ratio of lateral and focal epileptic foci localization, twenty - seven of 48 patients had an Engel Class Ⅰ outcome after surgery and an additional ten patients had rare seizure (Engel Class Ⅱ), and eight patient had a decrease in seizure frequency (Engel Class Ⅲ) , no marked chang (Engel Class Ⅳ) in three patients. In Engel Class Ⅰ and Class Ⅱ outcome cases, there were 33 (out of 37) cases came from its coincidence of ictal SPECT and VEEG localization. Conclusions VEEG combined with ictal SPECT can increase the accuracy on localization of epileptogenic foci for intractable epilepsy.     

视频脑电图与发作期SPECT对痫灶定位的对比研究

Objective To investigate the value of ictal single photon emission computed tomography and VEEG in localization of epileptogenic foci for intractable epilepsy. Method The data of ictal SPECT and VEEG were reviewed from 48 patients with intractable epilepsy, all the results were analyzed and compared with each other. Surgical treatment were performed on 48 cases. Results The positive rate of ictal SPECT and VEEG localization was 94% and 96% respectively. The rate of complete coincidence of the two methods was 46% (22/48), partial coincidence was 29% (14/48). Comparing ictal SPECT with video EEG in the ratio of lateral and focal epileptic foci localization, twenty - seven of 48 patients had an Engel Class Ⅰ outcome after surgery and an additional ten patients had rare seizure (Engel Class Ⅱ), and eight patient had a decrease in seizure frequency (Engel Class Ⅲ) , no marked chang (Engel Class Ⅳ) in three patients. In Engel Class Ⅰ and Class Ⅱ outcome cases, there were 33 (out of 37) cases came from its coincidence of ictal SPECT and VEEG localization. Conclusions VEEG combined with ictal SPECT can increase the accuracy on localization of epileptogenic foci for intractable epilepsy.     

惊吓性癫痫的临床、脑电图特征及手术治疗

目的 探讨惊吓性癫痫的临床、脑电图(EEG)特征及手术治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析经抗癫痫药物或手术治疗的9例惊吓性癫痫的临床资料,总结发作症状学,头皮EEG,颅内EEG及头颅MRI特点,随访手术治疗效果.结果 所有患者的多数发作均由惊吓诱发,仅2例存在少量自发发作.8例MRI发现结构性病变,头皮EEG显示多灶性或局灶性癫痫样放电.2例行颅内电极监测,对致痫灶进行了较精确的定位.5例手术治疗,3例大脑半球切除术,2例局部癫痫灶切除.术后随访6-30个月(平均18.6个月),Engel Ⅰ级4例,Engel Ⅲ例1结论多数惊吓性癫痫患者存在脑的结构性损害,损害范围通常广泛,并均包含初级感觉运动区或辅助性感觉运动区.惊吓性癫痫多药物难治,手术治疗可取得较好的效果,明显改善患者的预后.

Abstract：

Objective To study the clinical, scalp and intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG) characteristics of startle epilepsy, and its outcome of surgical treatment. Methods The clinical data of 9 patients with startle epilepsy who were treated in our hospital were reviewed retrospectively. Their scalp and intracranial EEG, and MRI were investigated. Results All of the patients were diagnosed as startle epilepsy, and most of seizures were provoked by sudden unexpected stimuli. MRI showed extensive lesions in 8 cases, scalp EEC showed mulifocality or focal epilepsic discharge in all. Intracranial electrodes monitoring were performed in 2 patients to locate the epileptogenic zone. Five patients were treated surgically, 3 of them were operated with hemispherectomy, and 2 with focal cortex resection. During 6-30 months follow up, the seizure outcome were Engel I grade in 4,and Engel Ⅲ grade in 1. Conclusions Most of the patients with startle epilepsy has brain lesions involving the perisensorimotor or supplementary sensorimotor area, and were refractory. Resective surgery may get satisfactory outcome.     

中枢神经系统感染后继发难治性癫痫的病灶切除治疗

Previous studies have focused on medial temporal lobe epilepsy secondary to central nervous system infections. Several large-sample analyses of multi-lobe injuries or complications of medial temporal lobe epilepsy have been reported. The present study selected 29 patients (10 males and 19 females with a mean age of 18 years) with refractory epilepsy secondary to central nervous system infections (meningitis in 8, encephalitis in 21) from Beijing Functional Neurosurgical Institute from May 2006 to August 2008. All patients underwent computer tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, as well as electroencephalogram examinations; cortical electrodes were embedded in 11 patients. In addition, 13 (45%) patients underwent anterior temporal lobectomy, and 16 (56%) underwent extratemporal corcticectomy. Results showed that 18 (62%) patients obtained favorable outcomes following surgical treatment, including 80% with temporal lobe epilepsy and 50% with extratemporal epilepsy. Central nervous system infection was not a contraindication for epilepsy treatment, and identification of epileptic foci proved to be crucial. In addition, a young age at infection, as well as prolonged latent period from time of infection to initial afebrile seizure, were 2 predictive factors for all patients. Cortical electrodes significantly increased the detection rate of epileptic foci, but did not improve prognosis of foci excision.     

Value of long-term electroencephalogram in diagnosing epilepsy

BACKGROUND: Routine electroencephalogram (EEG) usually cannot accurately reflect the discharge of epileptic patients due to the short examination, and long-term EEG can make up the shortcoming. OBJECTIVE: To comparatively analyze the long-term EEG of epileptic and non-epileptic patients, and investigate the values of long-term EEG in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of epilepsy. DESIGN: A case-controlled study. SETTING: Ningjin County People's Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Totally 122 patients with epilepsy (epilepsy group) were selected from the EEG room of Ningjin County People's Hospital from January 2000 to December 2006, including 76 males and 44 females, 7 months to 78 years of age, the disease course ranged from 7 days to 7.5 years, and they all according with the standards for epilepsy set by the International Association for Epilepsy in 1997. Meanwhile, 118 patients with non-epileptic paroxysmal diseases were selected as the control group, including 71 males and 47 females, 2.5–87 years of age, the disease course ranged from 3 days to 7.5 years. Informed contents were obtained from all the subjects. METHODS: OXFORD GATE WAY 2000 16-lead portable EEG recorder was used for 24-hour electroencephalographic procedure. The patients could move normally during the monitoring, their activities, sleeping conditions, time and manifestations of seizures were recorded in details. In the next day, EEG at wake was recorded for 10 minutes, followed by 3-minute hyperventilation and open/close eye induction test, the phases of non-rapid eye movement (Ⅰ–Ⅳ) and rapid eye movement were performed using EEG at sleep according to the international EEG standard. The abnormal rates of EEG epileptic discharge at wake and sleep at different sites were calculated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Abnormal rate of long-term EEG at wake and sleep in both groups; Epileptic discharge at different sleeping phases in both groups; Abnormal rates of EEG epileptic discharge at wake and sleep at different sites in the epilepsy group. RESULTS: All the 122 patients with epilepsy and 118 patients with paroxysmal diseases were involved in the final analysis of results. ① Comparison of abnormal rate of long-term EEG at wake and sleep: In the epilepsy group, the abnormal rate of EEG at wake was obviously lower than that at sleep (68%, 91%, P < 0.01). In the control group, the abnormal rate of EEG at wake and sleep had no obvious difference (P > 0.05). ② Results of epileptic discharge at different sleeping phases: In the epilepsy group, the epileptic discharge occurred at Ⅰ–Ⅱ phases of sleep cycle in 88.1%, and at Ⅲ–Ⅳ in 11.9%; In the control group, the epileptic discharge occurred at Ⅰ–Ⅱ phases of sleep cycle in 91.7%, and at Ⅲ–Ⅳ phases in 8.3% (1/12). ③ Comparison of the abnormal rates of EEG epileptic discharge at wake and sleep at different sites in the epilepsy group: The abnormal rates of epileptic discharge at frontal lobe and temporal lobe at sleep were obviously higher than those at wake (21.3%, 24.6%; 10.7%, 11.7%, P < 0.01), while there were no obvious differences at wake and sleep at occipital lobe, parietal lobe (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Long-term EEG has great importance in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of epilepsy, especially that it increases the detective rate of discharge by several cycles of sleep derivation. This method also provides important reference for the allocation of epileptic focus.     

单纯脑皮层电凝热灼术治疗功能区癫痫

Objective To investigate the surgical methods and effectiveness of pure electrocoagulation on cerebral cortex for epilepsy involving eloquent areas. Method 15 patients who underwent pure electro - coagulation on cerebral cortexes for epilepsy involving eloquent areas from 2002 to 2008 were evaluated retrospectively. The seizure outcome and complications were described. Results Seven patients had hemiparesis after operation. All neurological deficits were temporary in the sense that they ultimately did not result in a deficit that would be noticed during a standard clinical examination. There were no subdural hemorrhage and infection. Six of the 15 patients were Engel Class Ⅰ , two were Class Ⅱ , five were Class Ⅲ, and two were Class Ⅳ. Conclusions Seizures could be effectively controlled through pure electrocoagulation on cerebral cortexes for epilepsy involving eloquent areas, and minimal neurological function was impaired.     

单纯脑皮层电凝热灼术治疗功能区癫痫

Objective To investigate the surgical methods and effectiveness of pure electrocoagulation on cerebral cortex for epilepsy involving eloquent areas. Method 15 patients who underwent pure electro - coagulation on cerebral cortexes for epilepsy involving eloquent areas from 2002 to 2008 were evaluated retrospectively. The seizure outcome and complications were described. Results Seven patients had hemiparesis after operation. All neurological deficits were temporary in the sense that they ultimately did not result in a deficit that would be noticed during a standard clinical examination. There were no subdural hemorrhage and infection. Six of the 15 patients were Engel Class Ⅰ , two were Class Ⅱ , five were Class Ⅲ, and two were Class Ⅳ. Conclusions Seizures could be effectively controlled through pure electrocoagulation on cerebral cortexes for epilepsy involving eloquent areas, and minimal neurological function was impaired.     

继发性癫痫患者68例临床特征分析

目的 探讨脑卒中继发癫痫患者的临床特征.方法 冀中能源峰峰集团有限公司总医院神经内科自2002年6月至2008年12月共收治经CT证实的脑卒中住院患者1082例,其中继发癫痫患者68例,回顾性分析脑卒中继发癫痫患者的临床资料,总结癫痫发作的主要类型、部位及其与脑卒中的类型和病灶部位的关系.结果 脑卒中继发癫痫患者癫痫发作部位主要位于中颞叶、类型以单纯部分性发作较多,脑出血患者继发癫痫的发病率高于脑梗死和蛛网膜下腔出血患者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).脑卒中病灶部位在脑叶的患者继发癫痫的发病率高于其他部位,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 脑卒中患者中脑出血、病灶累及脑叶者易继发癫痫,继发性癫痫病灶主要位于中颞叶,发病类型以单纯性部分发作较多.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the clinical features of epilepsy after stroke. Methods One thousand and eighty-two patients with stroke, admitted to our hospital from June 2002 to December 2008,were chosen. The clinical data of 68 of these patients having epilepsy after stroke were collected; the clinical characteristics, seizure types and locations were summarized; the relations between epilepsy and both the stroke types and the locations of stroke lesions were analyzed. Results In patients with secondary epilepsy, the lesion of seizure mainly located in the temporal lobe with simple partial seizure as its main seizure type; patients with epilepsy secondary to cerebral hemorrhage had a higher prevalence as compared with those secondary to cerebral infarction and subarachnoid hemorrhage (P＜0.05). Patients with secondary epilepsy having their lesions in the lobes had a higher prevalence as compared with those having their lesions in other locations (P＜0.05) Conclusion Stroke patients having cerebral hemorrhage and lesions in the lobes are likely to have secondary epilepsy; the lesion mainly locates in the middle of the temporal lobe; simple partial seizure is common.     

Effects of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on electroencephalogram and seizure frequency in 15 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy following dipole source localization*★

BACKGROUND： Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation （rTMS） has been shown to significantly reduce epileptiform discharges and control clinical seizures in intractable epilepsy patients. The location of epileptic foci and magnetic stimulation sites remain uncertain. The effects of rTMS on electroencephalogram and seizure remain unclear in epileptic patients following dipole source localization. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of low-frequency rTMS on electroencephalogram and seizure in temporal lobe epilepsy patients after dipole source localization. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： The randomized, controlled study was performed at the outpatient clinic Department of Neurology, Hospital Affiliated to North Sichuan Medical College from December 2003 to February 2007. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 30 temporal lobe epilepsy patients, comprising 19 males and 11 females, aged 1749 years, presented with epileptiform discharges and were enrolled for this study. Disease course ranged between 1-6 years, with 1-5 seizures per month. Imaging examinations revealed 11 patients with structural changes in the brain. The patients were randomly and equally assigned into drug treatment and transcranial magnetic stimulation （TMS） groups. METHODS： Patients in the drug treatment group were orally treated with carbamazepine. Patients in the TMS group received oral carbamazepine treatment of and TMS. A Maglite-r25 magnetic stimulator （Dantec Dynamics, Denmark） was used to stimulate epileptic foci in the temporal lobe following electroencephalogram dipole localization （1 Hz, 90% threshold intensity, at a stimulation frequency of 500 times, once a day, for 7 days）. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： At 30 days after TMS, seizure frequency and rate of epileptiform discharges were observed in patients from both groups. Therapeutic safety was investigated during treatment. RESULTS： Within 30 days of treatment, there were no significant differences in seizure frequency between the TMS group （1.5 ± 0.3） seiz