超声与MRI联合诊断14例单绒毛膜多胎畸形

目的 探讨超声和MRI联合诊断单绒毛膜多胎妊娠畸形的应用价值.方法 产前超声检出14例多胎妊娠畸形,均于超声检查后48 h内接受MRI检查,并于分娩或引产后证实.回顾性分析此14例的超声和MRI图象,并与随访结果比较.结果 14例多胎妊娠中无心畸胎7例、联体双胎5例、多胎之一消失2例.超声与MRI图像比较:(1)对于无心畸胎和多胎之一消失,超声可以明确诊断且是重要的随访手段;MRI能更清晰显示无心胎儿的器官与结构,并能检测供血胎儿和存活胎儿有无颅内继发改变.(2)对于联体儿,在心脏和血管结构的显示及心功能判断中超声明显优于MRI;在胃泡、肾脏、膀胱、肢体等结构的显示中超声与MRI较一致;在食管、肺、肝脏、肠管等器官的显示超声不如MRI,尤其是颅脑的显示;MRI具有较高软组织分辨力及视野大的特点,可显示较大病变及其与周围组织结构的关系,在联体双胎中可以同时显示两胎儿及两胎儿间的关系.结论 产前超声和MRI在诊断单绒毛膜多胎妊娠畸形中各有优劣,两者联合应用诊断价值更高.     

超声与MRI联合诊断14例单绒毛膜多胎畸形

目的 探讨超声和MRI联合诊断单绒毛膜多胎妊娠畸形的应用价值.方法 产前超声检出14例多胎妊娠畸形,均于超声检查后48 h内接受MRI检查,并于分娩或引产后证实.回顾性分析此14例的超声和MRI图象,并与随访结果比较.结果 14例多胎妊娠中无心畸胎7例、联体双胎5例、多胎之一消失2例.超声与MRI图像比较:(1)对于无心畸胎和多胎之一消失,超声可以明确诊断且是重要的随访手段;MRI能更清晰显示无心胎儿的器官与结构,并能检测供血胎儿和存活胎儿有无颅内继发改变.(2)对于联体儿,在心脏和血管结构的显示及心功能判断中超声明显优于MRI;在胃泡、肾脏、膀胱、肢体等结构的显示中超声与MRI较一致;在食管、肺、肝脏、肠管等器官的显示超声不如MRI,尤其是颅脑的显示;MRI具有较高软组织分辨力及视野大的特点,可显示较大病变及其与周围组织结构的关系,在联体双胎中可以同时显示两胎儿及两胎儿间的关系.结论 产前超声和MRI在诊断单绒毛膜多胎妊娠畸形中各有优劣,两者联合应用诊断价值更高.     

产前超声诊断多胎妊娠无头无心反向动脉灌注三例

目的 探讨双胎无心反向动脉灌注（twin reversed arterial perfusion TRAP）的产前超声声像图特征。方法 回顾性分析3例产前超声诊断为TRAP的超声图像与随访结果，总结声像图特点。结果 2例产后病检证实为TRAP，1例失访。TRAP的特点是，双胎或三胎中均有一个胎儿无头无心畸形，胸腹腔内没有正常内脏结构，无正常上肢结构，可见下肢及下肢运动。皮肤及皮下组织明显增厚，均为单脐动脉；彩色多普勒显示无心胎儿体内出现没有心脏的血液循环通路；频谱多普勒记录到进人胎儿体内脐血管为动脉频谱，出胎儿腹壁的脐血管为静脉频谱，形成了与正常胎儿灌注方向完全相反的灌注特点。结论 多胎妊娠中（包括双胎和三胎）若有单卵双胎，且其中之一伴有严重畸形、无心脏结构与搏动，彩色多普勒记录到进入无心胎儿体内的脐血管为动脉频谱，出胎儿的血管为静脉频谱，为TRAP的重要声像图特征。     

产前超声诊断胎儿持续性右脐静脉及其合并畸形的临床价值

目的 探讨产前超声诊断胎儿持续性右脐静脉及其合并结构畸形的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析2007年4月至2011年8月在复旦大学附属妇产科医院产前检查的38 827例孕妇中,产前超声检出的109例持续性右脐静脉胎儿及其合并结构畸形情况.结果 胎儿持续性右脐静脉的发生率为0.28％(109/38 827),其中单胎100例,双胎9例.109例产前超声诊断的持续性右脐静脉胎儿中,未合并结构畸形者95例(单胎90例,双胎5例),孕妇均正常妊娠分娩,新生儿预后良好,其中有4例行染色体检查,结果均正常.合并结构畸形者14例,发生率为12.8％(14/109),其中合并心血管系统结构畸形者10例,占71.4％(10/14).胎儿合并的结构畸形大多比较严重,例如心内膜垫缺失、右心室双流出道、单心房和单心室等,9例(64.3％,9/14)引产终止妊娠.14例合并结构畸形者仅有1例行胎儿染色体检查,结果正常.结论 产前超声检查发现胎儿持续性右脐静脉后,应仔细检查胎儿各系统结构,了解有无合并结构畸形,尤其是心血管系统.     

超声诊断胎盘畸胎瘤一例

本文报告了一例胎盘畸胎瘤病例。该孕妇30岁,孕33周+超声发现胎盘胎儿面异常回声,初步诊断为胎盘畸胎瘤,MRI检查提示胎盘畸胎瘤可能。患者于孕40周+4阴道分娩,新生儿未见明显异常;产妇产前及产后无异常临床表现。肉眼观察胎盘边缘可见一光滑椭圆形的被覆皮肤结节,病理结果提示成熟型囊性畸胎瘤。胎盘畸胎瘤的起源尚不明确,无明显临床症状,对孕妇及胎儿多无不良影响。超声与MRI联合诊断对产前明确瘤体性质起重要作用,而确诊本病主要依靠产后病理检查。     

超声检查在先天畸形诊断中的应用

随着超声诊断技术的飞速发展，产前超声诊断的内容及范围不断拓宽，目前已成为诊断胎儿畸形的主要手段。现将我院4460例超声检查发现胎儿畸形情况进行总结分析如下；     

常见产前超声软指标和微小异常的超声诊断及进一步处理建议

产前超声软指标和微小异常有时可为一过性,但有时则与胎儿遗传学异常风险升高有一定的相关性。本文对胎儿颈项透明层增厚、颈后皱褶厚度增厚、轻度侧脑室增宽、脉络丛囊肿、小脑延髓池增宽、鼻骨缺失或短小、轻度肾盂扩张、肠管回声增强、心室内强回声灶、轻度长骨短小、单脐动脉这几个较为常见且具有临床意义的超声软指标和微小异常的定义及超声特征、临床咨询要点和进一步处理建议进行归纳、阐述,以期对临床医生的产前咨询工作有一定启发和帮助。     

超声与磁共振成像诊断胎儿脊柱与脊髓发育异常的对照研究

目的 比较产前超声检查、磁共振成像(MRI)用于诊断胎儿脊柱与脊髓发育异常的临床价值.方法 选择产前超声检查显示胎儿脊柱与脊髓发育异常的30例孕妇(其中脊柱排列不规则19例、椎管局部增宽7例、脊柱曲度异常4例),年龄22～41岁,孕龄23～38周,在超声检查后72 h内行MRI检查.30例孕妇中选择引产者25例,选择继续妊娠者5例.经患者知情同意,对引产后患儿行尸体解剖(尸解,22例)或尸体影像学检查(3例);对选择继续妊娠者,新生儿出生后12个月内行MRI随访.结果 (1)诊断符合率:19例产前超声显示脊柱排列不规则的胎儿中,产前超声正确诊断8例,分别为3例脊膜膨出、1例隐形脊柱裂、1例脊髓脊膜膨出、3例半椎体,产前超声诊断正确率为42%(8/19);而MRI正确诊断17例,只有1例半椎体和1例蝴蝶椎未能明确诊断,MRI诊断符合率为89%(17/19).7例超声显示椎管局部增宽的胎儿中,产前超声正确诊断0例,符合率为0,MRI正确诊断7例,符合率为7/7.4例超声显示脊柱曲度异常的胎儿中,产前超声正确诊断2例,为尾退化综合征和颈椎过度反曲各1例,符合率为2/4,MRI正确诊断3例,只有1例背侧皮毛窦未能正确诊断,MRl诊断符合率为3/4.(2)MRI的优势:MRI与超声诊断一致9例、纠正超声诊断6例、确诊超声可疑的诊断1例、完善超声诊断11例,MRI和超声均漏诊半椎体、蝴蝶椎和背侧皮毛窦各1例.超声漏诊病例多为脊髓病变,且声像图表现无特异性.结论 MRI可直接显示脊髓及其病变,在评价胎儿脊柱与脊髓发育异常方面是对超声显像的补充,能显著提高诊断的准确性.     

妊娠11～13~(+6)周超声结构筛查在胎儿中枢神经系统畸形诊断中的应用

目的:探讨规范化早孕期超声结构筛查在胎儿中枢神经系统畸形诊断中的临床价值。方法:对6902例(8336胎)孕11~13~(+6)周胎儿(单胎妊娠5468例,双胎妊娠1434例)行规范化早孕期超声结构筛查,并追踪妊娠过程和临床结局。结果:6902例(8336胎)11~13~(+6)孕周胎儿中产前超声检出中枢神经系统畸形13例(单胎妊娠10例,双胎妊娠3例),其中露脑畸形5例,无脑儿4例,前脑无裂2例,脑膜膨出1例,开放性脊柱裂1例。合并其他结构异常4例,染色体核型异常3例。13例胎儿随访结果:除3例双胎畸形胎儿经选择性减胎术后正常胎儿继续妊娠,余胎儿引产前超声与引产后尸检结果相符合。结论:规范化早孕期超声结构筛查可及早发现胎儿中枢神经系统畸形,对降低畸形胎儿的出生率及指导产科处理均有重要临床价值。     

产前超声检查诊断胎儿颅脑积液的临床研究

目的 探讨产前超声检查诊断胎儿颅脑积液的变化及其临床意义.方法 对2004年7月至2005年6月在我院就诊的妊娠20周以上的8426例孕妇行常规产前超声检查,发现胎儿颅脑积液超过5 mm者纳入研究对象.对纳入研究的孕妇每2周1次行动态超声检查胎儿颅脑积液变化和其他异常情况,直至足月分娩,记录围产儿结局并定期随访.结果 8426例孕妇中,共有150例胎儿发生颅脑积液,发生率为1.8%.其中单侧侧脑室前角或后角积液72例,颅后窝积液46例,2个以上脑室积液32例.发现颅脑积液的最早孕周为17周(2例,外院转入),最迟为40周(1例),平均为(26±5)周.胎儿颅脑积液主要发生在孕29～32周[63例,42.0%(63/150)],胎儿颅脑积液量最多也发生在孕29～32周[70例,46.7%(70/150)].孕期胎儿颅脑积液自行消退111例(74.0%,111/150),积液开始消退的孕周为29～40周,平均(36±2)周,以孕29～32周和33～36周为消退最多的两个时段.颅脑积液最大积液量＜10 mm者26例,10～14 mm者78例,≥15 mm 46例,其不良围产结局发生率分别是3.8%(1/26),10.2%(8/78)和67.4%(31/46);2个以上脑室积液者不良围产结局的发生率为60.0%.结论 胎儿颅脑积液主要发生在孕29～32周,同时也是积液量高峰时期.积液量≥15 mm,或2个以上脑室积液者,其不良围产结局的发生率高,应引起高度重视.对单部位胎儿颅脑积液、积液量＜15 mm者可进行定期随访与观察.     

磁共振成像在盆底结构异常中的诊断意义

盆腔器官脱垂定量分期法评价脱垂程度具有局限性,磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)可以确定盆腔器官脱垂的类型,近年来越来越多应用于盆底结构异常的诊断。静态MRI主要用来观察盆底支持结构缺陷,动态MRI主要用于评估盆腔器官脱垂程度。对于临床确定盆底缺陷类型、制定合适的手术方案有指导意义。但目前MRI对盆腔器官脱垂(pelvic organ prolapse,POP)程度的诊断尚无统一标准,各个诊断标准与临床检查的相关性也不同。因此,MRI可以作为辅助诊断盆底结构异常的良好工具,但不能完全取代临床检查。     

Three-dimensional reconstruction of fetal abnormalities using ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging

Objective: We aimed to compare three-dimensional (3D) fetal malformation images obtained using ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on the same day during the third trimester of pregnancy.

Methods: Total 33 fetuses were selected from cases evaluated for malformations. Morphological abnormalities were first scanned using 3DUS. MRI was used to confirm the previous preliminary 3DUS findings, and diagnoses were confirmed postnatally. 3DUS scans were performed transabdominally using an Rab (4–8?L) probe, Voluson 730 Pro/Expert and E8 (General Electric, Healthcare, Zipf, Austria). MRI was performed using a 1.5-T scanner (Magneton Avanto, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with a body coil. The 3D reconstruction of the structure of interest was manually performed from a True FISP sequence using an interactive pen tablet (Syngo multimodality 2009B, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany).

Results: Despite recent advancements in 3DUS, the quality of 3D images obtained from MRI was superior during the third trimester. 3DUS had certain limitations, such as being influenced by the fetal position, the volume of amniotic fluid, and maternal obesity. Fetal movements during image acquisition were one of the main challenges for MRI.

Conclusion: The quality of the 3D images obtained using MRI was superior to that of images obtained using US during the third trimester of pregnancy.     

Increased cerebral blood flow in preeclampsia with magnetic resonance imaging

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare third trimester and nonpregnant cerebral blood flow of women with preeclampsia to normotensive control subjects with the use of magnetic resonance imaging techniques. STUDY DESIGN: Nine normotensive pregnant women and 12 untreated women with preeclampsia underwent velocity-encoded phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging of the bilateral middle and posterior cerebral arteries in the third trimester and at 6 to 8 weeks after delivery. The Student t test was used for comparison, with a probability value of <.05 considered significant. RESULTS: Third-trimester large cerebral artery blood flow was significantly higher in preeclampsia. Mean vessel diameter was unchanged, except for the left posterior cerebral artery. There was no difference in mean vessel diameter or cerebral blood flow between the 2 groups while the women were not pregnant. CONCLUSION: Cerebral blood flow is increased significantly in preeclampsia. We hypothesize that increased cerebral blood flow ultimately could lead to eclampsia through hyperperfusion and the development of vasogenic edema.     

磁共振检查在妊娠期的应用

妊娠期磁共振(magnetic resonance,MR)检查可以作为超声的有益补充,已广泛应用于非产科、产科母体及胎儿疾病。妊娠期MR检查相对安全,在孕妇或胎儿的获益高于潜在风险时,可以进行MR平扫检查。妊娠期含钆对比剂的使用会增加胎死宫内和新生儿死亡等不良事件的发生风险,因此不推荐妊娠期常规使用含钆对比剂。MR检查的指征和扫描方案在妊娠期可根据需要进行一定调整。MR检查软组织分辨率高、没有电离辐射,在妊娠期可以替代部分辐射性检查用于妊娠合并肿瘤患者。妊娠期母体合并急腹症、瘢痕妊娠和胎盘植入等,以及胎儿疾病,MR检查均可以作为超声的补充,有助于诊断和妊娠期管理。     

Prenatal diagnosis of fetal cerebral abnormalities by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging

We found magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the fetal brain to be effective in confirming or denying diagnosis of fetal cerebral defects when ultrasonography was inconclusive or incomplete. In this paper we describe 31 cases in which ultrasonographic evidence of fetal brain defects was verified by MRI. MRI was performed after curarization of the fetus. In 21 cases, ultrasonographic evidence was confirmed by histological study of the fetus or postnatal radiological examination. In 10 cases, ultrasonographic diagnosis was denied by MRI and healthy infants were born. In one case of cerebral toxoplasmosis, ultrasonography detected periventricular calcifications but MRI was normal. In 20 cases MRI ascertained or further documented the ultrasonographic findings. However in 4 of these 20 cases autopsy of the fetus was required to determine the exact nature of the lesion.     

Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasonography in diagnosing bladder endometriosis

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To take recent progress in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) into account to determine its accuracy compared with that of transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) in diagnosing bladder endometriosis. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SETTING: University-affiliated hospital. PATIENTS: Twelve women with histologically proved bladder endometriosis. INTERVENTION: Magnetic resonance imaging with body and endocavitary coils and TVUS. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Although TVUS was normal in four patients, MRI enabled endometriotic lesions to be detected in all patients. Magnetic resonance imaging with endocavitary coil established the existence of deep infiltration in three patients when muscularis involvement was not visible with the body coil. In seven women MRI determined how far deep posterior endometriotic lesions extended, whereas with TVUS this was impossible to see. Conclusion. MRI had advantages over TVUS in diagnosing small lesions of associated posterior deep endometriotic lesions. The endocavitary coil gave better results than the phased-array coil for diagnosing deep infiltration. These results are important in that they help guide surgical management.