原发性子宫淋巴瘤超声及临床病理特征

目的总结原发性子宫淋巴瘤临床、超声及病理特征。方法对9例2002年9月至2012年9月山西医科大学附属山西省肿瘤医院收治并经手术病理确诊为原发性子宫淋巴瘤患者的临床、超声及病理特征进行总结分析。结果 9例原发性子宫淋巴瘤临床及超声表现：（1）子宫体淋巴瘤3例,其中2例以无痛性盆腔肿块就诊,1例以子宫肌瘤近期明显增大就诊;超声显示3例子宫体均弥漫性增大,子宫内膜完整,肿瘤边界清晰,后方回声均增强。（2）宫颈淋巴瘤6例,患者均以接触性出血就诊,其中4例有阴道不规则出血;超声显示4例肿瘤内为极低均匀性回声,且肿瘤边界清晰,呈分叶状;1例边界不清晰。（3）彩色多普勒血流成像示：9例中8例肿瘤病灶内血流信号增多。9例子宫切除术后病理均诊断为子宫（宫颈）原发性弥漫大B细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤。结论阴道不规则出血或接触性出血,超声显示子宫体弥漫均匀性增大,而子宫或宫颈内膜较完整,病灶边界清晰,内为均匀性极低回声,后方回声增强者为子宫（宫颈）淋巴瘤的临床超声特征,最终仍需由病理检查确诊。     

A Method to Visualize 3‐Dimensional Anatomic Changes in the Cervix During Pregnancy

Objective. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to visualize 3‐dimensional (3D) anatomic changes in the cervix and lower uterine segment during the antepartum period. Methods. An observational study of patients with both uncomplicated and complicated pregnancies was performed. To visualize 3D anatomic changes, solid models were constructed from 3D sonographic data. Model construction followed a 3‐step protocol. First, 3D transvaginal sonographic data of the cervix and lower uterine segment were obtained. Second, sonographic data were exported to a medical image‐processing program, which was used to align 3D sonographic data obtained from a single patient at different time points. Last, sonographic data were used to guide construction of solid models using mechanical design software. Anatomic changes were visualized by comparing solid models constructed from sonographic data obtained at different time points. Results. From 16 patients who consented, 5 patients were selected for this study. Two to 4 models were derived from each of the 5 patients at 15 to 38 weeks' gestation. To show anatomic changes in the cervix and lower uterine segment, solid models from different time points in the same patient were superimposed. A total of 16 solid models were constructed. In addition, 3D changes associated with second‐trimester cervical failure and successful therapeutic cerclage were shown. Conclusions. A method to visualize 3D cervical changes is presented, revealing complex anatomic changes in the lower uterine segment, cervical stroma, and cervical mucosa as pregnancy progresses.     

Placenta Accreta

Objective. Placenta accreta is a life‐threatening problem that is rising in incidence in the developed world. The increased risk of placenta accreta in women with placenta previa and 1 or more prior cesarean deliveries is well established and prompts careful sonographic evaluation. Our objective was to emphasize that accreta is also identified at sites other than cesarean scars. Methods. Two cases of placenta accreta without placenta previa seen in association with uterine scarring from myomectomy and uterine fibroids are described. Results. The sonographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings of accreta are reviewed in the classic setting of prior cesarean deliveries as well as myomectomy and uterine fibroids. Conclusions. We suggest that when the placenta overlies any uterine abnormality, a careful search for invasive placentation is warranted.     

子宫腺肌症的超声造影和时间-强度曲线特征

目的 通过CEUS分析子宫腺肌症患者的声像图和时间-强度曲线(TIC)特征。方法 将42例子宫腺肌症患者按病理结果分为弥漫型组(n=30)和局限型组(n=12),以10名正常者作为对照组,观察ROI造影剂灌注声像图特点,并分析病灶区的TIC参数,包括始增时间(AT)、峰值时间(TTP)、上升时间(RT)及峰值强度(IMAX),比较3组血流灌注情况和TIC参数。结果 弥漫型组、局限型组与对照组的增强均匀度及峰值强度的差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。弥漫型组和局限型组与对照组TTP、RT及IMAX差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论 子宫腺肌症CEUS的不同的灌注特征和TIC的特点,可为定量分析诊断子宫腺肌症的提供重要的参考依据。     

Straight Vessel Pattern and Rapid Filling Time

Six patients with 7 lesions that were histologically confirmed as primary testicular lymphoma were preoperatively investigated with a standardized sonographic protocol including contrast‐enhanced sonography. Duplex and contrast‐enhanced sonography showed marked hypervascularization in all 7 lesions. On contrast‐enhanced sonography, the filling time of lymphomatous lesions was significantly shorter than the filling time of a size‐matched sample of 10 patients with seminomas (P < .0001). The sonographic hallmarks of testicular lymphoma in our case series were as follows: (1) sharply demarcated homogeneous hypoechoic testicular lesions with marked hypervascularization; (2) a rapid (<7 seconds) filling time of contrast bubbles; and (3) a straight and parallel course of intralesional vessels on contrast‐enhanced sonography.     

彩色多普勒超声鉴别子宫肉瘤与子宫肌瘤的价值

目的探讨子宫肉瘤的彩色多普勒超声特点,提高超声检出率。方法回顾性分析病理证实的50例子宫肉瘤与100例子宫肌瘤的声像图特点。结果两组病例在发病年龄、病灶数目、部位、内部回声、边界、形态、血流分布及血流丰富程度等方面有统计学差异(P<0.05)。病灶单发,边界模糊,形态不规则,呈混合性或蜂窝样回声,内部及周边探及Ⅱ~Ⅲ级血流信号,是子宫肉瘤较为典型的超声征象。结论子宫肉瘤声像图特点与子宫肌瘤有较大差异,充分认识子宫肉瘤的声像图特征,多因素综合分析,有利于提高其超声检出率。     

The Tortoiseshell Pattern in One or Both Sides of the Submandibular Glands in Mucosa‐Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Is Related to Chromosomal Aberrations and the Disease Extent

Objective. Lesions of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma in the submandibular glands are localized or a part of systemic involvement in association with chromosomal aberrations. This series was undertaken to investigate the sonographic features of MALT lymphoma in the submandibular glands and their relationships with chromosomal aberrations and the disease extent. Methods. A total of 5 patients with MALT lymphoma without Sjögren syndrome in the submandibular glands were enrolled in this series. Patients underwent sonography of the submandibular glands with a high‐resolution transducer before surgical biopsy of the main lesion. Sonographic characteristics of the lesions were described for their location, presence of a posterior echo, texture, and presence of an internal echo. Results. Sonography in all cases showed hypoechoic and solid masses with increased posterior echo enhancement. There was an arrangement of hypoechoic small compartments demarcated by hyperechoic contour lines, which had a tortoiseshell pattern. This pattern was classified into 2 types according to its location: a lesion in the right or left side and lesions in both sides of the submandibular glands, found in 3 and 2 patients, respectively. The latter 2 cases had chromosomal aberrations of t(11;18)(q23;q23) and t(12;18)(q22;q21), respectively, and were revealed as secondary organ involvement. Conclusions. The sonographic appearance of MALT lymphoma in the submandibular glands was characterized by the tortoiseshell pattern in both primary and secondary lesions. Detection of this pattern in both sides of the submandibular glands can be an indicator of chromosomal aberrations and systematic involvement of the disease.     

Second-trimester sonographic comparison of the lower uterine segment in pregnant women with and without a previous cesarean delivery.

OBJECTIVE: To compare measurements of the lower uterine segment during a second-trimester sonographic examination in women with and without a previous cesarean delivery. METHODS: Women undergoing second-trimester sonographic examination, 24 with a history of cesarean delivery and 30 control subjects with no history of cesarean delivery, were recruited for transvaginal sonographic evaluation of the lower uterine segment with a high-frequency probe. The uterine niche or previous cesarean scar site was defined as a small triangular anechoic defect in the anterior wall of the uterus. The uterine wall thickness was measured successively at the level where the bladder dome meets the lower uterine segment. Measurements were obtained with cursors at the interface of the urine-bladder and the amniotic fluid-decidua. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board, and P < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The uterine niche was identified in 14 (58%) of 24 women with a previous cesarean delivery. The lower uterine segment was significantly thinner in women with a previous cesarean delivery compared with control subjects (mean +/- SD, 4.7 +/- 1.1 versus 6.6 +/- 2.0 mm; P < .001). In the previous cesarean group, the mean lower uterine segment thickness was similar in the 5 women with 2 cesarean deliveries when compared with those with 1 cesarean delivery (4.6 +/- 1.0 versus 4.7 +/- 1.4 mm; P = .91). In a linear regression model, the only variable retaining significance in the prediction of uterine wall thickness was previous cesarean delivery (P= .002). Maternal age, parity, number of previous cesarean deliveries, and gestational age did not attain significance in the model. CONCLUSIONS: The lower uterine segment during a second-trimester sonographic examination is significantly thinner in women with a previous cesarean delivery. Identification of the scar niche is possible in most of these women.     

Sonographic features of liver involvement by lymphoma.

OBJECTIVE: The liver is one of the most frequent extranodal locations of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin disease. Nevertheless, lymphoma constitutes only 6% to 8% of focal lesions of the liver. Few studies have evaluated the sonographic patterns of lymphoma with liver involvement. The purpose of this study was to describe the sonographic features and to evaluate the accuracy of sonography for the diagnosis of lymphoma with liver infiltration. METHODS: The abdominal sonographic findings of 23 consecutive patients with histologically proven diagnosis of lymphoma with liver involvement were reviewed. RESULTS: The most prevalent sonographic features were hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Abdominal lymphoadenopathies were identified in 34.8% of cases. Liver nodules were seen in half of patients, and the most frequent sonographic appearance was as multiple small focal lesions. Differences in sonographic patterns between high- and low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma were not seen. None of the patients with Hodgkin disease had liver nodules. Concordance between sonography and computed tomography for the diagnosis of focal liver lesions was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Sonography may contribute to the diagnosis of liver infiltration by lymphoma. The presence of multiple focal liver lesions associated with splenomegaly and lymphoadenopathies should make us consider the diagnosis of lymphoma with liver involvement. Nevertheless, the low specificity of these findings requires histologic confirmation of lymphomatous infiltration of the liver.     

经阴道超声对子宫动脉栓塞治疗子宫肌瘤及腺肌瘤的疗效观察

目的 经阴道超声检查以观察子宫动脉栓塞术治疗子宫肌瘤的临床疗效和结果。方法 对43例患者进行了子宫动脉栓塞术前、术后阴道超声检查。结果 经过术后3天,1个月,3个月,半年,1年的跟踪随访,瘤体缩小率为10％－70％。结论 经阴道超声检查观察子宫动脉栓塞术对治疗子宫肌瘤、肌腺症是十分安全有效。     

Uterine artery embolization: sonographic imaging findings.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the sonographic and angiographic imaging findings before and after uterine fibroid embolization for symptomatic leiomyoma. METHODS: This prospective study involved 14 premenopausal women who underwent uterine fibroid embolization for symptomatic leiomyoma. Preprocedure sonography with color Doppler imaging was performed. Bilateral uterine artery embolization was successfully performed with the use of polyvinyl alcohol. Follow-up sonographic examinations were performed between 1 and 3 months after the procedure. The correlation between the sonographic appearance before and after embolization and the degree of decrease in uterine size was evaluated by using the Jonckheere-Terpstra 2-sided P test. RESULTS: Preprocedure sonographic imaging showed a varied appearance to the fibroids. Color Doppler imaging primarily showed the fibroids to be vascular with marked peripheral blood flow. Postprocedure sonographic imaging showed decreased uterine size and echogenicity. Color Doppler imaging showed a marked decrease in the blood flow to the leiomyoma. There was no statistical significance in the relationship between echogenicity and vascularity shown before the procedure and the percent decrease in the size of the uterus. CONCLUSIONS: Although sonography is an efficient method for identifying leiomyomata and determining the reduction in size after uterine artery embolization, we were unable to identify any predictive characteristics of success for aiding the preprocedural assessment.     

Sonographic investigation of the uterus during artificial uterine cavity distention

The improvement of sonographic examination of the uterus during artificial uterine cavity distention was studied in 30 consecutive patients in whom a hysteroscopy was indicated. In 10 of 21 patients with a normal sonographic appearence of the uterus, after filling the uterine cavity with Hyskon, various pathologic conditions became visible. In 5 of 9 patients with abnormal sonographic appearance of the uterus, the procedure enabled a more precise diagnosis concerning localization of abnormal echoes in the uterus. The advantage of this method was clearly demonstrated in cases of central echogenic structures, congenital uterine anomalies, myoma's, synechiae, and corpora aliena.     

Sonographic findings of IgG4‐related disease of the salivary glands: Case report and review of the literature

IgG4‐related disease is a relatively newly described entity with findings that historically have been confused with a variety of other diseases with markedly different treatments and prognoses, including Sjogren's syndrome and MALT lymphoma. We present a case of IgG4‐related disease of the salivary glands and review the literature on sonographic findings of IgG4‐related disease. By connecting sonographic features of IgG4 disease with common ancillary features of IgG4 disease in other sites (pancreas, hilar lymph nodes, biliary tree, thyroid, and retroperitoneum), radiologists can play a pivotal role in the early diagnosis and identification of IgG4‐related disease. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 46 :73–77, 2018;     

原发性甲状腺淋巴瘤的超声表现及病理特征

目的探讨原发甲状腺淋巴瘤(PTL)的超声表现及病理特征。方法回顾性分析28例经穿刺或手术病理证实的PTL患者的声像图表现,对病变的超声分型、形态特点、边界、回声及周围组织侵犯情况进行分析,并分析上述超声表现与其病理特征的关系。结果 28例PTL病例均为非霍奇金淋巴瘤,其中弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤19例,结外边缘带B细胞淋巴瘤/低度恶性黏膜相关组织淋巴瘤6例,结外边缘带B细胞淋巴瘤伴大细胞转化3例。7例合并桥本甲状腺炎。超声示甲状腺弥漫性肿大,累及单侧或双侧,多呈不均匀极低回声,可有条索状强回声,后方回声增强,可伴数目不等的低回声结节,边界欠清,易侵犯颈部淋巴结,还可累及周围软组织、压迫气管。结论充分认识不同病理类型的PTL超声表现特点、结合病史及临床资料,有助于提高PTL的超声诊断准确率。     

Sonographic appearance of a cesarean scar pregnancy with placenta percreta invading the bladder in the first trimester and management with fertility preservation

A 36‐year‐old, gravida 8, para 6, woman with six prior cesarean sections presented at 6 weeks with a cesarean scar pregnancy. Medical management was performed initially; however, subsequent three‐dimensional sonographic examinations revealed trophoblastic invasion into the bladder. This led to robotic‐assisted partial cystectomy, fulguration of invaded pregnancy, and repair of the uterine defect. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 45 :163–167, 2017     

Ultrasonic “honeycomb” appearance of uterine submucous fibroids undergoing cystic degeneration

Uterine fibroids are the most common of uterine benign tumors. Generally, the ultrasonic appearance of uterine fibroids is typical, and diagnosis is uncomplicated. However, the sonographic characteristics of fibroids undergoing cystic degeneration, and especially those of the submucous type, may be misleading. We present a series of submucous fluids with cystic degeneration in peri- and postmenopausal women showing a distinct sonographic “honeycomb” pattern erroneously diagnosed as endometrial hyperplasia. The correct diagnosis was established by hysteroscopy. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Primary peripheral T-cell lymphoma in subcutaneous tissue: sonographic findings

We describe the sonographic findings in a case of Lennert's lymphoma, a rare type of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, involving the subcutaneous tissues of the arm. The sonographic appearance was thought to be more helpful than MRI to establish the diagnosis.     

Rudimentary horn pregnancy: first-trimester prerupture sonographic diagnosis and confirmation by magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: Two cases of rudimentary horn pregnancy diagnosed in the first trimester by sonography and confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are reported. We suggest criteria for early, prerupture sonographic diagnosis of this rare condition. METHODS: We report a case in which pregnancy in a rudimentary horn was suspected on routine sonographic examination. In the second case, sonographic examination at 11 weeks' gestation revealed a right unicornuate uterus and a noncommunicating left rudimentary horn containing a gestational sac. In both cases, MRI clearly confirmed the sonographic diagnosis, showing an empty cavity of the uterine body and a pregnant uterine horn without an endometrial communication to the uterine body. RESULTS: Both patients underwent surgery, and the pregnant rudimentary horns were resected with no complications. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest the following criteria for sonographic diagnosis of rudimentary horn pregnancy: (1) a pseudopattern of a asymmetrical bicornuate uterus, (2) absent visual continuity tissue surrounding the gestational sac and the uterine cervix, and (3) the presence of myometrial tissue surrounding the gestational sac. Typical hypervascularization of placenta accreta may support the diagnosis. Additionally, MRI can be used to confirm the diagnosis before an invasive procedure is undertaken.     

Prospective Comparative Trial of Endovaginal Sonographic Bimanual Examination Versus Traditional Digital Bimanual Examination in Nonpregnant Women With Lower Abdominal Pain With Regard to Body Mass Index Classification

Objective. We hypothesized that a sonographic bimanual examination (SBME) would improve confidence in the pelvic examination in adult nonpregnant women with lower abdominal conditions compared to a traditional digital bimanual examination (DBME). Methods. In a prospective comparative study at an urban regional emergency department, an ultrasound‐trained group of emergency clinicians performed both an SBME and a DBME on 30 women who required a DBME as part of their evaluation. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on their body mass index (BMI) weight class. Inclusion criteria included lower abdominal pain, age between 18 and 55 years, hemodynamic stability, and BMI of greater than 18.5. Exclusion criteria included pregnancy, hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and recent vaginal surgery. The patient's sequence of examinations was randomized and then performed by a different member of the study group. Examiners assessed their confidence (0%–100%) in 11 components of the pelvic examination. Results. There were higher scores for the SBME compared to the DBME in the overall composite score, cervical position, uterine size, uterine position, uterine tenderness, ovarian size, ovarian tenderness, and presence of an adnexal mass (P < .05), whereas cervical motion tenderness, cervical os opening, and rectovaginal tenderness did not show significant differences. Across BMI classes, the SBME produced high composite and individual examination scores among all examination criteria. In contrast, the DBME revealed significant differences for uterine size, uterine alignment, uterine tenderness, ovarian size, and ovarian tenderness across BMI classes (P < .05). Conclusions . The SBME provides improved confidence in overall and key aspects of the pelvic examination across BMI classes compared to the DBME.     

Diagnosis of pregnancy-associated uterine venous plexus thrombosis on the basis of transvaginal sonography.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the sonographic signs of uterine venous plexus thrombosis. METHODS: Four pregnant patients had a diagnosis of uterine venous plexus thrombosis in the first half of gestation. The diagnosis was based on transvaginal sonography only in 3 cases, and the fourth had magnetic resonance imaging corroboration. RESULTS: All 4 patients had similar sonographic features of uterine venous plexus thrombosis on transvaginal sonographic examination. The thrombi within the dilated veins were shown as elongated echogenic structures along the lumen that appeared round on transverse views of the affected veins. They showed swinging movements provoked by gentle transducer pressure. Power and color Doppler sonography enhanced the uterine venous plexus thrombosis diagnosis by showing blood flow around the thrombi. There were no signs of thromboembolic disease. Sonographic findings in deep leg veins and iliac veins were normal in all cases. Complete thrombophilia studies did not reveal any abnormalities. The uterine venous plexus thrombosis could not be detected on transabdominal sonography and was shown better by transvaginal sonography compared with magnetic resonance imaging. During 3 months of anticoagulation therapy, the thrombi gradually disappeared in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Focusing on the pelvic veins while performing a transvaginal sonographic study during pregnancy may reveal important findings, which may have clinical implications. The therapeutic treatment of uterine venous plexus thrombosis is controversial and still empirical.