Die Rekonstruktion des medialen patellofemoralen Ligaments mit der getunnelten Semitendinosussehne

OBJECTIVE: Stabilization of the patella by reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament. INDICATIONS: Chronic recurrent lateral dislocation or subluxation of the patella. Habitual lateral dislocation of the patella. CONTRAINDICATIONS: Primary dislocation of the patella. Genu valgum with a Q-angle > 15 degrees . Status following semitendinosus tendon transfer to reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament. Joint infection. Neurogenic instability, ischiocrural muscle deficiency. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Division of the distal insertion of the semitendinosus muscle at the pes anserinus. Subligamentous tunneling at the proximal insertion of the medial collateral ligament. The distal end of the semitendinosus tendon is transferred through the subligamentous tunnel to the medial patellar margin. Fixation of the tendon to the medioproximal patellar margin by passing it through an oblique transpatellar drill hole. RESULTS: The patella was stabilized by dynamic reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament in 14 patients with chronic recurrent or habitual lateral patellar dislocation. Ten patients were available for clinical follow-up assessment at an average of 13 months (8-27 months) postoperatively. The postoperative Kujala Index (maximum 100 points) increased on average from 56 to 95 points.     

复发性髌骨脱位治疗中内侧髌股韧带重建术的研究进展

复发性髌骨脱位是引起青少年膝关节功能障碍的常见疾病,其定义为髌骨脱位发生两次及两次以上,是一种骨科及运动医学临床常见的疾病。复发性髌骨脱位的病因有很多,但归根结底,髌骨在活动中所处的异常力学环境是引起不稳的根本原因。研究发现内侧髌股韧带被认为是限制髌骨向外脱位最重要的软组织结构,因而重建内侧髌股韧带对成功治疗复发性髌骨脱位起着重要的作用。但复发性髌骨脱位往往是一个多因素引起的临床问题,除了纠正软组织的异常外,骨性结构的异常也是一个不容忽视的问题。本文对近年来对内侧髌股韧带的解剖、生物力学、手术技巧、治疗结果及术后并发症的研究情况进行了综述。     

Editorial Commentary: From Lateral Release and Medial Plication to Complex Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Techniques: Medial Quadriceps Tendon Femoral Ligament Reconstruction Is the Most Anatomic Repair

Patella instability and dislocation are common in younger patients, and 1 in 5 patients are at risk of recurrent dislocations. Conservative treatment should be considered for first dislocations unless other concomitant injuries are present. Historically, lateral patella release and medial plication techniques were used for repair but have been superseded by medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. Overconstraint is a potential problem and often related to nonanatomic femoral tunnel position and graft tension, which could result in increased patellar contact pressures and graft failure. The medial quadriceps tendon–femoral ligament reconstruction technique (MQTFL) avoids patellar tunnels without the risk of patella fracture. When comparing medial patellofemoral ligament, MQTFL, and the combination of both techniques in a cadaver model, MQTFL resulted in less constraint with no differences for patellar contact pressures. Medial quadriceps tendon femoral ligament reconstruction is the most anatomic repair.     

A minimally invasive medial patellofemoral ligament arthroscopic reconstruction

The medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction is recognized as a good choice for patients with recurrent patellar dislocation. Most techniques of the medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction are open surgeries. Recently, we present a minimally invasive medial patellofemoral ligament arthroscopic reconstruction technique as a possible alternative method for recurrent patellar dislocation. The aim of the study was to describe a safe and effective technique to perform medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. The graft was prepared in shape to “Y.” Two 5-mm incisions were made in the skin above the medial edge of the patella. Two docking bone tunnels were drilled from medial edge to the center of the patella, mimicking the wide patellar insertion of the medial patellofemoral ligament, and a bone tunnel was made at the femoral insertion site. Two free ends of the graft were fixed into the patellar tunnels by lateral cortical suspension, and the folded end was fixed into the femoral tunnel by bioabsorbable interference screw. Average patellar tilt and the congruence angle were 30.7° ± 7.5° and 52.7° ± 7.3° and were reduced to 12.8° ± 0.9° and 2.3° ± 11.5° after treatment. The Kujala score was increased from 63.0 ± 9.0 to 91.0 ± 7.0. The minimally invasive medial patellofemoral ligament arthroscopic reconstruction in this paper seems to be helpful to increase safe of operation and treatment effect and reduce complications.     

关节镜辅助下小切口重建内侧髌股韧带治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜辅助下小切口同种异体肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带(MPFL)治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位的临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2006年1月～2010年4月共收治28例创伤性复发性髌骨脱位,所有患者在第一次脱位均为膝关节外伤所致,伤后患膝明显肿胀及髌骨脱位-复位感,此后出现髌骨脱位3次以上者。手术方法:先行关节镜检查,髌骨外侧支持带紧张者行松解术,关节镜监视下调整MFPL的张力并于其解剖止点以同种异体肌腱重建MFPL,术后接受正规功能康复锻炼。结果术后平均随访26个月(12～36个月)。重建术后无髌骨再次脱位发生,髌股关节稳定。术前、术后均采用Lysholm和Kujala膝关节评分标准,手术前后评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论选择适当的病例,重建内侧髌股韧带是治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位的有效方法。     

Dynamic medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction in recurrent patellar instability: A surgical technique

The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the primary stabilizer of the patellofemoral joint; its reconstruction has been recommended in adults over the past decade after recurrent patellar instability. However, there has been no standardized technique for reconstruction, therefore, ideal graft and technique for reconstruction are yet undetermined. However, dynamic MPFL reconstruction studies claim to be superior to other procedures as it is more anatomical. This preliminary study aims at assessing the outcomes of MPFL reconstruction in a dynamic pattern using hamstring graft. We performed this procedure in four consecutive patients with chronic patellar instability following trauma. MPFL reconstruction was done with hamstring tendons detached distally and secured to patellar periosteum after being passed through a bony tunnel in the patella without an implant and using the medial collateral ligament as a pulley. In all 4 knees, the MPFL reconstruction was isolated and was not associated with any other realignment procedures. No recurrent episodes of dislocation or subluxation were reported at 24 months followup.     

Anatomical transverse patella double tunnel reconstruction of medial patellofemoral ligament with a hamstring tendon autograft for recurrent patellar dislocation

Introduction  

The purpose of this study was to describe our transverse patella double tunnel technique to reconstruct the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) with a hamstring tendon autograft in patients who suffered recurrent dislocation of the patella, and to evaluate the intermediate-term outcomes of reconstruction treatment.     

腘绳肌腱移植包埋法重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的 :探讨腘绳肌腱移植包埋法重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法 :2008年3月至2013年6月间收治复发性髌骨脱位67例,其中男28例,女39例;年龄10~42岁,平均22岁。临床表现为膝关节不稳感,"打软腿",髌骨错位感,膝前疼痛等。67例均行腘绳肌腱移植包埋法重建内侧髌股韧带。术前后采用Lysholm评分及Q角变化对疗效进行评估。结果:术后67例均获随访,随访时间4~60个月,平均(27.5±13.4)个月。术后切口均愈合良好,无髌骨脱位或半脱位发生。Lysholm评分由术前76.35±2.86提高到术后82.71±2.29;Q角从术前(18.75±2.33)°降至术后(13.28±1.75)°。结论:腘绳肌腱移植包埋方法重建内侧髌股韧带可以提供足够的张力,恢复髌骨稳定性,改善膝关节功能。     

Computational approach to correcting joint instability in patients with recurrent patellar dislocation

Patellar dislocation is a debilitating injury common in active adolescents and young adults. Conservative treatment after initial dislocation is often recommended, but almost half of these patients continue to suffer from recurrent dislocation. The objective of this study was to compare preoperative patellofemoral joint stability with stability after a series of simulated procedures, including restorative surgery to correct to pre-injury state, generic tibial tubercle osteotomy, patient-specific reconstructive surgery to correct anatomic abnormality, less invasive patient-specific surgery, and equivalent healthy controls. Three-dimensional, subject-specific finite element models of the patellofemoral joint were developed for 28 patients with recurrent patellar dislocation. A 50 N lateral load was applied to the patella to assess the lateral stability of the patellofemoral joint at 10° intervals from 0° to 40° flexion. Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, along with reconstructive procedures to correct anatomic abnormality were simulated. Of all the simulations performed, the healthy equivalent control models showed the least patellar internal–external rotation, medial–lateral translation, and medial patellofemoral ligament restraining load during lateral loading tests. Isolated restorative medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction was the surgery that resulted in the most patellar internal–external rotation, medial–lateral translation, and medial patellofemoral ligament reaction force across all flexion angles. Patient-specific reconstruction to correct anatomic abnormality was the only surgical group to have non-significantly different results compared with the healthy equivalent control group across all joint stability metrics evaluated. Statement of clinical significance: This study suggests patient-specific reconstructive surgery that corrects underlying anatomic abnormalities best reproduces the joint stability of an equivalent healthy control when compared with the pre-injury state, generic tibial tubercle osteotomy, and less invasive patient-specific surgery. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:768-776, 2020     

Reconstruction of medial patellofemoral ligament for chronic patellar instability

Background:

Disruption of the capsule, medial patellar retinaculum, and/or vastus medialis obliqus has been associated with recurrent patellar instability. Biomechanical studies have shown that the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the main restraint against lateral patella displacement and reconstruction of the MPFL has become an accepted surgical technique to restore patellofemoral stability in patients having recurrent patellar dislocation. We report a prospective series of patients of chronic patellar instability treated by reconstruction of medial patellofemoral ligament.

Materials and Methods:

Twelve patients (15 knees) with recurrent dislocation of patella, were operated between January 2006 and December 2008. All patients had generalised ligament laxity with none had severe grade of patella alta or trochlear dysplasia. The MPFL was reconstructed with doubled semitendinosus tendon. Patients were followed up with subjective criteria, patellar inclination angle, and Kujala score.

Results:

The mean duration of followup after the operative procedures was an average of 42 months (range 24–60 months) 10 knees showed excellent results, 3 knees gave good results, and 2 knees had a fair result. The average patellar inclination angle decreased from 34.3° to 18.6°. The average preoperative Kujala functional score was 44.8 and the average postoperative score was 91.9.

Conclusion:

MPFL reconstruction using the semitendinosus tendon gives good results in patients with chronic patellar instability without predisposing factors like severe patella alta and high-grade trochlear dysplasia, and for revision cases.     

Clinical results of isolated reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament for recurrent dislocation and subluxation of the patella

Complications and results of medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction, performed between 2000 and 2003, were studied retrospectively in 24 randomised patients (24 knees). All procedures were performed for recurrent dislocation or subluxation of the patella, using an autogenous semitendinosus tendon. Two different methods of anchoring of the transplant were compared. After a 2-year follow-up, patellar stability was found to be similar, when the transplant was sutured to the fibrous tissue and periosteum overlying the patella or when it was fixed in a bone tunnel through the patella. The majority of the patients who had undergone MPFL reconstruction have returned to their previous level of sports activities. We had two cases of patella fracture and one case of persisting patella apprehension after surgery. Further studies must determine which measures are necessary to prevent these complications.     

改良髌骨双骨道法自体股薄肌腱重建髌骨内侧支持带治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨改良髌骨双骨道法自体股薄肌腱重建髌骨内侧支持带（medial patellofemoral ligament,MPFL）治疗复发性髌骨脱位的临床效果,同时探讨解剖高危因素对术后效果的影响。方法2007年1月-2010年2月,对36例髌骨复发性脱位（单侧31例,双侧5例）采用改良髌骨双骨道法自体股薄肌腱重建MPFL,在髌骨内上缘由后内向前外向髌骨内1／2表面平行钻2个3．5mm骨道,将股薄肌腱引过骨道,将股薄肌腱的两游离端拉入股骨内侧骨道,屈膝30。位可吸收螺钉固定。对所有患者的Beighton评分,Q角,Insall指数,滑车发育不良分级,胫骨结节一滑车沟距离（TT—TG）等进行测量。临床评分采用Kujala,Lysholm和Tegner评分,同时调查患者的满意度。结果32例对手术的效果非常满意,3例满意,1例不满意。Kujala、Lysholm、Tegner评分分别由术前（64．34-15．0）、（65．1±18．6）、（3．2±1．1）分显著提高到术后（92．4±9．2）分（t=4．657,P=0．002）,（92．0±10．1）分（t=3．936,P=0．006）和（5．2±1．0）分（t=6．633,P=0．001）。80．6％（29／36）的患者在术后6—8个月恢复到受伤前的运动水平。1例术后1年再次髌骨脱位。97．6％（40／41）的膝关节存在股骨滑车发育不良,Beighton评分（5．2±2．5）分,Insall指数为1．22±0．14,Q角（13．6±3．9）°,TT-TG值（13．7±4．4）mm,与功能评分无相关性（P〉0．05）。结论自体股薄肌腱改良髌骨双骨道法重建MPFL是一种可靠安全经济的手术方法。高危解剖因素如高位髌骨、滑车发育不良、关节松弛等情况广泛存在于髌骨复发性脱位的患者中,虽未发现其严重程度会直接影响手术效果,但当复合因素存在时,仅重建MPFL的软组织手术可能不足以完全防止髌骨脱位复发。     

内侧髌股韧带重建术治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效研究

目的探讨游离肌腱移植重建内侧髌股韧带的手术方法及治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法自2006年6月至2012年7月收治复发性髌骨脱位患者共40例（47膝）,男10例（12膝）,女30例（35膝）,年龄7～51岁,平均19．4岁。全部经膝关节镜检最后确诊,其中43膝采用游离自体半腱肌,4膝采用异体肌腱,通过髌骨双隧道移植重建内侧髌股韧带,镜下动态调整移植肌腱的张力,使髌股关节对合达到正常,并用挤压螺钉将肌腱游离端固定在股骨止点。其中8例（10膝）同时行髌韧带止点内移术。结果有36例（42膝）患者获得随访,随访时间3—70个月,平均随访23个月。临床疗效评价包括髌骨主观稳定性评估、Lysholm膝关节评分及Insall疗效标准（1976年）。术后髌骨外推试验和恐惧试验均为阴性。手术前后Lysholm评分术前平均为（63．1±9．1）分,术后评分为（87．1±6．4）分,手术前后的差异有统计学意义（t=21．7,P〈0．05）。按Insall疗效标准,优良率为85．7％。结论采用以游离肌腱重建MPFL为主的综合术式治疗复发性髌骨脱位,手术效果满意。     

Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction: a novel approach

Recurrent patellar instability is common, and multiple procedures have been described for its treatment. Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction can be successful in patients who have an incompetent medial patellofemoral ligament or who have failed medial patellofemoral ligament repair and present with recurrent patellar instability. This article describes a novel approach to medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction using a folded hamstring allograft with a new knotless suture anchor and bio-interference screw fixation. The principal advantage of this construct is the ability to definitively fix the medial patellofemoral ligament soft-tissue graft on the femur and provisionally fix the graft to the patella while assessing for reasonable medial patellofemoral ligament isometry throughout the arc of knee motion.     

Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction: a prospective outcome assessment of a large single centre series

We report a prospective analysis of clinical outcome in patients treated with medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction using an autologous semitendinosus graft. The technique includes superolateral portal arthroscopic assessment before and after graft placement to ensure correct graft tension and patellar tracking before fixation. Between October 2005 and October 2010, a total of 201 consecutive patients underwent 219?procedures. Follow-up is presented for 211 procedures in 193 patients with a mean age of 26 years (16 to 49), and mean follow-up of 16 months (6 to 42). Indications were atraumatic recurrent patellar dislocation in 141 patients, traumatic recurrent dislocation in 50, pain with subluxation in 14 and a single dislocation with persistent instability in six. There have been no recurrent dislocations/subluxations. There was a statistically significant improvement between available pre- and post-operative outcome scores for 193 patients (all p < 0.001). Female patients with a history of atraumatic recurrent dislocation and all patients with history of previous surgery had a significantly worse outcome (all p < 0.05). The indication for surgery, degree of dysplasia, associated patella alta, time from primary dislocation to surgery and evidence of associated cartilage damage at operation did not result in any significant difference in outcome. This series adds considerably to existing evidence that MPFL reconstruction is an effective surgical procedure for selected patients with patellofemoral instability.     

Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament for the treatment of habitual or recurrent dislocation of the patella in children

We investigated the clinical outcome of a reconstructive procedure of the medial patellofemoral ligament for the treatment of habitual or recurrent dislocation of the patella in four children (6 knees), with a minimum follow-up of four years. The technique involves transfer of the tendon of semitendinosus to the patella using the posterior one-third of the femoral insertion of the medial collateral ligament as a pulley. There was no recurrence of dislocation after surgery. The mean Kujala score at follow-up was 96.3 points. Radiological assessment showed that the congruence angle, the tilt angle and the lateral shift radio were restored to normal. The lateral and medial stress shift ratios and the Insall-Salvati ratio remained abnormal. We conclude that this technique can be recommended for the treatment of habitual or recurrent patellar dislocation in children, although hypermobility and patella alta are not fully corrected.     

内侧髌股韧带联合髌胫韧带重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的评价用半腱肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带和用髌韧带内1/3重建髌胫韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位的临床疗效和影像学结果。方法回顾性分析我科2013年6月至2018年6月收治的25例复发性髌骨脱位患者,其中男性6例,女性19例;年龄15~38岁,平均(22.36±5.20)岁。全部患者均在麻醉下取半腱肌肌腱重建髌股韧带,取髌韧带内1/3带胫骨结节骨块重建髌胫韧带。术后复查CT和X线,测量髌骨-股骨适配角、髌骨倾斜角,髌骨外移度、Caton指数、胫骨结节-股骨滑车沟(tibial tubercle-trochlear groove,TT-TG)距离值作为影像学评价;以膝关节功能Lyshlom评分、Kujala评分、J形征和恐惧试验作为临床疗效评价。结果25例患者均获得随访,随访时间12~48个月,平均(18.16±6.85)个月。患者术后均未再次脱位。Kujala评分:术前(54.60±11.08)分,术后(75.40±7.49)分;Lysholm评分:术前(43.48±6.78)分,术后(93.20±3.52)分;手术前后比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。影像学检查结果提示,髌骨-股骨适配角:术前(13.74±5.09)°,术后(4.14±2.52)°;髌骨倾斜角:术前(16.89±4.09)°,术后(3.40±1.37)°;髌骨外移度:术前(33.14±3.99)mm,术后(7.40±2.69)mm;手术前后比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TT-TG值、Caton指数手术前后比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。查体J形征阴性,恐惧试验阴性。结论本研究采用半腱肌肌腱重建髌股韧带联合髌韧带内1/3重建髌胫韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位,在技术上是安全,可在短期随访时间内取得良好的临床效果。     

关节镜监视下髌骨双隧道内侧髌股韧带重建外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位

[目的]探讨关节镜临视下髌骨双隧道内侧髌股韧带重建及外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效.[方法]对12例复发性髌骨脱位患者采用髌骨双隧道法重建内侧髌股韧带,同时常规行外侧支持带松解.[结果]患者术后均获随访,平均31个月(14～52个月),未见髌骨脱位复发.髌骨轴位X线片显示所有病例外侧髌股角均有所改善.手术前后IKDC膝关节功能主观评分分别为(38.3±5.1)分和(91.1±5.9)分.Lysholm膝关节功能综合评分分别为(72.3±4.6)分和(90.6±4.7)分.[结论]关节镜监视下髌骨双隧道内侧髌股韧带重建及外侧支持带松解是治疗复发性髌骨脱位的有效方法.     

关节镜下内侧髌股韧带重建和外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的:评价内侧髌股韧带重建联合外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位的临床效果.方法:2011年3月至2013年6月在关节镜下进行内侧髌股韧带重建联合外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位15例,男5例,女10例;年龄14～32岁,平均19.4岁;髌骨脱位2次及以上.术前常规行X线、CT、MR检查了解髌股关节及内侧髌股韧带情况,关节功能Lysholm评分69.85±11.52,术中镜下查看髌股对合关系及髌骨运动轨迹.术中使用自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带同时关节镜下外侧支持带松解.结果:所有患者获随访,时间12～36个月,平均27.6个月,患者无再发髌骨脱位及半脱位,伸直位及屈曲30°位恐惧试验和髌骨外移试验均为阴性,术后12个月患者完全恢复正常活动,膝关节无主观不适,术后Lysholm评分92.60±5.75,较术前提高.结论:关节镜下内侧髌股韧带重建联合外侧支持带松解手术能有效治疗复发性髌骨脱位,缓解症状,重建髌骨稳定性.     

Delayed proximal repair and distal realignment after patellar dislocation

Twenty athletes with distal malalignment who sustained unilateral traumatic patellar dislocation remained impaired by chronic instability. Surgery was performed at a mean age of 18 years. Posttraumatic attenuation of the medial patellofemoral ligament was repaired near the margin of the patella in 10 knees and avulsion or attenuation posterior to the vastus medialis obliquus in 10 knees. Advancement of the medial patellomeniscal ligament at the margin of the patella and normalization of the Q angle to 10 degrees by tibial tubercle osteotomy were performed in each knee. Distal lateral retinacular release without release of the normal vastus lateralis tendon was performed. Results were judged according to Turba et al, and activity levels were evaluated per guidelines of the International Knee Documentation Committee. Eighteen (90%) patients achieved good or excellent results and were unimpaired at a minimum of 24 months. Two patients achieved fair subjective results with some impairment in vigorous activity. There was no recurrent instability. Radiographically, the mean preoperative patellofemoral congruence angle improved from 20 degrees to 0 degree. Athletes who sustain an initial traumatic patellar dislocation after physeal closure and in whom conservative management fails can be treated successfully by repair of the medial patellofemoral ligament at the site of disruption and advancement of the medial patellomeniscal ligament combined with correction of an elevated Q angle.