经左房顶部矫治心上型完全性肺静脉异位引流的体会

目的探讨经左房顶部径路矫治心上型完全性肺静脉异位引流的体会。方法2005年1月至2008年1月经左房顶部径路矫治心上型完全性肺静脉异位引流5例,女性3例,男性2例,年龄2-13（7．00±3．85）岁,在全麻体外循环下经左房顶部径路进行矫治。结果均治愈出院,随访0．5～2．5年,生长发育良好,无心律失常和吻合口狭窄。结论经左房顶部径路矫治心上型完全性肺静脉异位引流,手术方便,显露好,减少心律失常和吻合口狭窄的发生。     

完全性肺静脉异位引流的外科治疗

目的:总结完全性肺静脉异位连接(TAPVC)患者的外科治疗经验,以提高手术疗效。方法:20例患者均在中度低温体外循环下行TAPVC矫治术。心上型12例,心内型7例,混合型1例。合并动脉导管未闭2例,肺动脉瓣狭窄及三房心各1例,三尖瓣关闭不全7例。结果:术后早期(30 d)死亡1例,死于术后严重低心排出量综合征,生存19例均获得随访,随访时间1～5年,心功能恢复良好;术后2周超声示右心房室明显缩小,左心房室扩大。结论:完全性肺静脉畸形引流一经确诊应尽早手术,手术的关键是保证吻合口够大和避免吻合口狭窄及心律失常。心上法可为肺静脉主干与左心房顶部吻合提供良好显露并可降低心律失常发生率,是心上型TAPVC左心房与肺静脉总干吻合良好途径。     

多层螺旋CT诊断先天性肺静脉异位引流的临床应用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)在诊断先天性肺静脉异位引流的临床价值。方法 2001年10月至2002年10月采用多层螺旋CT诊断16例怀疑先天性肺静脉异位引流的患儿，平均年龄5．94岁(1个月至13岁)，所有病例CT血管造影资料采用表面遮盖显示等技术进行三维重建。以外科手术的结果为标准，与彩色多普勒超声心动图检查及心导管及心血管造影检查进行对比研究。结果 16例病例中完全性肺静脉异位引流5例(其中心内型3例。心上型及心下型各1例)，部分肺静脉异位引流11例。多层螺旋CT诊断符合率100％(16／16)；心血管造影诊断符合率为87．5％(14／16)；超声心动图的诊断符合率。75％(12／16)。多层螺旋CT对心内合并畸形房间隔缺损，有6例未能清楚显示，而心血管造影及超声心动图均能明确诊断。结论 多层螺旋CT诊断先天性肺静脉异位引流是准确及可行的，可部分替代心血管造影检查。     

先天性肺静脉异位引流的MSCT诊断

目的分析MSCT对先天性肺静脉异位引流中的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析我院经CTA检查的肺静脉异位引流患儿26例影像学资料。结果 MSCT正确诊断25例肺静脉异位引流,完全性肺静脉异位引流19例,其中心上型10例,心内型3例,心下型5例,混合型1例;部分性肺静脉异位引流7例。结论 MSCT能准确诊断出肺静脉异位及其分型,对临床手术方式的选择提供帮助。     

多层螺旋CT在完全性肺静脉异位引流中的应用价值

目的探讨小儿完全性肺静脉异位引流在多层螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)中的特点,提高MSCTA对小儿完全性肺静脉异位引流的临床应用价值。方法选取2014年1月~2015年12月我院收治的经手术证实的完全性肺静脉异位引流患者18例作为研究对象,所有患者应用多层螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)检查,观察异位引流静脉的位置、形态及合并的心脏畸形,并与超声心动图检查结果进行对比。结果 18例完全性肺静脉异位引流患者中包括心上型8例,心内型2例,心下型4例,混合型4例。结论多层螺旋CT在诊断完全性肺静脉异位引流中具有重要作用,是一种无创并可靠有效的检查方法。     

完全性肺静脉异位引流的超声心动图

完全性肺静脉异位引流(TAPVC)是较少见的先天性心血管病,多合并房间隔缺损。本文介绍5例TAPVC的超声心动图改变。材料和方法本组中男2例,女3例,平均年龄8.2岁,心上型2例,心内型3例(其中1例引流入     

完全性肺静脉异位引流诊断中超声心动图的应用

目的探讨超声心动图在完全型肺静脉异位引流（TAPVC）诊断中的应用价值。方法22例TAPVC患儿,均经手术证实诊断,术前均行超声心动图检查,比较超声心动图检查结果与手术诊断TAPVC的符合率。结果手术确诊TAPVC为心上型12例、心内型5例、心下型2例、混合型4例。超声心动图检查诊断TAPVC为中心上型12例、心内型5例、心下型2例、混合型3例。超声心动图检查对TAPVC的正确诊断率为100％,回流途径准确诊断率90．9％（1例超声心动图诊断为心内型TAPVC,共同肺静脉通过冠状静脉窦引流入右房,手术结果为心上合并心内型TAPVC。1例超声提示心上型TAPVC,垂直静脉经无名静脉入上腔静脉,术中见双侧垂直静脉汇入上腔静脉）。结论超声心动图可以正确地诊断和评估TAPVC。     

67例新生儿完全性肺静脉异位引流的外科治疗及早中期结果

目的:回顾总结67例新生儿完全性肺静脉异位引流的手术治疗经验。方法:自2011年1月至2018年1月,本中心共完成新生儿完全性肺静脉异位引流矫治手术67例。其中男性46例,女性21例;手术中位年龄12 d(1～28 d);手术平均体质量(3.2±0.5)kg(2.1～4.5 kg)。Darling分型:心上型30例,心内型7例,心下型29例,混合型1例。合并卵圆孔未闭18例,合并继发孔房间隔缺损49例,合并动脉导管未闭39例,术前肺静脉梗阻50例(74.6%)。全部患儿均在全麻中浅低温体外循环下手术。结果:全组术后早期死亡6例(9.0%)。随访59例,中位随访时间45个月(6个月～7年)。术后肺静脉梗阻5例(8.5%)。4例吻合口狭窄行吻合口扩大术,术后恢复良好。1例肺静脉开口及分支狭窄采用sutureless技术,术后死于低心排。余患儿发育良好。结论:完全性肺静脉异位引流自然预后差,应尽早手术。新生儿完全性肺静脉异位引流的手术治疗早期结果满意,术后肺静脉梗阻需要长期随访。     

异位引流入上腔静脉的心上型肺静脉异位引流的超声诊断漏诊和误诊原因分析

目的:探讨超声心动图诊断异位引流入上腔静脉的心上型肺静脉异位引流(SAPVC)的漏诊和误诊原因。方法:回顾分析19例均经CT和(或)手术证实且矫治成功的SAPVC异位引流入上腔静脉的超声心动图特征,评估术前和术后上腔静脉内径、血流速度、汇入位置及合并畸形,分析其诊断准确率及漏诊和误诊率。结果:19例SAPVC(14例部分型、3例完全型和2例混合型)的异位肺静脉开口于上腔静脉,超声确诊9例(47.37%)、漏诊7例(36.84%)、误诊3例(15.78%)。肺静脉变异支数共13例(12例5支、1例7支),其变异率为68.42%,且汇入上腔静脉的部位多见近心段。16例合并简单先天性心脏病,3例合并主动脉缩窄、永存左上腔、二叶式主动脉瓣等心内畸形。结论:经胸超声心动图容易漏诊或误诊异位引流入上腔静脉的SAPVC。全面扫查胸骨旁、剑突下及胸骨上窝上腔静脉长轴观察有无异常静脉血流汇入上腔静脉,加强伪像、正常或异常心内结构鉴别及联合CT可降低漏、误诊率。     

小儿三房心超声诊断

目的　本文重点观察小儿三房心的超声心动图诊断 ,并对误诊病例进行分析。方法　 3 5例三房心患者全部行超声心动检查 ,16例行心导管和 /或造影检查 ,3 1例经手术治疗。结果　 3 5例患者超声心动图确诊 2 4例 ,误诊 11例病例 ,其中 6例误诊为肺静脉异位引流。结论　三房心是一种罕见的先天性心血管畸形 ,临床和超声心动图易被误诊、漏诊 ,在诊断过程中应特别注意与肺静脉异位引流鉴别。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.