血小板减少患者多次皮下注射重组人血小板生成素的药代动力学研究

目的研究国产重组人血小板生成素(rhTPO)多次皮下注射在人体内的药代动力学。方法8例血小板减少患者分为隔日给药组,隔日皮下注射rhTPO 1.0 mg.kg-1,共7次;每日给药组,每日皮下注射rhTPO 1.0 mg.kg-1,共14次,每组4例。在给药前及给药后不同时间取血,分离血清。用酶联免疫吸附实验法测定血清rhTPO浓度。结果随给药次数的增加,血药浓度随之升高,隔日给药组和每日给药组的谷浓度(Cmin)分别在5,7次给药后达到稳态水平,稳态Cmin分别为1.64 ±0.97和2.91 ± 1.74mg.L-1。2组Cmax的变化趋势与Cmin相似,稳态峰Cmax分别为2.14 ± 1.10和 4.19±3.44mg.L-1。首次给药与末次给药后的药代动力学参数无明显差异。结论 血小板减少患者多次皮下注射rhTPO后,血药浓度升高的水平与累积给药量呈正相关;在给药14次后,药物在体内无蓄积倾向。     

咪达唑仑片在中国维吾尔族和汉族健康人体的药动学比较

目的研究健康维吾尔族和汉族志愿者单剂量口服咪达唑仑片的药动学。方法维吾尔族、汉族健康志愿者各10名,男、女各半,单剂量口服15 mg咪达唑仑片后,用HPLC法测定咪达唑仑的血浆浓度,运用DAS 2.0程序以非室模型拟合药动学参数,并对药动学参数进行独立样本t检验和非参数Mann-Whitney U test检验,以判断药动学是否存在显著性的民族差异。结果单剂量口服15 mg咪达唑仑片后,维吾尔族志愿者的主要药动学参数分别为:ρmax(124.8±50.0)μg.L-1,tmax(0.8±0.5)h,t1/2z(1.9±0.7)h,MRT0-12 h(2.8±0.8)h,CL/F(0.9±0.4)L.h-1.kg-1,Vz/F(2.3±0.7)L.kg-1和AUC0-12 h(343.2±150.9)μg.h.L-1。汉族健康受试者的主要药动学参数分别为:ρmax(103.1±26.4)μg.L-1,tmax(1.5±0.7)h,t1/2z(3.0±0.8)h,MRT0-12 h(3.6±0.4)h,CL/F(0.7±0.2)L.h-.1kg-1,Vz/F(2.7±0.8)L.kg-1和AUC0-12 h(368.8±103.4)μg.h.L-1。经检验,维吾尔族的tmax、t1/2z和MRT0-12 h比汉族的短,差异有显著性统计学意义,其余参数的民族差异无显著性统计学意义。两个民族的部分受试者的药-时曲线有双峰。结论单剂量口服咪达唑仑片后,汉族和维吾尔族健康志愿者的药动学存在较大的个体差异,且消除速率的民族差异有显著性统计学意义,临床应用时应注意个体化给药。     

重组人白介素-11衍生物人体药代动力学研究

目的研究皮下注射重组人白介素-11( rhIL-11) 衍生物在人体内的药代动力学过程.方法16例健康志愿者,男女各半,随机分成2组.rhIL-11皮下注射剂量分别为40和25蘥*kg-1.定时采血,利用酶标仪测定不同时间血浆中rhIL-11衍生物浓度.采用WinNonlin软件进行房室模型拟合, 求算药代动力学参数.结果rhIL-11衍生物两种剂量的主要药代动力学参数分别为T max为(1.76±0.80)和(2.49±1.20)h;Cmax为(25.50±4.98)和(18.28± 5.82)ng*mL-1;t1/2为(6.33±0.76)和(5.14±0.92)h;AUC为(277.10 ±40.79)和(189.38±54.27)ng*h*mL-1.rhIL-11衍生物的体内过程符合一室模型.结论rhIL-11衍生物的药代特征可为指导临床制订给药方案及合理用药提供重要信息.     

重组巴曲酶在猕猴体内的药动学

目的:研究重组巴曲酶(rBAT)在猕猴体内的药动学。方法:用Iodogen法制备125I-rBAT,然后采用交叉试验设计,分别给猕猴静脉注射不同剂量和肌内注射125I-rBAT,用酸沉淀法测定血清125I-rBAT浓度,计算药动学参数。结果:猕猴单次静脉注射0.1,0.4和1.6μg.kg-1的125I-rBAT后,末端半衰期t1/2分别为(1.9±0.8),(2.5±0.5)和(2.3±0.4)h,AUC0~12 h分别为(4.1±1.4),(17.3±3.8)和(63.3±16.6)ng.h.mL-1。肌内注射0.4mg.kg-1的125I-rBAT后,AUC0~12 h为(3.6±0.4)ng.h.mL-1,t1/2为(3.2±0.9)h,Tm ax为(3.3±0.6)h,Cm ax为(0.7±0.1)ng.mL-1,肌内注射的AUC0~12 h显著低于同剂量静脉注射的AUC0~12 h,肌内注射的生物利用度为(20.8±2.3)%。结论:重组巴曲酶在猕猴体内的药动学过程符合线性药动学。     

单剂量与多剂量口服复方奥美沙坦酯片的药动学研究

目的:研究健康受试者口服复方奥美沙坦酯片后的药动学。方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定单剂量与多剂量口服复方奥美沙坦酯片后氢氯噻嗪与奥美沙坦的血药浓度,并利用DAS药动学软件计算药动学参数。结果:单剂量给药后氢氯噻嗪与奥美沙坦的主要药动学参数分别为:t1/2(9.7±3.4)、(6.3±2.0)h,Cmax(69.7±19.8)、(635.1±237.7)μg.L-1,AUC0～48(737.8±110.6)、(4 438.4±1 058.1)μg.h.L-1,AUC0～∞(760.4±128.2)、(4 467.0±1 115.6)μg.h.L-1;多剂量给药后氢氯噻嗪与奥美沙坦的主要药动学参数分别为:t1/2(11.4±2.8)、(5.8±2.0)h,Cmax(82.3±26.4)、(694.3±251.2)μg.L-1,AUC0～48(753.2±147.4)、(4 701.3±1 196.6)μg.h.L-1,AUC0～∞(789.3±172.2)、(4 735.0±1 235.1)μg.h.L-1。结论:复方奥美沙坦酯片2组分在健康受试者体内的吸收速率和消除速度不随连续给药变化,连续给药后药物在体内蓄积不明显。     

鱼腥草素钠对BALB/c小鼠的急性毒性及其对细胞的损伤

目的探索鱼腥草素钠(SH)急性毒性及其对腹腔细胞的损伤作用。方法观察BALB/c小鼠单次ip给予SH 50,125和200 mg.kg-1后的急性毒性反应及死亡情况,并进行病理组织学检查。检测小鼠单次ip给予SH后血浆中组胺的浓度。将SH与小鼠腹腔细胞进行体外孵育,检测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)渗出和组胺释放。观察SH对人血红细胞的溶血作用。结果小鼠单次ip给予SH后,SH 50 mg.kg-1组没有观察到小鼠死亡,SH 200 mg.kg-1组小鼠全部死亡,死亡原因为肝充血。与正常对照组血浆中组胺浓度(45.8±9.6)μg.L-1相比,小鼠ip给予125 mg.kg-1后0.5 h血浆中组胺浓度为(66.1±3.9)μg.L-1,明显增加(P<0.05)。SH 0,32和128 mg.L-1体外处理小鼠腹腔细胞,上清中的相对含量LDH分别为1.2±1.1,19.2±3.3和30.6±3.1,组胺的浓度分别为36.5±9.0,73.3±3.8和(82.7±3.6)μg.L-1,与正常对照组相比明显增加(P<0.05)。溶血实验发现,SH能够引起小鼠及人血红细胞显著的溶血现象。结论 SH对小鼠具有一定的急性毒性,可引起小鼠腹腔细胞LDH和组胺的释放,并且SH具有溶血作用。     

爱普列特正常人体药代动力学研究

目的研究爱普列特单次和连续给药的药代动力学。方法在单次给药试验中,按照拉丁方设计,进行了9名受试者口服5,10,20mg爱普列特的药代动力学研究,在连续给药试验中,8名受试者每次口服爱普列特5mgq12h连续8d。用HPLC法测定血清、尿液、粪便(仅10mg组)中的药物浓度。结果单次给药计算所得主要药代动力学参数分别为Cmax=0.103±0.019mg·L-1,0.171±0.037mg·L-1,0.345±0.047mg·L-1;T1/2β=7.511±2.073h,7.299±1.555h,7.589±2.459h;AUC=1.327±0.513mg·h·L-1,2.417±0.574mg·h·L-1,4.914±1.327mg·h·L-1;V(c)/F=31.77±5.90L,37.89±7.44L,32.84±11.36L;Tpeak=3.677±1.336h,3.871±0.831h,3.861±0.657h。3个剂量组24h内原型药物在尿中累积排泄量分别为0.33±0.07%,0.26±0.14%,0.23±0.12%。10mg剂量组24h内原型药物在粪便中排泄率平均为19％。爱普列特蛋白结合率为97.0％。连续给药试验中,受试者血药浓度于第6天达到稳态。结论单次给药结果显示爱普列特具有剂量无关的药代动力学特性。连续给药结果显示,在试验期间,爱普列特可以达到稳态。尿和粪便中的回收率表明肾脏不是原形药的主要排泄途径,爱普列特在体内可能主要经过代谢消除。     

盐酸小檗碱单次和多次给药在Beagle犬体内的药动学

目的研究盐酸小檗碱胶囊单次和多次给药后在Beagle犬体内的药动学。方法 6条Beagle犬按150 mg单次和多次口服盐酸小檗碱胶囊,多次给药每天1次,共7 d。采用UPLC-MS/MS色谱法测定犬血浆中盐酸小檗碱的浓度。用DAS 2.0药动学软件处理血药浓度数据。用SPSS统计软件对所得的药动学数据进行显著性差异分析。结果单次给药后主要药动学参数t1/2为(18.85±10.54)h,ρmax为(4.18±2.59)μg.L-1,AUC0-t为(110.04±70.22)μg.h.L-1,AUC0-∞为(121.51±74.19)μg.h.L-1,CL为(1 593.57±745.01)L.h-1,V为(44 509.1±34 995.4)L,tmax为(20.42±22.98)h;多次给药达稳态后主要药动学参数t1/2为(18.53±9.99)h,ρmax为(9.92±7.01)μg.L-1,AUC0-t为(164.51±119.70)μg.h.L-1,AUC0-∞为(172.34±125.03)μg.h.L-1,CL为(1 280.19±709.95)L.h-1,V为(33 655.7±27 632.2)L,tmax为(6.08±4.90)h。结论盐酸小檗碱单次和多次给药后在Beagle犬体内血药浓度均较低,盐酸小檗碱多次给药在Beagle犬体内无明显蓄积现象。     

氢溴酸加兰他敏口服液与胶囊剂的生物等效性研究

目的:研究氢溴酸加兰他敏口服液和胶囊剂的生物等效性。方法:24名健康志愿者随机分为两组,交叉口服氢溴酸加兰他敏口服液(受试制剂)8 mg或胶囊7.8 mg(参比制剂),采用LC/MS/MS法测定了给药后不同时间血浆中加兰他敏浓度,并将药动学数据作统计学处理。结果:受试制剂和参比制剂的Tm ax分别为(0.63±0.20)和(0.76±0.28)h,Cm ax分别为(61.04±11.22)和(55.39±13.18)μg.L-1,t1/2分别为(7.3±2.0)和(7.1±2.0)h,AUC0~t分别为(475.1±140.3)和(434.8±106.2)μg.h.L-1,AUC0~∞分别为(502.7±158.4)和(458.7±109.5)μg.h.L-1。以AUC0~t计算,受试制剂的相对生物利用度平均为(106.4±14.6)%。结论:统计学结果表明2种制剂在人体内具有生物等效性。     

聚乙二醇重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子注射液Ⅰ期临床药代动力学和药效学研究

目的评价聚乙二醇重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(PEG-rhG-CSF)注射液在化疗引起的中性粒细胞减少症中的药代动力学(PK)和药效学(PD)。方法入组24例肿瘤患者接受2个周期且剂量相同化疗方案,第1周期为对照周期,第2周期于化疗药物给药结束后48 h皮下注射不同剂量的PEG-rhG-CSF 1次,共设置60、100和150μg.kg-13个剂量组,每组受试患者8例,ELISA法检测受试者血清中PEG-rhG-CSF浓度,并计算PK参数,同时监测受试者CD34+、血常规、血生化指标变化。结果 PEG-rhG-CSF 3个剂量组主要药代参数如下:T12分别为(37.5±7)、(40.8±12)、(80.7±48)h;CL_F分别是(17±9)、(9±4)、(7±2)ml.h-1.g-1;AUC0-t分别是(5,593.6±5,435)、(14,651.3±12,183)、(23,002.5±6,655)mg.h.L-1。第2周期3个剂量组的中性粒细胞绝对值(ANC)最低点均值分别为1.9×109、2.3×109、4.2×109cells.L-1,均比第1周期有所提高。结论 PEG-rhG-CSF在体内呈现非线性药代动力学特征,其在体内维持药效时间长,1次注射即可达到较好疗效。     

Human somatotropin

Different mixtures of reduced-alkylated thrombin fragments of human and sheep somatotropin have been tested for binding affinity to liver membranes. The bioassay data correlated well with the abilities of the fragments to form noncovalent recombinants as shown in separate biochemical studies.     

Human influenza

Human influenza is one of the most common human infectious diseases, contributing to approximately one million deaths every year. In Germany, each year between 5.000 and 20.000 individuals die from severe influenza infections. In several countries, the morbidity and mortality of influenza is greatly underestimated. This is reflected by general low immunization rates. The emergence of avian influenza against the background of the scenario of a human influenza pandemic has revived public interest in the disease. According to the World Health Organisation, it is only the question on the beginning of a new influenza pandemic. The virus type of the new pandemic is still uncertain and it is also unclear, if a pandemic spread of the virus may be prevented by consistent controlling of avian influenza.     

Human microdialysis

Microdialysis has been used extensively in animal studies for decades and in human pharmacokinetic studies for about 10 years. Microdialysis is based on the passive diffusion of a compound along its concentration gradient from the tissue through the membrane into the dialysate. Microdialysis samples from the interstitial space which is a defined, anatomical compartment; there is no net loss of body fluid; the sample is "purified" and no enzymatic degradation takes place because proteins do not pass through the probe membrane into the dialysate; microdialysis data relate to the intact molecule; time resolution is high compared to biopsy and skin blister techniques; radioabelling or induction of a magnetic response is not needed; microdialysis is also an alternative method to determine protein binding of a compound in vivo; microdialysis can readily be set up in clinical research units without expensive infrastructure. Microdialysis has been used to measure tissue concentrations of endogenous compounds and to investigate the tissue penetration of drugs in a variety of tissues in humans in vivo in both healthy volunteers and patients. Microdialysis data have also been used in PK-PD modelling and to obtain concentration-response relationships locally in tissues in vivo. There are also studies combining microdialysis with imaging techniques, e.g. PET. Microdialysis data may be used in early studies to select the appropriate compound, to optimise dosing regimens and to investigate the kinetic and dynamic consequences in the tissues of drug-drug and drug-disease interactions. Microdialysis can also be used in late phase studies to provide tissue concentration data in support of therapeutic efficacy trials or to create a niche for an already marketed drug. FDA and CPMP documents emphasise the value and importance of human tissue drug concentration data and support the use of microdialysis in humans to obtain such information. Microdialysis can satisfy regulatory requirements by providing data on drug concentrations in a well-defined anatomical tissue compartment at or close to the effect target site. Microdialysis is a versatile technique because of its multifaceted utility, low cost, ease of use, adaptability to different types of compounds and its feasibility for a number of organs and tissues. Equipment and probes for use in various organs have been commercially available for years.     

Human Ochratoxicosis

Ochratoxin A (OTA) produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium genera contaminates a diversity of foods in the normal diet, including cereals and cereal-made foods, dned fruits, beans, cocoa, coffee, beer, wine (red essentially) and foodstuffs of animal ongin mainly poultry eggs, pork and milk including human breast milk. OTA is nephrotoxic to all animal species studied so far and most likely to humans. who show the longest half-life time for elimination of this toxin among all species examined. Among other toxic effects OTA IS teratogenic, immunotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic, all of which lead to life-threatening pathologies. Thus. OTA acts through several molecular pathways leading to different chronic toxic lesions

To assess OTA in human blood, the immunoaffinity column and ELISA techniques have recently been emerging along with HPLC for separation and fluorimetnc quantification. They should be followed by confirmation with one or two derivatives of OTA which have a profile shift on the chromatogram. For a complete diagnosis of human ochratoxicosis it is necessary to identify the origin of the toxin to relate its presence in human blood with at least a pathology one can cure or prevent. This is still a very difficult task. since humans may be exposed to several toxins simultaneously with synergistic or antagonistic effects. Also, conditions of exposure can vary from place to place or individual to individual whether the route of administration is via digestive tract or the respiratory system. This difficult situation is somehow worse in developing countries, where in the early eighties several groups initiated investigations on the prevalence of OTA in human blood, followed by or directly combined with a food survey for OTA in commodities. Interestingly, OTA is found In human blood everywhere. However, the prevalence is different, as well as the OTA blood levels, due to the diversity of health and economic situations, and to preventive measures that have been implemented. Important factors affecting body burdens and pathologies include the quality of the diet in providing antioxidants, vitamins, and amino acids, such as phenylalanine in the sweetener Aspartame. To clarify the situation with human ochratoxicosis several studies and reports will be presented and discussed.