松花江汞污染综合治理后环境现状调查

目的调查松花江流域汞污染综合治理后环境现状。方法以松花江汞污染综合治理后吉林地区为调查组,未受汞污染的长春郊区为对照组,采用加氧燃烧-冷原子吸收法,测定2组环境中的汞含量。结果调查组环境汞含量与未受污染的对照组环境汞含量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);松花江流域环境汞含量与10年前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论随着主要工业汞与甲基汞污染源的治理和根治,松花江流域环境汞污染已基本得到控制。     

松花江汞污染治理后儿童生长发育及智力调查

目的 了解松花江汞污染综合治理后儿童生长发育及智力发展状况。方法 对松花江汞污染综合治理地区与无污染的对照地区环境中的汞含量进行测定；选择2个地区10～13岁儿童测量其发汞含量并进行儿童生长发育指标身高、体重、坐高、胸围、背肌力、握力的测定；用联合型-瑞文测验的方法进行智商测定。结果 汞污染综合治理地区与对照地区水、土壤以及水生动物鱼类的汞古量均低于国家标准且2个地区问差异无统计学意义；2个地区稻米汞含量虽差异有统计学意义，但都远低于国家标准；2个地区儿童的发汞含量、反映儿童生长发育状况的各项指标及智商差异均无统计学意义。结论 松花江汞污染综合治理后儿童的生长发育和智力发展已趋于正常水平。     

硒和汞在汞污染区放养家鸭脏器中的分布

通过对松花江肇源江段放养的家鸭脏器中硒和汞的实验研究 ,发现观察组鸭内脏总汞含量由高到低的顺序为肝 >肌肉 >脑 >心 >肾 >肺 ,对照组为肺 >肾 >肝 >心 >脑 ,两组鸭脏器中汞含量除肺外均有显著性差异 ,观察组显著高于对照组 ;观察组硒含量由高到低的排列顺序为心 >肺 >睾丸 >脑 >肌肉 >肝 ,对照组为脑 >肺 >血液 >心 >肝 >肌肉 ,两者的排列顺序不同 ,而且两组鸭脏器硒含量有显著性差异。对鸭肝硒和汞含量做相关性分析 ,相关系数r=- 0 932 ,P <0 0 0 1,呈显著负相关。     

慢性汞中毒患者脑脊液汞含量的探讨

目的分析慢性汞中毒患者脑脊液汞含量的变化,探讨汞的神经毒性机制。方法选择9例慢性汞中毒患者作为中毒组,8例非汞接触患者为对照组,用碱性氯化亚锡还原-冷原子吸收光谱法测定24 h尿汞(U-Hg)和脑脊液汞(CSF-Hg)含量,用酸陸氯化亚锡还原-冷原子吸收光谱法测定同一天的血汞(B-Hg)含量；5例慢性汞中毒患者作驱汞前后B-Hg、U-Hg和CSF-Hg含量比较。结果中毒组B-Hg、U-Hg含量[(250．00±48．54)、(160．07±91．15)nmol/L]均明显高于对照组[(81．04±63．01)、(24．73±9．96)nmol/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0．01)；中毒组CSF-Hg含量为(20．22±10．21) nmol/L,对照组CSF-Hg未检出。5例慢性汞中毒患者用二巯丙磺酸钠作2～3疗程驱汞治疗,B-Hg、U- HC、CSF-Hg含量治疗前分别为(258．00±48．68)、(141．02±63．74)和(22．60±7．14)nmol/L,治疗后明显下降,分别为(172．00±68．34)、(39．22±11．83)和(11．32±4．92)nmol/L,差异有统计学意义(P＜0．05或P＜0．01)。中毒组CSF-Hg含量与B-Hg含量有相关关系(P＜0．05),与U-Hg含量无相关关系(P＞0．05),但驱汞治疗后,CSF-Hg含量的下降与B-Hg、U-Hg含量下降的相关性均无统计。结论慢性汞中毒患者CSF-Hg含量随外周血汞升高而升高,但与U-Hg含量无关；而驱汞治疗后,B-Hg、U-Hg含量已正常,但CSF-Hg含量仍较高,其可能为引起慢性汞中毒患者神经行为功能改变和震颤等临床表现的基础物质。     

第二松花江治理后渔民体内汞蓄积水平的研究

目的：为了解第二松花江汞污染治理后沿江渔民体内汞蓄积量,分析目前沿江渔民甲基汞中毒的危险性。方法：应用现况调查的方法收集资料,对沿江渔民1195份发样的总汞含量及25份发样的甲基汞含量进行了检测。结果：1997年发样中总汞的均值为1．849ug/g,是治理前（13．5ug/g)的1／7．3,目前沿江渔民甲基汞中毒的危险性指数为1．21,仍高于正常值1。结论：渔民汞蓄积水平已有明显下降,但危险性仍未消除,应采取有效的干预性预防措施,减少甲基汞毒害的可能性。     

山西省某地环境汞污染对女性生殖健康影响

目的通过流行病学调查,分析山西省某地区环境中汞污染状况及对当地女性居民生殖健康影响。方法用原子荧光光谱法测定当地大气、水、粮食和居民尿中汞含量;通过问卷调查方法获得女性人群基本健康资料和生殖健康情况。结果污染区空气中汞含量为(0.11±0.01)μg/m3,明显高于对照区(P0.05);污染区小米、玉米中汞含量分别为(0.013±0.006),(0.006±0.003)mg/kg,明显高于对照区(P0.05);污染区女性尿汞含量为(1.06±1.23)μg/L,明显高于对照区(P0.05);污染区女性月经异常检出率和妊娠结局异常率明显高于对照区女性(P0.05);污染区女性妊娠合并高血压和新生儿死亡率明显高于对照区(P0.05)。结论污染区环境(主要是空气、土壤和农作物)存在汞污染;污染区女性居民体内汞负荷增高;汞对污染区女性生殖健康有一定影响。     

慢性汞中毒的临床分析

目的探讨慢性汞中毒的临床特征。方法以首次驱汞后的尿汞测定值代替自然排泄的尿汞值，对2000年1月-2006年12月住院确诊的10例职业性慢性轻度汞中毒患者（中毒组）进行临床分析，并随机选择住院10例汞吸收者作为吸收组，20例非接触汞的后勤人员作为对照组。结果中毒组驱汞治疗后以及第1—4疗程的尿汞含量显著高于吸收组（P〈0．05），而第5疗程之后的尿汞含量虽高于吸收组，但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。中毒组各种症状发生率与吸收组比较，仅失眠的发生率高于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），其余症状发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。中毒组IgM含量显著低于吸收组和对照组（P〈0．05）。中毒组肌电图有神经性损害1例，蛋白尿1例。结论慢性轻度汞中毒主要临床特征为尿汞含量增高、神经衰弱综合征、口腔疾病和手指震颤。汞中毒的诊断标准中的轻度中毒诊断指标，应列入肌电图神经性损害和蛋白尿的肾损害。     

2-氨基-4-(S-丁基磺酰亚氨)丁酸对汞急性毒作用影响的实验研究

目的　研究 2 -氨基 - 4 - (S -丁基磺酰亚氨 )丁酸 (BSO)对汞急性毒作用的影响 ,探讨汞的毒作用机制。方法　 32只Wistar大鼠随机分成 4组 :对照组 ,皮下注射生理盐水 ;汞染毒 1组和 2组 ,分别皮下注射HgCl2 溶液 (0 75 ,1 5mg/kg) ;BSO预处理组 ,腹腔注射BSO (0 5mmol/kg) ,4h后皮下注射HgCl2 溶液 (0 75mg/kg)。测定肝、肾皮质和尿中汞含量 ,尿N -乙酰 - β -D氨基葡萄糖苷酶 (NAG)、碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)活力和蛋白含量 ,肝和肾皮质谷胱甘肽 (GSH)和丙二醛 (MDA)含量。结果　对照组、汞染毒 1组和 2组尿NAG活力分别为 4 3 6 5 ,6 1 0 6 ,89 2 7U/ gCr ,尿ALP活力分别为2 4 5 2 ,6 2 98,93 0 5U/ gCr,尿LDH活力分别为 0 85 ,6 5 0 ,18 17U/ gCr,尿蛋白含量分别为 0 77,1 2 1,2 2 9mg/ gCr,肾皮质GSH含量分别为 9 0 0 ,12 96 ,16 0 2 μmol/ g蛋白 ,肾皮质MDA含量分别为10 2 2 2 ,12 5 99,2 0 6 34nmol/ g蛋白。BSO预处理组尿NAG、ALP、LDH活力和蛋白含量明显高于对照组和汞染毒 1组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,肝、肾皮质GSH含量明显低于汞染毒 1组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,肝脏MDA含量高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )和汞染毒 1组 ,肾皮质MDA含量明显高于对照组和汞染毒 1组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　BS     

松花江汞污染治理后沿江居民健康状况调查

采用环境流行病学和毒理学方法,调查了松花江吉林江段污染治理后的沿江居民健康状况,结果表明,该江污染与治理前比较有所减轻,江水汞含量趋于正常。居民发汞平均值为0.10～0.21 mg/kg,虽比对照居民(0.05mg/kg)高,但仍在正常范围内。土壤和稻米总汞含量高于对照点,但比治理前有所减低,说明仍有轻度污染。细胞遗传学检查SCE与对照相比差异显著P<0.01。免疫功能有的调查点高于对照点P<0.05。其他指标无显著改变。同时查出与甲基汞污染危害有关的两项体征即听力障碍、视野缩小,验征了污染治理效果,阐明了居民健康状况,为进一步治理污染,保障居民健康提供了科学依据。     

沈阳市工业区儿童体内汞含量调查及分析

【目的】　了解我市儿童体内汞含量并进行国际间比较。　【方法】　铁西区 5 8名 4岁儿童及其母亲尿样、发样 ,采用原子吸收方法检测尿中及发中汞含量。　【结果】　我市工业污染区儿童尿汞全距为 0～ 0 .0 2 1μmol/L ;平均值 ( 0 .0 0 35± 0 .0 0 48) μmol/L ;成人尿汞全距为 0～ 0 .0 2 3μmol/L ,平均值为 ( 0 .0 0 32± 0 .0 0 34) μmol/L ;均低于国内其他城市监测值 ,也低于日本、美国等发达国家的检测值。　【结论】　沈阳市儿童及成人体内汞含量处于正常水平 ;沈阳市工业汞处理达到了国际发达国家水平。     

湛江市学龄前儿童发中Zn Fe Ca含量的调查分析

对１９９０～１９９９ 年湛江市学龄前儿童发中Ｚｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｃａ含量进行了连续１０年的调查分析。结果显示：①发Ｚｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｃａ含量１０ 年的总平均值分别为：６５．１３、２８．７８、４６９．７３ μｇ／ｇ,与一些城市相比处于较低水平;②发Ｚｎ、Ｃａ 含量有随年龄增加而增高的趋势,发Ｚｎ 含量在各年龄组中均为男高于女（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,发Ｃａ 含量在３～４、４～５ 岁组为女高于男（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。     

慢性汞暴露对接触者人群肾小球功能影响

目的 探讨慢性空气汞暴露对人群肾小球功能的影响。方法 选择某温度计厂为研究现场,根据生产车间空气汞监测数据,将全厂职工划分为暴露组(n=101)和对照组(n=85);测定186名职工发汞、尿汞以及肾小球功能,并对职工进行问卷调查。结果 暴露组空气汞浓度、尿汞、发汞和累积暴露量明显高于对照组(P<0.01);暴露组血清肌酐浓度为(81.6±43.9)μmol/L,明显高于对照组(65.6±36.6)μmol/L;暴露组内生肌酐清除率(81.6±39.7)mL/min,明显低于对照组(113.4±45.4)mL/min;多元分析结果显示,随发汞的升高,血清肌酐明显升高,内生肌酐清除率明显降低;随累积接触量增加,血清肌酐和血清尿素氮均明显升高。结论 肾小球滤过功能指标的改变与反映长期暴露量的发汞和累积暴露量关系密切,可作为反映汞暴露对肾脏功能长期损害的指标。     

宁波市262例居民发汞含量的调查

目的了解长江三角洲地区典型工业城市宁波居民的汞蓄积情况及其分布特征。方法于2004年10月—2005年3月在宁波市3个中心城区——江东、江北、海曙收集262份样品。用冷蒸气原子吸收法测定头发样品中的总汞含量。结果头发样品中总汞为0．217—5．792mg／kg，平均为1．176mg／kg；偏正态分布，发汞含量主要集中在0．5—1．75ms／ks。与其他城市相比较，发现宁波居民发汞值处于中偏低水平。结论宁波居民发汞平均值处于相对较低的水平，但仍存在一定风险；发汞值与年龄和性别均无显著相关关系。     

Hair mercury levels, fish consumption, and cognitive development in preschool children from Granada, Spain ,

The main source of human exposure to mercury is the consumption of fish contaminated with methylmercury, which may adversely affect early neurodevelopment. This study assessed mercury levels in hair of preschoolers in Spain, where fish consumption is elevated, with the aim of investigating the influence of their fish intake and other factors on mercury exposure, and evaluating their association with cognitive development. A population-based birth cohort from Granada (Spain) was studied at the age of 4 yr. Total mercury (T-Hg) levels were determined in children's hair, and daily fish intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. The McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA) were used to assess children's motor and cognitive abilities. Complete data were gathered on 72 children, and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the influence of mercury exposure and fish intake on MSCA outcomes. Mean concentration of T-Hg in hair was 0.96 μg/g (95% confidence interval=0.76; 1.20 μg/g). T-Hg levels were associated with higher frequency of oily fish consumption, place of residence, maternal age, and passive smoking. After adjustment for fish intake, T-Hg levels ≥1 μg/g were associated with decrements in the general cognitive (−6.6 points), memory (−8.4 points), and verbal (−7.5 points) MSCA scores. Higher mercury exposure in children from this Mediterranean area was associated with cognitive development delay. Studies on the putative benefits of fish intake during early development should consider mercury exposure from different fish species.     

胎儿期汞暴露对新生儿神经行为发育影响

目的 了解浙江省舟山市胎儿期汞暴露对新生儿神经行为发育影响,为采取干预措施提供参考依据。方法 采用自行设计调查表,对2006年3月-2007年7月在舟山市妇幼保健院整群随机抽取的418名新生儿母亲进行问卷调查,并检测新生儿脐带血汞及其母亲尿汞、血汞和发汞值,评定新生儿的神经行为发育情况。结果 新生儿脐带血汞平均汞含量为(7.9±4.7)μg/L;母亲尿汞、血汞和发汞平均汞含量为(2.8±3.2)μg/L、(5.7±4.0)μg/L和(1.2±0.7)mg/kg;Spearm an相关分析结果表明,新生儿脐带血汞与母亲尿汞、发汞和血汞,母亲尿汞与发汞、血汞,母亲发汞与血汞均呈正相关关系(P<0.01);除母亲发汞外,新生儿脐带血汞、母亲尿汞和血汞均随母亲怀孕期间吃鱼次数增多而增加(P<0.01);418名新生儿神经行为发育评分平均为(38.41±1.30)分,一般评估、原始反射、被动肌张力、主动肌张力和行为能力5个维度满分率分别为96.89%、94.98%、74.64%、65.55%和49.04%;多因素非条件Lo-gistic回归分析结果表明,新生儿脐带血汞含量≥18μg/L是新生儿NBNA得分的危险因素。结论 舟山市孕妇和新生儿汞暴露与食鱼有关;新生儿脐带血汞含量较高能影响新生儿神经行为发育。     

Mercury exposure in Munduruku Indians from the community of Sai Cinza,State of Pará, Brazil

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate mercury exposure and health status among Munduruku Indians from the community of Sai Cinza, State of Pará, Brazil. The population studied included 330 indians, who submitted to a questionnaire, clinical exams, and collection of hair, blood, urine, and feces. Mercury was measured in hair and fish. Although no person was found to have overt mercury intoxication, the mean levels of mercury in hair were elevated (14.45 micrograms/g for children from 7 to 12 years old, 15.70 micrograms/g for women between 14 and 44 years old, and 14.1 micrograms/g for the remaining population). Mercury levels in fish were below levels recommended by the World Health Organization, but rates of fish consumption were high. These results place this indigenous populations as a group under risk of mercury toxicity from the gold production.     

Hair mercury levels versus freshwater fish consumption in household members of Swedish angling societies

Hair mercury levels were determined in 143 individuals from households of members in angling societies in an area of Sweden with many lakes that have freshwater fish with relatively high mercury levels. Thus, the individuals had a potentially high intake of methyl mercury. The mean mercury concentration of pike and perch was approximately 0.7 microg/g. One-third of the subjects consumed these freshwater fish at least once a week. As could be expected, there was a clear increase in hair Hg with reported freshwater fish consumption (P < 0.001). The median mercury level in hair was 0.9 microg Hg/g for the whole group, and for those who reported consumption of freshwater fish at least once a week it was 1.8 microg/g. The highest hair mercury level was 18.5 microg/g, in a man who consumed pike and perch several times per week. Men had higher hair Hg than women, also when stratified for fish consumption. This was verified in 32 couples, of which the man and woman consumed the same fish and reported the same consumption. The median hair mercury level in these 32 couples was 1.3 microg/g for men and 0.8 microg/g for women (P = 0.002). About half of the subjects had hair mercury exceeding 1 microg/g, corresponding to the reference dose (RfD) of 0.1 microg of mercury per kilogram body weight set by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Although the RfD applies to all populations, the most at-risk group at these levels is pregnant women. There were only 2 women (of 12) of fertile age with hair mercury above 1 microg/g. In Sweden pregnant women are advised not to eat perch and pike at all during pregnancy. Since fish is rich in many important nutrients, it is unsatisfactory that fish consumption must be restricted, and thus there is a need to reduce mercury levels in fish.     

Exposure to methylmercury in non-fish-eating people in Sweden

The extensive use of fish meal as a source of protein for poultry and swine may lead to additional exposure to methylmercury (MeHg). We determined the concentration of MeHg and inorganic mercury (I-Hg) in blood and total mercury (T-Hg) in hair in 27 persons (9 men and 18 women, 20-58 years of age) who stated that they had consumed no fish for a period of 2 years or more. The participants answered a food frequency questionnaire and reported their number of dental amalgam fillings. The MeHg concentrations in blood (median, 0.10 microg/L; range, 0.0-1.0 microg/L) were very low and did not constitute a concern for health effects. We also analyzed selenium (Se) in serum. The median concentration was 76 microg/L (range, 53-103 microg/L), which is in agreement with previous studies of the Swedish general population, indicating that the Se status of non-fish-eating individuals is not substantially lower than that of people who include fish in their diet. We found a significant association (P=0.002) between the number of dental amalgam fillings and the I-Hg concentration in blood (median, 0.09 microg/L; range, 0.03-0.57 microg/L). The T-Hg in hair (median, 0.06 mg/kg; range, 0.04-0.32 mg/kg) was significantly associated (R2=0.89; P<0.001) with the MeHg in blood, but not with the I-Hg in blood. Therefore, the T-Hg in hair seems to reflect MeHg exposure and not I-Hg exposure even in persons with no intake of fish.