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1.
Kathryn Mills Blayne A. Hettinga Michael B. Pohl Reed Ferber 《Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation》2013
Objective
To compare lower-limb kinematic asymmetries during gait in individuals with unilateral and bilateral symptomatic osteoarthritis and controls.Design
Cross-sectional.Setting
Laboratory.Participants
Participants (N=54) had symptomatic unilateral (n=18) or bilateral (n=18) knee osteoarthritis. Healthy controls were sex- and age-matched and similar in height and weight to osteoarthritis groups (n=18).Intervention
Three-dimensional motion analysis was conducted while participants walked on a treadmill at 1.1m/s.Main Outcome Measures
Maximum joint angles and velocities of the knee and hip during stance, knee flexion, knee adduction, and hip adduction at initial contact, pelvic drop, stride length, and average toe out.Results
There was a significant limb effect for knee flexion at initial contact (P=.01). The bilateral osteoarthritis group demonstrated the largest between-limb asymmetry (2.83°; 95% confidence interval, .88–4.78; effect size [ES]=.67). The bilateral osteoarthritis group also displayed tendencies toward between-limb asymmetry in hip adduction at initial contact and peak knee adduction during stance; ESs were small (ES=.33 and .48). Lower-limb kinematics was symmetrical in the control and unilateral knee osteoarthritis groups.Conclusions
Between-limb asymmetries are present even at mild to moderate stages of knee osteoarthritis. During this stage, between-limb asymmetry appears to be more prevalent in patients with bilateral symptomatic disease, suggesting that patients with unilateral disease maintain kinematic symmetry for longer in the knee osteoarthritis process. Further, early treatment strategies should target the restoration of gait symmetry and involve kinematics changes in both lower limbs. Future research is needed to determine the efficacy of such strategies with respect to kinematic asymmetry, pain, and disease progression. 相似文献2.
Peter A. Altenburger Tracy A. Dierks Kristine K. Miller Stephanie A. Combs Marieke Van Puymbroeck Arlene A. Schmid 《Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation》2013
Objectives
To determine if individuals with chronic stroke were able to sustain their peak gait speed during the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and to explore this sustainability across community ambulation potential subgroups.Design
Prospective cross-sectional study.Setting
University-based research laboratory, hospitals, and stroke support groups.Participants
A sample of individuals with chronic stroke (N=48) completed a series of questionnaires and physical outcome measures, including gait mat assessment, during a single visit.Interventions
Not applicable; 1-time cross-sectional data collection.Main Outcome Measures
During the 6MWT, we measured peak gait speed and end gait speed to assess sustainability, along with beginning gait speed, total distance walked, and rating of perceived exertion. We also assessed maximum gait speed during the 10-meter walk test (10MWT). Finally, we examined these gait outcomes across the subgroups.Results
During the 6MWT, peak gait speed declined from .89m/s (SD=.38) to an end speed of .82m/s (SD=.36), whereas perceived exertion increased from 7.7 (SD=2.6) to 11.8 (SD=3.6). This peak gait speed was slower than the 10MWT maximum speed of 1.06m/s (SD=.51), but faster than the 6MWT beginning speed of .81m/s (SD=.34). The unlimited community ambulator subgroup was the primary contributor to sustainability differences.Conclusions
Predicting community ambulation potential based on the discrete gait speed from the 10MWT and endurance based on the average from the 6MWT might be incomplete if gait speed sustainability is not also assessed. 相似文献3.
Laura Hak Jaap H. van Dieën Peter van der Wurff Maarten R. Prins Agali Mert Peter J. Beek Han Houdijk 《Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation》2013
Objective
To investigate which strategies transtibial amputees use to cope with challenges of gait stability and gait adaptability, and how these strategies differ from strategies used by able-bodied controls.Design
Cross-sectional study.Setting
An instrumented treadmill mounted onto a 6°-of-freedom motion platform in combination with a virtual environment.Participants
Transtibial amputees (n=10) and able-bodied controls (n=9).Interventions
Mediolateral (ML) translations of the walking surface were imposed to manipulate gait stability. To provoke an adaptive gait pattern, a gait adaptability task was used in which subjects had to hit virtual targets with markers guided by their knees.Main Outcome Measures
Walking speed, step length, step frequency, step width, and selected measures of gait stability (short-term Lyapunov exponents and backward and ML margins of stability [MoS]).Results
Amputees walked slower than able-bodied people, with a lower step frequency and wider steps. This resulted in a larger ML MoS but a smaller backward MoS for amputees. In response to the balance perturbation, both groups decreased step length and increased step frequency and step width. Walking speed did not change significantly in response to the perturbation. These adaptations induced an increase in ML and backward MoS. To perform the gait adaptability task, both groups decreased step length and increased step width, but did not change step frequency and walking speed. ML and backward MoS were maintained in both groups.Conclusions
Transtibial amputees have the capacity to use the same strategies to deal with challenges of gait stability and adaptability, to the same extent as able-bodied people. 相似文献4.
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7.
Alena M. Grabowski 《Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation》2010,91(6):951-957
Grabowski AM. Metabolic and biomechanical effects of velocity and weight support using a lower-body positive pressure device during walking.
Objectives
To determine how changes in velocity and weight support affect metabolic power and ground reaction forces (GRFs) during walking using a lower-body positive pressure (LBPP) device. To find specific velocity and weight combinations that require similar aerobic demands but different peak GRFs.Design
Repeated measures.Setting
University research laboratory.Participants
Healthy volunteer subjects (N=10).Interventions
Subjects walked 1.00, 1.25, and 1.50m/s on a force-measuring treadmill at normal weight (1.0 body weight [BW]) and at several fractions of BW (.25, .50, .75, .85 BW). The treadmill was enclosed within an LBPP apparatus that supported BW.Main Outcome Measures
Metabolic power, GRFs, and stride kinematics.Results
At faster velocities, peak GRFs and metabolic demands were greater. In contrast, walking at lower fractions of BW attenuated peak GRFs and reduced metabolic demand compared with normal weight walking. Many combinations of velocity and BW resulted in similar aerobic demands, yet walking faster with weight support lowered peak GRFs compared with normal weight walking.Conclusions
Manipulating velocity and weight using an LBPP device during treadmill walking can reduce force yet maintain cardiorespiratory demand. Thus, LBPP treadmill training devices could be highly effective for rehabilitation after orthopedic injury and/or orthopedic procedures. 相似文献8.
Yoshimasa Sagawa Jr Eric Watelain François-Xavier Lepoutre Andre Thevenon 《Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation》2010,91(8):1248-1254
Sagawa Y Jr, Watelain E, Lepoutre F-X, Thevenon A. Effects of wheelchair mass on the physiologic responses, perception of exertion, and performance during various simulated daily tasks.
Objective
To verify whether additional manual wheelchair mass above a critical level would produce, during many daily tasks, an increase in physiologic parameters, an increase in the perceived exertion, and a decrease in performance.Design
A repeated-measurement design.Setting
Six standardized tests thought to mimic daily activities.Participants
Volunteers (N=21), 8 men with spinal cord injuries (SCIs; mean age, 34±12y; range, 19-56y) and 13 able-bodied persons (11 men and 2 women; mean, 24±5y; range, 18-37y).Interventions
Random additional masses (“0”, 1, 2, 5kg) were placed under the seat of a multisport manual wheelchair (mass approximately 10kg) out of the subject's field of vision.Main Outcome Measures
Energy expenditure (EE; total o2 consumed), heart rate (total number of beats), perceived exertion (visual analog scale), and performance (seconds to execute a sprint test) were measured.Results
For all tests, there was no significant effect of mass found for either group for the EE, heart rate, and performance. In addition, for all tests, no significant effect of mass was found for the SCI group for the visual analog perceived exertion. However, for the able-bodied group, the added mass had a significant effect for the visual analog perceived exertion (F=6.11; P=.02) in the Stop-and-Go test. A post hoc Tukey test showed a significant difference between the 0kg and 5kg mass conditions (P<.01; d=.8), between 1kg and 5kg (P=.02; d=.6), and between 2kg and 5kg (P=.01; d=.6).Conclusions
Based on these findings, it can be concluded that, under the conditions of this study, additional mass (up to 5kg) loaded on a multisport manual wheelchair does not seem have any effect on EE, heart rate, or performance and has a minor effect on the visual analog perceived exertion evaluated in many activities of daily living. 相似文献9.
Andrew J. Teichtahl Anita E. Wluka Meg E. Morris Susan R. Davis Flavia M. Cicuttini 《Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation》2009,90(2):320-324
Teichtahl AJ, Wluka AE, Morris ME, Davis SR, Cicuttini FM. The associations between the dominant and nondominant peak external knee adductor moments during gait in healthy subjects: evidence for symmetry.
Objectives
There is growing interest in the role of the knee adduction moment in the pathogenesis of knee pain and osteoarthritis. It is unclear whether the knee adduction moment is similar between the dominant and nondominant legs during locomotion. This study examined whether asymmetry exists in the peak knee adductor moments during gait in healthy adults.Design
Cross-sectional study.Setting
Musculoskeletal Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.Participants
Three-dimensional Vicon gait analyses were performed for 17 healthy men and women.Interventions
Not applicable.Main Outcome Measures
The external dominant and nondominant peak knee adduction moments during early and late stance were analyzed to determine whether any significant differences occurred between limbs.Results
Peak knee adductor moments for dominant and nondominant limbs were significantly correlated during early (R=0.61, P=0.009) and late (R=0.72, P=0.001) stance. After adjustment for age and sex, there was an associated 0.58 (P=0.030) and 0.98 (P=0.009) unit increase in the peak knee adduction moment in the nondominant leg, for every 1 unit increase in the dominant leg during the early and late stance phases of gait, respectively. Further evidence for symmetry was provided by the symmetry index, which was 0.04% and 0.62% for early and late stance, respectively.Conclusions
In healthy subjects, the magnitude of the dominant limb peak external knee adduction moments during stance, and in particular late stance, appears representative of the magnitude of the moment in the nondominant limb. These findings imply symmetry between these moments and may have important implications when collecting data for limb analyses among healthy subjects. Whether gait symmetry protects against the onset of unilateral (or increases the risk for bilateral) pathological joint changes will need to be confirmed longitudinally. 相似文献10.
Gavin Williams Meg E. Morris Anthony Schache Paul R. McCrory 《Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation》2009,90(4):587-593
Williams G, Morris ME, Schache A, McCrory PR. Incidence of gait abnormalities after traumatic brain injury.
Objective
To identify the most common gait abnormalities presenting after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and quantify their incidence rate.Design
Case series.Setting
Biomechanics laboratory.Participants
A convenience sample of 41 people with TBI receiving therapy for gait abnormalities, and a sample of 25 healthy controls.Intervention
Three-dimensional gait analysis.Main Outcome Measures
Spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic data at a self-selected walking speed.Results
People with TBI walked with a significantly slower speed than matched healthy controls. There was a significant difference between groups for cadence, step length, stance time on the affected leg, double support phase, and width of base of support. The most frequently observed biomechanical abnormality was excessive knee flexion at initial foot contact. Other significant gait abnormalities were increased trunk anterior/posterior amplitude of movement, increased anterior pelvic tilt, increased peak pelvic obliquity, reduced peak knee flexion at toe-off, and increased lateral center of mass displacement. Ankle equinovarus at foot-contact occurred infrequently.Conclusions
People with TBI were found to have multijoint gait abnormalities. Many of these abnormalities have not been previously reported in this population. 相似文献11.
Julie Nantel Nicolas Termoz Pascal-André Vendittoli Martin Lavigne François Prince 《Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation》2009,90(3):463-469
Nantel J, Termoz N, Vendittoli P-A, Lavigne M, Prince F. Gait patterns after total hip arthroplasty and surface replacement arthroplasty.
Objective
To compare gait patterns in patients with total hip arthroplasty (THA) and surface hip arthroplasty.Design
Observational study.Setting
Outpatient biomechanical laboratory.Participants
Two groups of 10 surface hip arthroplasty and THA patients and 10 control subjects participated in the study (N=30). The patients were volunteers recruited from a larger randomized study.Interventions
Not applicable.Main Outcomes Measures
Gait patterns, hip abductor muscle strength, clinical outcomes, and radiographic analyses were compared between groups.Results
In the sagittal plane, the THA group showed a larger flexor moment and larger mechanical work in H2S and K3S power bursts compared with surface hip arthroplasty and control subjects. In the frontal plane, both THA and surface hip arthroplasty patients had smaller hip abductor muscles energy generation (H3F) than the control group. No difference was found for the hip abductor muscles strength.Conclusions
In the THA group, the larger energy absorption in H2S and K3S would be a cost-effective mechanical adaptation to increase stability. The surface hip arthroplasty characteristics could allow the return to a more normative gait pattern compared with THA. The modification in the frontal plane in surface hip arthroplasty and THA would be related to the hip abductor muscles strength. 相似文献12.
Katia Turcot Yoshimasa Sagawa Jr. Alain Lacraz Jean Lenoir Mathieu Assal Stéphane Armand 《Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation》2013
Objective
To compare the well-recognized solid ankle cushion heel (SACH) foot with the prosthetic foot developed by the International Committee of the Red Cross (CR Equipements SACH) during gait.Design
Double-blind study was conducted to compare the influence on the biomechanics of gait of the CR Equipements SACH foot and the SACH foot.Setting
University hospital research center.Participants
Participants with unilateral transtibial amputation (N=15) were included.Interventions
Three-dimensional motion analysis system and 2 forceplates were used to capture body motion and ground reaction forces during gait at a self-selected speed and at 1.2m/s.Main Outcome Measures
Nonparametric Wilcoxon matched-pairs tests were used to compare the 2 prosthetic feet with respect to their spatiotemporal (gait velocity, stride length, and percentage of stance phase), kinematic (range and peak angles of the pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle), and kinetic (peak moment and power of the hip, knee, and ankle) parameters.Results
Compared with the SACH foot, the CR Equipements SACH foot demonstrated a significantly greater stance phase symmetry ratio (SACH: 94% vs CR Equipements SACH: 97%), a more extensive ankle range of motion in the sagittal plane (SACH: 7° vs CR Equipements SACH: 12°), a greater maximal dorsiflexion angle during the terminal stance phase (SACH: 10° vs CR Equipements SACH: 13°), and a higher ankle power (SACH: .31W/kg vs CR Equipements SACH: .40W/kg). No significant difference was found for the examined knee, hip, and pelvis parameters.Conclusions
The CR Equipements SACH foot provides more symmetry and improves ankle kinematics and kinetics in the sagittal plane compared with the SACH foot. This study suggests that individuals using the CR Equipements SACH foot improve their gait biomechanics compared when using the SACH foot. 相似文献13.
Graf A Judge JO Ounpuu S Thelen DG 《Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation》2005,86(11):2177-2183
OBJECTIVES: To compare peak joint powers and joint angles between comfortable and fast walking speeds among a group of elderly adults who exhibit low physical performance, and to test the primary hypothesis that peak ankle powers would not change when walking speed was increased, but that peak hip power output would increase significantly with speed. DESIGN: Three-dimensional analysis of joint kinematics and kinetics during comfortable and fast walking by both healthy and low-performing elderly adults (age, >70y). SETTING: Gait laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-four healthy elderly adults and 27 elders who exhibited low performance on a standard battery of walking, standing balance, and chair-rise tasks that places them at risk of mobility-related disability. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Peak lower-extremity joint powers and joint angles. RESULTS: Low-performing elders increased both ankle and hip power outputs to increase walking speed. However, peak ankle power remained significantly below that of the healthy elderly adults even when the low-performing elders walked at a faster gait speed. Joint-power changes in the low-performing elderly were accompanied by a reduction in hip extension and ankle dorsiflexion, and an increase in transverse pelvic rotation. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with healthy elderly, the low-performing elderly adults showed speed-independent differences in ankle and hip mechanics that may reflect underlying neuromuscular impairments. In particular, an understanding of the interdependent contributions of hip flexibility and ankle power limitations seem important to inform interventions to maintain gait into advanced age. 相似文献
14.
Orna A. Donoghue George M. Savva Hilary Cronin Rose Anne Kenny N. Frances Horgan 《Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation》2014
Objectives
To compare the ability of Timed Up and Go (TUG) and usual gait speed (UGS) to predict incident disability completing basic activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL (IADL) in older adults free of disability at baseline, and to provide estimates for the probability of incident disability at different levels of baseline mobility performance.Design
Data from the first 2 waves of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, a study assessing health, economic, and social aspects of ageing in adults aged ≥50 years.Setting
A nationally representative, population-based sample of community-dwelling adults.Participants
Participants aged ≥65 years who completed mobility tests during a health assessment, had no reported difficulty in ADL/IADL, and had a Mini-Mental State Examination score ≥24 were re-interviewed after 2 years (n=1664).Interventions
Not applicable.Main Outcome Measures
Participants completed the TUG and UGS at baseline and indicated difficulty in a number of basic ADL and IADL at follow-up.Results
Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that TUG and UGS are acceptable tools to predict disability in ADL and IADL (area under the curve [AUC]=.65–.75) with no significant difference between them (P>.05). Both were excellent predictors of difficulty in higher-level functioning tasks such as preparing hot meals, taking medications, and managing money (AUC>.80). Predictive probabilities were obtained across a range of performance levels.Conclusions
TUG and UGS have similar predictive ability in relation to incident disability in basic ADL and IADL. Predictive probabilities can be used to identify those most at risk and in need of particular services. Since improving physical function can prevent or delay dependence in ADL/IADL, TUG and UGS can also provide performance goals and feedback during exercise interventions. 相似文献15.
Andreia S.P. Sousa Augusta Silva Rubim Santos Filipa Sousa João Manuel R.S. Tavares 《Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation》2013
Objective
To analyze the relation between contralesional and ipsilesional limbs in subjects with stroke during step-to-step transition of walking.Design
Observational, transversal, analytical study with a convenience sample.Setting
Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinic.Participants
Subjects (n=16) with poststroke hemiparesis with the ability to walk independently and healthy controls (n=22).Interventions
Not applicable.Main Outcome Measures
Bilateral lower limbs electromyographic activity of the soleus (SOL), gastrocnemius medialis, tibialis anterior, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, and vastus medialis (VM) muscles and the ground reaction force were analyzed during double-support and terminal stance phases of gait.Results
The propulsive impulse of the contralesional trailing limb was negatively correlated with the braking impulse of the leading limb during double support (r=−.639, P=.01). A moderate functional relation was observed between thigh muscles (r=−.529, P=.035), and a strong and moderate dysfunctional relation was found between the plantar flexors of the ipsilesional limb and the vastus medialis of the contralesional limb, respectively (SOL-VM, r=−.80, P<.001; gastrocnemius medialis-VM, r=−.655, P=.002). Also, a functional moderate negative correlation was found between the SOL and rectus femoris muscles of the ipsilesional limb during terminal stance and between the SOL (r=−.506, P=.046) and VM (r=−.518, P=.04) muscles of the contralesional limb during loading response, respectively. The trailing limb relative impulse contribution of the contralesional limb was lower than the ipsilesional limb of subjects with stroke (P=.02) and lower than the relative impulse contribution of the healthy limb (P=.008) during double support.Conclusions
The findings obtained suggest that the lower performance of the contralesional limb in forward propulsion during gait is related not only to contralateral supraspinal damage but also to a dysfunctional influence of the ipsilesional limb. 相似文献16.
OBJECTIVE: To determine gait differences in a subject ambulating with a knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) with a locked knee joint versus an automatic stance-control knee joint. DESIGN: Single-subject crossover design. SETTING: Tertiary rehabilitation facility with a motion analysis laboratory. PARTICIPANT: A 61-year-old ambulatory male volunteer with postpoliomyelitis walking with a stance-control KAFO. INTERVENTIONS: Instrumented gait analysis and Physiological Cost Index in the locked knee and stance-control modes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Differences in gait parameters. RESULTS: On the braced limb, stance-control mode showed a near-normal knee flexion wave in swing, reduced pelvic retraction and rotational excursion, and improved hip power generation. On the nonbraced limb, the stance-control mode allowed elimination of vaulting, reduction in abnormal ankle and hip power generation, increased knee power absorption, and more typical quadriceps activation. There was a trend toward improved energy efficiency in the stance-control mode. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a stance-control knee joint in a KAFO appears to improve gait biomechanics and improve energy efficiency compared with a locked knee. 相似文献
17.
No Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Training on Muscle Strength and Gait Performance in Persons With Late Effects of Polio: A Pilot Study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Christina Brogårdh Ulla-Britt Flansbjer Jan Lexell 《Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation》2010,91(9):1474-1477
Brogårdh C, Flansbjer U-B, Lexell J. No effects of whole-body vibration training on muscle strength and gait performance in people with late effects of polio: a pilot study.
Objective
To evaluate the feasibility and possible effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) training on muscle strength and gait performance in people with late effects of polio.Design
A case-controlled pilot study with assessments before and after training.Setting
A university hospital rehabilitation department.Participants
People (N=5; 3 men, 2 women; mean age, 64±6.7y; range, 55−71y) with clinically and electrophysiologically verified late effects of polio.Interventions
All participants underwent 10 sessions of supervised WBV training (standing with knees flexed 40°−55° up to 60 seconds per repetition and 10 repetitions per session twice weekly for 5 weeks).Main Outcome Measures
Isokinetic and isometric knee muscle strength (dynamometer), and gait performance (Timed Up & Go, Comfortable Gait Speed, Fast Gait Speed, and six-minute walk tests).Results
All participants completed the 5 weeks of WBV training, with no discernible discomfort. No significant changes in knee muscle strength or gait performance were found after the WBV training period.Conclusions
This pilot study did not show any significant improvements in knee muscle strength and gait performance following a standard protocol of WBV training. Thus, the results do not lend support to WBV training for people with late effects of polio. 相似文献18.
19.
Kade L. Paterson BAppSci BPod Keith D. Hill PhD Noel D. Lythgo PhD Wayne Maschette PhD 《Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation》2008,89(12):2360-2365
Paterson KL, Hill KD, Lythgo ND, Maschette W. The reliability of spatiotemporal gait data for young and older women during continuous overground walking.
Objective
To examine the reliability and systematic bias in spatiotemporal gait parameters recorded in healthy women during repeated single and continuous overground walking trials.Design
Test-retest.Setting
University laboratory.Participants
Young (n=13) and older adult (n=14) women volunteers.Interventions
Not applicable.Main Outcome Measures
Spatiotemporal data were collected from an 8.1-m GAITRite mat during 10 trials of discrete single walks and 10 laps of a continuous circuit presented in random order over 2 separate test sessions. Paired t tests, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), SE of measurement, and coefficients of variation (CV) were calculated.Results
The relative and absolute measures of reliability showed most spatiotemporal variables recorded during the single and continuous walking protocols were reliable. Step length, foot angle, and step and stance times were found to be the most reliable parameters, with ICCs ranging from 0.84 to 0.95, CVs from 2.06% to 4.02%, and SE of measurements of 1.59 to 2.04cm for step length, 1.32° to 1.71° for foot angle, and 0.011 to 0.025 seconds for step and stance times. Reliability estimates were similar for the single and continuous trial conditions and between the young and older women. Although small mean differences in the gait parameters were found across the test sessions, many of these parameters showed systematic bias (P≤.05). In the single trial condition, the majority (65%) of the gait parameters showed significant bias, whereas in the continuous condition only 19% of the parameters exhibited bias. For the young women, 54% of the parameters showed systematic bias (P≤.05) in the single trial condition, whereas 77% of the parameters exhibited bias for the older women. In the continuous walking condition, 38% of the gait parameters showed systematic bias (P≤.05) for the young women, whereas no systematic bias was found in the gait parameters of the older women.Conclusions
This study shows that both the single and continuous walking protocols are reliable methods for the collection of gait data in young and older women. It also shows that a continuous overground walking protocol produces less bias in test-retest spatiotemporal gait data. Therefore, a continuous protocol may be a better method when attempting to monitor gait changes over time, especially for older women. 相似文献20.
Su PF Gard SA Lipschutz RD Kuiken TA 《Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation》2008,89(7):1386-1394
Su P-F, Gard SA, Lipschutz RD, Kuiken TA. Differences in gait characteristics between persons with bilateral transtibial amputations, due to peripheral vascular disease and trauma, and able-bodied ambulators.