导尿管相关尿路感染的易发因素及预防的研究

目的:研究导尿管相关的尿路感染的易发因素,提出预防措施。方法:对108例患者在导尿前均行尿培养证实无尿路感染。108例随机分为A和B两组。A组包括A1组和A2组,A1组(24例)更换引流袋1次/d,A2组(30例)更换引流袋1次/3d。B组包括B1组和B2组。B1组(23例)接受膀胱冲洗2次/d。B2组(31例)不行膀胱冲洗。全部病例均于导尿后第4天和第7天进行尿液细菌培养。结果:更换引流袋的时间和患者的菌尿明显相关,每3d更换引流袋的菌尿发生率低于每天更换者(χ2=6.89,P<0.01);膀胱冲洗组菌尿的发生率高于不冲洗组,差异有显著性(χ2=4.58,P<0.05);留置尿管的时间越久,菌尿的发生率越高(χ2=7.99,P<0.01)。结论:导尿后不膀胱冲洗,引流袋更换2次/周,缩短尿管留置时间等能降低尿路感染率。     

脑外伤病人更换导尿管间隔时间研究

目的：脑外伤病人需要长时间留置导尿管，而国内没有明确的更换硅胶导尿管的间隔时间，本研究探讨适合脑外伤病人的更换导尿管的间隔时间。方法：将留置导尿管时间超过4周的病人作为研究对象，随机分为研究组和对照组，其中研究组每4周更换一次导尿管，而对照组每2周更换一次导尿管，比较两组中尿液细茵培养阳性率及不同程度的尿管阻塞发生率，找出恰当的更换导尿管间隔时间。结果：两组中细茵培养阳性率和尿管阻塞总发生率比较无显著性差异，但研究组中重度不完全性尿管阻塞发生率高于对照组。结论：脑外伤病人更换导尿管的最佳时间是4周。     

加替沙星涂层导尿预防尿路感染效果观察

目的探讨加替沙星涂层导尿对预防相关性尿路感染的作用。方法将90例符合入选条件的患者随机分为三组:A组(空白组)30例按常规方法留置尿管,B组(头孢哌酮钠组)30例导尿管外涂头孢哌酮钠注射液,C组(加替沙星组)30例导尿管外涂加替沙星注射液。三组均在无菌操作下留置尿管,并按留置导尿专人常规护理。结果三组病例在留置导尿后不同时间段留取尿液及导尿管作细菌培养显示,C组的细菌培养阳性率均低于其他两组。结论加替沙星涂层导尿预防尿路感染是一种简便有效的方法。     

留置尿管病人集尿袋更换时间探讨

目的:通过临床对照研究,探索重型颅脑损伤伴意识障碍病人在长期留置尿管过程中集尿袋更换的最佳间隔时间,从而降低长期留置尿管病人尿路感染率。方法:将所有病例随机分为实验组和对照组。留置尿管后实验组病例第1次更换集尿袋时间为l周,留置尿管时间超过l周后,更换集尿袋时间改为每周2次;对照组每天更换集尿袋1次。对两组病例的尿液进行细菌培养,对比两组病例的尿液细菌培养阳性率的差异。结果:在l周内两组病例尿液细菌培养阳性率比较:X2=2.29,P>0.05,差异无显著性;10天内尿液培养阳性率比较:实验组明显低于对照组,X2=10.50,P<0.01,差异有显著性。结论:集尿袋的更换在初置尿管后每1周更换1次,频繁更换集尿袋会造成密闭引流系统的开放,增加尿路感染的机会。随着尿管留置时间的延长,集尿袋每周更换2次为宜。     

留置尿管患者间断膀胱冲洗与非冲洗尿路感染发生率研究

目的:探讨间断膀胱冲洗与非膀胱冲洗相关尿路感染率变化。落实组合干预措施,降低导尿管相关尿路感染率。方法:收集颅脑损伤与脑出血患者需留置尿管者,分一阶段A组70例每周2~3次膀胱冲洗,主动监测有关指标,无干预行动。二阶段B组108例每周1次行膀胱冲洗,C组116例不行膀胱冲洗处理。冲洗液选择生理盐水500 ml加庆大霉素16万。B组、C组均采取综合干预措施。结果:A组与B组、C组尿路感染率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),B组与C组感染率之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);B组、C组住院总事件及尿管留置总时间均较A组显著缩短(P<0.001)。结论:间断膀胱冲洗不能降低留置尿管尿路感染率。     

肾造瘘患者引流袋最佳更换时间的探讨

目的 探讨肾造瘘患者引流袋最佳更换时间.方法 将行肾造瘘的156例患者随机分为3组:A组每天更换1次引流袋;B组每3 d更换1次引流袋;C组每周更换1次引流袋.每天采集引流液行细菌培养,监测尿路感染情况.结果 比较3组患者细菌培养结果,A组、C组与B比较差异都具有统计学意义(P<0.05),A组与C组比较无统计学意义(P<0.05).A组与C组的培养细菌阳性率明显超出B组.结论 肾造瘘患者,引流袋每3 d更换1次时,尿路感染发生率低,有利于患者的康复,且可降低医疗资源的浪费,可在临床中参考.     

开颅手术术后留置导尿管拔除时机的探讨

目的：探讨开颅手术后留置导尿管的拔除时机,为临床最佳拔管时间提供依据。方法将56例开颅手术术后患者根据留置导尿时间分为A、B 2组,A组大于2周（20例）, B组小于2周（36例）,观察比较2组患者尿路感染、意外拔管情况。结果 A组中经尿常规确诊泌尿系统感染患者及意外拔管患者明显高于B组（P<0.05）。结论开颅手术后应尽早拔除导尿管,以降低导尿引起的并发症。     

不同导尿管拔除方法在预防泌尿系感染中的应用比较

目的:比较拔除气囊导尿管前,抽空气囊内液体后再注入0.4ml生理盐水拔管法与常规无注水拔管法和注入0.2ml生理盐水拔除法对降低留置导尿患者泌尿系感染的实用价值及临床意义。方法将71例患者随机分为三组,实验组(A组),对照组(B、C组),三组患者均采集拔除导尿管后首次排出尿液进行细菌培养,监测患者刺激症状。结果:实验组尿细菌培养阳性率明显低于对照组。结论:留置导尿管患者拔除导尿管前抽空气囊内液体再注入0.4ml生理盐水具合理性,建议临床尝试运用。     

不同导尿时机对成年男性患者术后躁动影响的研究

目的:探讨不同导尿时机与术后躁动的关系。方法:60例鼻咽短小手术患者随机分为3组,A组麻醉前告知患者导尿管留置后的不适反应,特别是术后麻醉恢复期的不适,请患者麻醉恢复期给予配合;B组仅告知患者麻醉后行导尿管留置术;C组麻醉前、麻醉后都不行导尿管留置术,观察记录术后躁动的发生情况。结果:术后麻醉恢复室观察到A组患者的躁动情况出现较少,与B组相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05),B组和C组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),A组和C组间未见有统计学意义上的差异。结论:麻醉前患者清醒情况下导尿有助于减少患者因为导尿管的刺激引起术后躁动的出现。     

饮水量对减少留置导尿所致菌尿的临床观察

为探讨改善留置导尿所致菌尿的最佳饮水量，作者将６４例外伤性截瘫患者分为３组，分别以２４ｈ〈１０００ｍｌ，〈２０００ｍｌ，〉３０００ｍｌ的饮水量给患者饮用，结果显示：饮水量〈１０００ｍｌ者，菌尿发生率为６８．６％，３周更换导尿管时，导尿管前端尿盐沉着明显，饮水量在２０００ｍｌ时，菌尿发生率为５０％，导尿管前端尿沉着率为３．２％。本临床研究提示：留置导尿患者在正常饮食之外，２４ｈ饮水量应大于３０００ｍ     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.