室内空气及物品消毒及监测

<正>空气消毒可以预防和控制院内感染,也是护理工作中一项重要内容。首先是进一步完善消毒隔离,严格执行无菌操作原则,控制探陪人员,减少人员流动,保持室内地面清洁,     

考生焦虑成因及及应对策略

中考、高考对于正处在青少年时期的孩子们来说,是他们生命历程中一次最充分的能力展示,也是一次最残酷的、最严峻的心理健康状况的检阅。大多数考生既期盼着,又兴奋着,也有些紧张,有时会呈现出一种惶恐、焦虑等情绪方面的波动。我们说适度的紧张对考生来讲是正常的,而过分紧张或     

血液病患者及亲属临床心理特点及护理

目的分析恶性血液病患者亲属的临床心理特点,探讨相应的护理对策。方法回顾2003年1月至2009年12月收治的恶性血液病患者1 580例,对其亲属的心理特点进行分析。结果恶性血液病患者亲属的临床心理表现为焦虑、怀疑和侥幸、悲观和绝望、求生。结论对恶性血液患者的心理治疗主要是对其亲属采取以心理护理为重点,全方位、个体化,以减轻其亲属的心理障碍,使患者及亲属积极配合治疗,取得满意疗效。     

输卵管绝育手术及并发症发生原因及影响因素

目的：分析了输卵管绝育手术并发症发生原因及影响因素。方法：选取2004年6月-2010年6月在本院进行输卵管绝育手术的共326例患者，进行了术后并发症的统计学分析，找出了其发生的原因和影响因素。结果：手术均成功，无一例出现严重的休克或术前估计不足终止手术的情况。出现术后并发症的患者共有20例。结论：手术方法的正确和护理工作的完善是减少并发症的主要原因。     

贵阳市学龄儿童及家长营养知识及行为调查

随着我省改革开放政策的全面实施和经济的快速发展 ,人民群众的营养健康水平得到明显提高 ,1 992年全省城乡人群营养状况调查结果表明 ,城市学龄儿童营养健康水平明显提高 ,营养不良的发生率明显降低 ,但儿童偏食、挑食及膳食结构不合理的情况仍较普遍。少年儿童的生长发育迅速 ,新陈代谢旺盛 ,学习任务繁重 ,脑力劳动紧张 ,对营养的需求量相对较成年人大 ,如何引导孩子们自幼养成良好的饮食习惯 ,提高身体素质 ,保持适宜体重 ,有赖于学生及家长对合理营养知识的掌握和实践。为了解贵阳市学龄儿童及家长的营养卫生知识水平 ,探讨合理的营养…     

肾病及新生儿患者尿渗透压测定及分析

肾病及新生儿患者尿渗透压测定及分析３００２１１天津医学院第二附属医院李忆芝，王秀芬，刘延庆，李忠信长期以来尿比重测定作为肾功能检查的指标，而其易受葡萄糖、蛋白质及其它大分子物质的影响。尿渗透压测定可以更好地说明肾脏对原的浓缩及稀释能力，其与比重均反映...     

皮肤及附件不良反应的用药方案及分析

对99例报表采用回顾性调查研究.结果 根据皮肤及附件损害表现所采取单一或联合应用抗组胺药或糖皮质激素类药物或中药的用药方案,其治疗结果 不尽相同.     

药理学及毒物学

Ⅵ-32 3-对位硝基苯甲酸吗啡的镇痛作用1958,21,[6],3作者曾证明磺胺类和氨基苯甲酸均能增强菲类镇痛药的镇痛作用,同时减弱其呼吸抑制作用,因此研究了新的吗啡类镇痛药盐酸3-对位硝基苯甲酸吗啡的药理作用。系黄色结晶性粉末,熔点144.5°,难溶于水,易溶于酒精。结构如下:     

生物技术及产品

12072 Biopartners公司递交β-干扰素的欧盟申请 瑞士Biopartners公司已递交Biferonex（Ⅰ）的集中欧盟上市许可申请，（Ⅰ）是干扰素pla的一种新剂型，用于治疗缓解一复发型多发性硬化病。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.