儿童抗菌药物的合理应用分析

目的了解我院儿童抗菌药物的使用消耗情况,以促进抗菌药物的合理应用。方法对我院2011年8月1日至2011年12月31日抗生素消耗进行分析和探讨。结果每207张处方中有85张含有抗生素注射剂。结论切勿滥用抗生素,应该正确合理应用抗菌药物,正确合理应用抗菌药物是提高疗效、降低药物不良反应发生率、减少或减缓细菌耐药性的关键。     

浅谈抗菌药物的合理应用

抗菌药是医院应用最广泛的药物之一，为各类药物排行之首，随着抗菌药物在临床上的大量应用，滥用抗菌药物的现象比较严重，这不仅造成经济上的浪费，也增加了药物的不良反应及细菌的耐药性，重者危及生命。现提出临床上存在的不合理使用抗生素的一些现象和谈一点看法。     

抗菌药物的不良反应与合理应用

抗菌药物是目前临床应用最广泛的一类药物,抗菌药物的不良反应也越来越引起临床医生的重视.本研究分析各类抗菌药物对机体各系统的不良反应和合理应用抗菌药物的措施.     

抗菌药物的不良反应与合理应用

抗菌药物是目前临床应用最广泛的一类药物,抗菌药物的不良反应也越来越引起临床医生的重视。本研究分析各类抗菌药物对机体各系统的不良反应和合理应用抗菌药物的措施。     

合理应用抗菌药物

目的合理应用抗菌药物。方法通过措施促进抗菌药物的临床合理应用。结果不断推动合理用药。结论在广泛应用抗菌药物的同时要更多地关注其安全性。     

护士在促进合理使用抗菌药物中的作用

减少抗生素滥用,遏止细菌耐药已是刻不容缓的全球问题,护士虽没处方权,药物知识也许不如医药师,但可以在留取微生物学标本,药物使用,不良反应观察等方面发挥特长,促进合理使用抗生素。     

抗菌药物合理应用管理体会

<正>感染性疾病是我国最常见的疾病,也是临床重要的死亡原因之一,故抗菌药物的应用对控制感染与细菌性疾病,降低病死率起着不可估量的作用。我院2009年针对抗生素应用调查结果显示,抗生素应用率高达48.5%,滥用抗菌药物现象十分严重。如在无指征或指征不明情况下,甚至对抗菌药     

抗菌药物的合理应用及管理

安全有效地控制感染,缩短治疗时间,减轻患者经济负担是合理使用抗菌药物的中心目的。正确、合理地应用抗菌药物是提高疗效、降低不良反应发生率以及减少或缓解细菌耐药性发生、降低医药费用的关键。     

抗菌药物的合理应用探讨

目前,由于抗菌药物的不合理应用,导致大量耐药菌的产生,给临床治疗带来很大困难,重视医院抗菌药物的合理使用已刻不容缓.为此,笔者就抗菌药物的临床合理应用方法探讨如下. 1 严格掌握用药指征 抗菌药物主要用于治疗细菌、衣原体、支原体、立克次体、真菌、放线菌和螺旋体所致的感染性疾病,非上述感染原则上不用抗菌药物,因此,在使用抗菌药物前,明确诊断是合理使用抗菌药物最关键的一步.要求临床医师要紧密结合患者的症状体征、血、尿常规、病原学检查等实验室检查结果及流行病学资料,提高确诊细菌及其他病微生物所致感染的能力,并排除病毒性感染的可能[1].     

The validation of a newly developed Arabic scale to assess patient-reported side-effects of antineoplastic agents

BackgroundMultiple scales in different languages were developed to measure patient-reported side effects of antineoplastics. However, these scales vary in their coverage of antineoplastics’ side effects, and none of them address both the severity and impact of antineoplastics’ side effects on patient quality of life. Hence, there is a need to develop a comprehensive, concise, and general scale to assess patients’ perceptions of both severity and impact of the commonly reported side effects of antineoplastics on patients’ activities of daily living and make it available in Arabic.ObjectivesTo develop and validate a new scale in Arabic to assess patient-reported antineoplastics’ side-effects among Arabic-speaking patients undergoing chemotherapy.MethodsA new scale was developed in Arabic that addresses 40 different emotional, cognitive, and physical side-effects of antineoplastics. The Antineoplastic Side effects Scale (ASES) contained three subscales focused on the side effects frequency, severity, and interference with patients’ activities of daily living. Seventy-eight patients with different cancer types were recruited from the oncology clinics of a university-affiliated tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The reliability of the questionnaire was examined using Cronbach’s alpha method. The construct validity was examined using principal component analysis with varimax rotation. The association between the scores of ASES subscales and various patient medical and sociodemographic characteristics were also examined.ResultsThe mean age of participants was 53.8 (12.5) years and most of them were female (65.3%) and married (84.6%). The ASES demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.91). The severity of the perceived side effects and their impact on activities of daily living were positively associated with female gender.ConclusionThe newly developed ASES demonstrated good validity and reliability. This tool will hopefully help healthcare providers and patients to identify commonly reported antineoplastic side effects.     

Soft antibacterial agents

Hard drugs have been defined as drugs that are biologically active and non-metabolizable in vivo. Soft drugs are defined as drugs, which are characterized by predictable and controllable in vivo destruction (i.e. metabolism) to form non-toxic products after they have achieved their therapeutic role. Quaternary ammonium compounds, such as benzalkonium chloride, are hard antibacterial agents. Their toxicity limits their usage in humans and animals, and their chemical stability limits their usage for general environmental sanitation. Furthermore, due to their stability they are prone to induce selective antimicrobial pressure and bacterial resistance. Soft analogs of the currently available hard antibacterial agents are less toxic. However, although the soft analogs have been shown to possess antibacterial activity in in vitro studies, it is likely that their in vivo activity will be hampered by their chemical instability.     

抗风湿新药的概述

综述了20世纪90年代涌现的抗风湿药。最新一类的选择性COX－2抑制剂，包括塞米昔布和罗非昔布，它们具有与现有NSAID相似的镇痛抗炎效果，但其胃肠道不反应发生率明显较低，尤其在胃肠道溃疡、出血、穿孔方面。属改变病情药的来氟米特，对RA患者具有与MTX相似的疗效。生物制剂包括TNF阻断剂及IL－1受体拮抗剂。前者有重组可溶性TNF受体融合蛋白和TNFα单克隆抗体。临床试验显示，它们对RA患者疗效较好且均无严重不良反应。     

新型合成抗菌药物研究新进展*

抗菌药物的耐药性问题日益严重。耐甲氧西林的金葡球菌（MRSA）引起的感染用传统的药物如青霉素治疗已相当困难，从而导致了临床并发症和死亡的急剧增加。研发具有新作用机制或新作用靶点的新结构化合物是解决耐药性问题的热点和重点领域，近年来发展迅速。现综述近年作用于细菌的蛋白质、DNA，RNA，细胞壁和脂肪酸等新型合成抗菌化合物的研究进展。     

Anti-anaerobic activity of antibacterial agents

The first very effective bactericidal anti-anaerobic drug was metronidazole, introduced in clinical practice in the early 1980s. Sometimes penicillin G and chloramphenicol were used successfully in some anaerobic infections. However, this result was most likely due to Gram-positive anaerobic infections (e.g., Clostridium perfringens). Very rapidly, the anti-anaerobic armamentarium was extended with clindamycin, cefoxitin, imipenem and co-amoxyclav or piperacillin-tazobactam. The resistance rate to metronidazole and imipenem remains low but clindamycin has seen an importance decrease in bacterial susceptibility. New additional drugs could be very helpful to overcome resistance and adverse events. The novelties in this field are fluoroquinolones, which exhibit a good activity against Gram-positive cocci and anaerobes.     

Anti-anaerobic activity of antibacterial agents

The first very effective bactericidal anti-anaerobic drug was metronidazole, introduced in clinical practice in the early 1980s. Sometimes penicillin G and chloramphenicol were used successfully in some anaerobic infections. However, this result was most likely due to Gram-positive anaerobic infections (e.g., Clostridium perfringens). Very rapidly, the anti-anaerobic armamentarium was extended with clindamycin, cefoxitin, imipenem and co-amoxyclav or piperacillin-tazobactam. The resistance rate to metronidazole and imipenem remains low but clindamycin has seen an importance decrease in bacterial susceptibility. New additional drugs could be very helpful to overcome resistance and adverse events. The novelties in this field are fluoroquinolones, which exhibit a good activity against Gram-positive cocci and anaerobes.     

抗菌剂研究进展

抗菌剂是指能够抑制细菌和霉菌繁殖,造成其难于生存的环境,而且效果可以持续较长时间的药剂。抗菌剂按照其抑制微生物生长程度的不同,分为灭菌剂、消毒剂和防菌剂。灭菌剂可杀死生物体中所有微生物(包括病原菌和非病原菌)的繁殖体和芽孢;消毒剂可杀死病原菌,一般消毒剂在常用浓度下只对细菌的繁殖有效,对于芽孢则无杀害作用;防菌剂能够防止或抑制微生物生长。