Plasma angiogenin levels in acute coronary syndromes: implications for prognosis.

AIMS: Angiogenin is a member of the ribonuclease superfamily, which has been implicated as a mitogen of endothelial cells and activator of matrix metalloproteinases and plasminogen-activated plasmin pathways. We hypothesized abnormalities of angiogenin levels in acute coronary syndrome (ACS), with prognostic implications for predicting adverse events. METHODS AND RESULTS: We measured plasma angiogenin levels (ELISA) in 396 consecutive patients (63.4% males; mean age 67 years, SD 13) admitted with ACS, who were compared with 44 'disease controls' (patients with stable coronary artery disease) and 76 healthy controls. Clinical follow-up at 6 months was performed for adverse endpoints (cardiovascular death, recurrent ACS, revascularization and heart failure). ACS patients had significantly elevated plasma angiogenin levels compared with both disease controls and healthy controls (P < 0.001). After adjusting for baseline characteristics, raised troponin T levels and electrocardiographic changes, raised angiogenin levels were independently associated with more adverse events at 6 months' follow-up [HR 1.44 (95% CI: 1.10-1.89); P = 0.008]. CONCLUSION: Plasma angiogenin levels are significantly increased in ACS, and may be involved in the pathogenesis of this condition. High angiogenin levels were predictive of adverse events during follow-up.     

Creatine kinase-MB elevation after percutaneous coronary intervention predicts adverse outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes.

AIM: To study the relationship between outcomes and peak creatine kinase (CK)-MB levels after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE ACS). METHODS AND RESULTS: Peak CK-MB ratios (peak CK-MB level/upper limit of normal [ULN]) after PCI were analysed in 6164 patients with NSTE ACS from four randomized trials who underwent in-hospital PCI. We excluded 696 patients with elevated CK or CK-MB levels <24h before PCI; the primary analysis included 2384 of the remaining 5468 patients (43.6%) with CK-MB levels measured <==24h after PCI. The incidence of in-hospital heart failure (0.1%, 0.8%, 3.4%, 4.1%, and 6.1%; P<0.001), arrhythmias (0.8%, 1.9%, 6.9%, 4.1%, and 7.9%; P<0.001), cardiogenic shock (0.1%, 1.3%, 2.0%, 2.3%, and 2.6%; P=0.004), and mortality through 6 months (2.1%, 2.4%, 4.9%, 4.1%, and 5.7%, P=0.005) was increased with peak CK-MB ratios of 0-1, 1-3, 3-5, 5-10, and >10xULN, respectively. The continuous peak CK-MB ratio after PCI significantly predicted adjusted 6-month mortality (risk ratio, 1.06 per unit increase above ULN; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.11; P=0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Greater CK-MB elevation after PCI is independently associated with adverse outcomes in NSTE ACS. These results underscore the adverse implications of elevated CK-MB levels after PCI in this high-risk population.     

急性冠状动脉综合征的抗血小板治疗

急性冠状动脉综合征 (ACS)发生的成因主要由冠状动脉内不稳定的斑块形成及破损。在此基础上 ,血小板发生活化并介导血栓形成 ,因此抗血小板药物在 ACS的治疗中有着重要的地位。本文就抗血小板药物应用进展作一综述     

B-型钠尿肽系列测定判定急性冠脉综合征患者预后的价值

目的探索对急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者，B-型钠尿肽（BNP）系列测定联合TnT、CRP与不良心脏事件发生率的关系。方法对83例ACS患者分别在入院时、48h、72h测定其BNP、TnT、CRP值，以死亡、心肌梗死、症状性心衰为随访终点，平均随访12个月，对BNP等生化指标与心脏事件发生率的相关性进行统计学分析。结果随访中发现，BNP〉250ng／L的患者与BNP≤250ng／L的患者相比，心脏事件的发生率显著升高，为9％和27％（OR3．7，95％CI：2．3-5．7，P〈0．01）。在TnT阴性的患者，高BNP组与低BNP组相比，其危险比为5．9（95％CI2．6-13.3，P〈0．01）。在临床稳定、没有难治性心肌缺血的患者，BNP值快速下降，基线、48h、72h时的BNP值分别为248．6±10、188．9±8（-24％）、126．8±11（-49％），与基线相比，48h、72h差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。BNP在基线时水平较低，而在72h显著升高的患者，预后较差，OR值为24．0（95％CI：8．4-32．5，P〈0．01）。而在基线时BNP值较高，72h时明显下降者，MACE发生率显著降低，与持续升高者相比，为16％vs38％（OR18．5，95％CI：7．6-21-3，P〈0．01）。结论对ACS患者，BNP是一个强有力的预后判断指标，并且BNP的系列测定与单一基线水平测定相比，其预后判断价值显著增加。     

急性冠状动脉综合征10年间临床回顾性分析

目的了解我院急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)住院患者在ACS治疗指南公布前后再灌注和药物治疗10年间的差异及对ACS患者住院病死率的影响。方法冠心病病房收治的950例ACS患者,分成指南公布前组(1995~1999年、A组)和指南公布后组(2000~2005年、B组)。分别对两组住院病历进行回顾性分析及比较。结果①共有950例患者入选,其中男性692例,ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者441例,非ST段抬高心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者162例,不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)患者347例,两组平均年龄分别为(66.4±10.3)岁和(67.2±10.5)岁。B组较A组住院时间(12.8±4.6)d比(20.5±8.5)d缩短(P均<0.001)。②近年来肝素、β受体阻滞剂、血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)、他汀类调脂药和氯吡格雷的使用率明显升高(P均<0.001);阿司匹林和硝酸酯类药物临床使用率较高且无明显变化(P均>0.05)。③ACS患者接受再灌注治疗方式发生改变,溶栓治疗有下降的趋势(P>0.05),而经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)明显升高(P<0.001)。住院病死率明显降低(P<0.05)。结论自ACS治疗指南公布后,住院的ACS患者肝素、β受体阻滞剂、ACEI、他汀类调脂药和氯吡格雷的使用率明显升高,溶栓治疗有下降的趋势,而PCI明显升高。住院病死率有降低趋势(P>0.05),但距指南仍有较大差距。     

急性冠脉综合征患者GRACE评分与冠脉病变的相互关系

目的 探讨急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者全球急性冠状动脉事件注册（GRACE）评分与冠状动脉病变程度的关系,评价GRACE评分对冠状动脉病变预测的价值.方法 收集2008年5月至2010年10月住院的ACS患者共360例,对其进行GRACE评分.以评分差异分组,分为高危组、中危组和低危组,分析不同组别中患者冠状动脉病变的严重程度,以及与GRACE评分的关系.结果 随着GRACE评分分值的增加,ACS患者冠状动脉狭窄支数及狭窄程度呈增加的趋势.结论 GRACE评分对ACS患者冠状动脉病变支数、狭窄严重程度有一定的预测价值.     

超敏C反应蛋白及血脂水平与急性冠状动脉综合征患者6个月内预后的关系

目的:探讨超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、血脂水平与急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者6个月内预后的关系。方法:分别测定201例非ST段抬高的ACS患者入院时的hs-CRP和血脂水平,随访6个月,终点为冠状动脉事件(冠心病性死亡、非致死性急性心肌梗死、急诊再血管化、因不稳定型心绞痛引起的再住院)。hs-CRP≥3mg/L、总胆固醇(TC)/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)≥4.7mmol/L为异常。结果:201例患者中发生冠心病猝死5例,非致死性心肌梗死16例,急诊再血管化4例,不稳定型心绞痛所致再住院27例。hs-CRP异常组较hs-CRP正常组冠状动脉事件发生率显著增高(RR1.90,95%CI1.09~3.32,P<0.05)。血脂异常组较正常组冠状动脉事件发生率亦显著增高(RR1.70,95%CI1.02~2.83,P<0.05)。血脂及hs-CRP均异常组较均正常组冠状动脉事件发生率显著升高(RR3.43,95%CI1.35~8.73,P<0.01)。结论:hs-CRP或(和)血脂水平异常的ACS患者6个月内冠状动脉事件发生率显著升高,并以二者均异常者为著,因此联合检测可能有助于识别冠心病二级预防中的高危个体。     

合并2型糖尿病的急性冠脉综合征患者GRACE评分与冠脉病变严重程度的相关性研究

目的 探讨GRACE评分与合并2型糖尿病的急性冠脉综合征(acute coronary syndromes,ACS)患者冠状动脉病变相关性及相关程度。方法 选取2014年1月至2014年12月在沧州市中心医院住院治疗的合并有2型糖尿病的ACS患者262例,并对所有患者行急性全球急性冠脉综合征注册评分(GRACE评分),并根据评分结果分为低危组、中危组和高危组,比较3组患者临床参数差异,所有患者均行冠脉造影术,并根据造影结果采用Gensini积分对冠脉病变程度进行量化评价,同时记录冠脉病变支数,用Spearman相关分析GRACE评分与冠脉病变的关系,并用ROC曲线分析GRACE评分对三支或左主干病变的预测价值。结果 3组中年龄、心率、入院随机血糖、空腹血糖、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、心肌标志物、糖尿病病程、冠脉病变支数、弥漫性病变和Gensini积分的差异均有统计学意义,Spearman相关分析显示GRACE评分和Gensini积分呈正相关(r =0.651,R<0.001),GRACE评分危险分层和冠脉病变支数呈正相关(r =0.695 ,R<0.001),GRACE评分(ROC曲线下面积0.870,95％CI=0.826~0.914;R<0.001)比糖尿病病程(ROC曲线下面积0.627,95％CI=0.558~.696;R<0.001)对3支或左主干病变更有预测价值。结论 GRACE评分对急性冠脉综合征合并2型糖尿病患者的冠脉病变支数和病变程度有较好的预测价值。     

45例急性冠状动脉综合征患者血液中基质金属蛋白酶含量变化

目的探讨基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)与冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性的相关性。方法急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者在入院即刻、入院一周、出院时,测定血浆MMP浓度,并与对照组比较分析。结果ACS组血清MMP浓度明显高于对照组,且差异有统计学意义。结论MMP与冠状动脉斑块不稳定性呈密切相关,可望作为冠状动脉斑块不稳定性的参考指标。     

盐酸替罗非班对急性冠脉综合征并冠脉内血栓的疗效观察

目的探讨冠状动脉内注射盐酸替罗非班治疗急性冠脉综合征并冠脉内血栓的疗效。方法对2005年12月至2006年9月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院心血管中心经冠状动脉造影证实为急性冠脉综合征并冠脉血栓病变患者38例,随机分为替罗非班组19例和对照组19例。替罗非班组在经皮腔内冠脉成形术(PT-CA)和(或)支架置入治疗前(后)行冠状动脉内注射盐酸替罗非班10~30mL,之后进行支架置入,术后静脉滴注盐酸替罗非班0.15μg/(kg.min)持续24~48h。对照组采用常规经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)。观察两组PCI术前、术后心肌梗死血栓溶解(TIMI)积分、TIMI血流、无复流或慢血流、校正的TIMI帧计数(cTFC)、心肌灌注分级(MBG),术后左心室射血分数(LVEF)及住院期间出血并发症与包括死亡、再发心肌梗死、再次血运重建等的主要心血管不良事件(MACE)发生情况。结果盐酸替罗非班组与对照组相比治疗后TIMI血栓积分明显下降(0.90±0.14对1.53±0.54,P<0.01),最后TIMI血流改善[(2.78±0.32)%对(2.14±0.23)%,P<0.01],cT-FC降低[(17.9±5.1)%对(25.3±13.2)%,P<0.01],MBG改善[(2.70±0.54)%对(2.06±0.38)%,P<0.01];盐酸替罗非班组左室射血分数显著高于对照组[(57.1±12.6)%对(51.0±13.9)%,P<0.01];两组住院期间出血并发症与MACE比较差异无显著性意义。结论盐酸替罗非班可改善合并冠脉血栓病变的急性冠状动脉综合征的血栓负荷、冠状动脉血流、心肌灌注和左室收缩功能,且不增加患者住院期间主要并发症的发生。     

髓过氧化物酶活性升高在急性冠状动脉综合征患者中的临床意义

目的探讨急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者血清髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性变化的临床意义。方法采用比色法测定实验组和对照组血清MPO活性。结果(1)ACS包括不稳定型心绞痛/无ST段抬高的心肌梗死(UAP/NSTEMI)和ST段抬高的心肌梗死(STEMI)患者血清MPO活性明显升高,与正常对照组(Control组)、稳定型心绞痛(SAP)组比较有显著性差异(P<0.001)。STEMI患者血清MPO活性高于UAP/NSTEMI(P<0.001)。(2)SAP血清MPO活性高于Control组(P<0.001)。(3)ACS患者接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后MPO活性较术前显著升高(P<0.001)。(4)ACS患者血清MPO活性与白细胞计数(WBC)呈正相关(r=0.619,P=0.001),与年龄、性别、高敏感C反应蛋白、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白、三酰甘油无相关性。结论血清MPO活性升高可能与ACS的发生有关。MPO是一种预测ACS的炎症标志物。     

Coronary stent implantation may seal the inflammatory response in patients with acute coronary syndromes

The change in CD40L levels before and 24 h coronary stenting was compared in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes and for elective angioplasty. Baseline CD40L levels were lower in stable subjects, whereas unstable patients had a significant decrease of CD40L after stenting. This might suggest that coronary stenting, despite of being a local therapy, can help to seal a systemic inflammatory response in acute coronary syndromes.     

肌钙蛋白T与降钙素基因相关肽对急性冠状动脉综合征患者危险分层及预后评估的价值

目的　探讨肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)与降钙素基因相关肽 (CGRP)对急性冠状动脉综合征 (ACS)患者危险分层及预后评估的价值。方法　选择ACS患者 15 8例 ,其中ST段抬高心肌梗死 (STEMI) 72例 ,非ST段抬高心肌梗死(NSTEMI) 2 3例 ,不稳定型心绞痛 (UA) 6 3例 ,入院后立即抽取肘静脉血采用ELISA法测定cTnT和CGRP水平 ,并观察患者住院期间和随访 6个月期间主要心血管事件 (MACE)。结果　NSTEMI组与STEMI组相比 ,cTnT及CGRP水平无显著性差异 ,但NSTEMI组CGRP水平高于STEMI组 ,cTnT水平低于STEMI组。与STEMI组相比 ,UA组患者cTnT水平明显降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而CGRP水平显著增高 (P <0 .0 5 )。陈旧心肌梗死、左心室射血分数、cTnT及CGRP水平是ACS患者MACE发生的独立预测因子。结论　cTnT及CGRP水平在NSTEMI组与STEMI组相似 ,在心绞痛组cTnT亦有轻度增高 ;心肌梗死较心绞痛患者发病时CGRP水平低 ;cTnT及CGRP水平是ACS患者MACE发生的独立预测因子。     

替罗非班在非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征早期介入治疗的研究

目的:观察替罗非班在非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)早期介入治疗的疗效。方法:将98例经危险度分层为高危险的非ST段抬高ACS患者行早期介入治疗,早期介入治疗指常规药物治疗24~48h后行冠状动脉介入治疗术(PCI),按就诊顺序分为替罗非班组和对照组。替罗非班组49例,于PCI前开始持续泵入替罗非班至术后36~48h。对照组49例,常规PCI。观察2组的急性或亚急性血栓闭塞事件发生率;进行6个月的随访,比较2组患者死亡、再次心肌梗死、心绞痛复发和再次血运重建术的发生率;监测术前、术后血小板活化度。结果:2组患者中无一例在住院期间死亡;替罗非班组无一例于术中或术后出现急性、亚急性血栓事件。对照组有2例患者术中出现急性血栓形成,2例出现亚急性血栓形成。随访6个月替罗非班组心脏不良事件发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.01),且不增加出血并发症。替罗非班组PCI后血小板活化度可明显降低(P<0.05)。结论:非ST段抬高ACS在常规药物治疗的基础上加用替罗非班,行早期PCI,可降低冠状动脉急性或亚急性血栓闭塞事件,改善患者的预后,同时不增加出血的风险。     

C-reactive protein as a marker for acute coronary syndromes

BACKGROUND: For several years, acute coronary syndromes have been perceivedas causing the most hospital admissions, and even hospital mortality.The syndrome of unstable angina frequently progresses to acutemyocardial infarction but its pathogenesis is poorly understood,and prognosis determination is still problematic. We testedthe hypothesis that measurement of the C-reactive protein inpatients admitted for chest pain could be a marker for acutecoronary syndromes. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 110 patients admitted with suspected ischaemic heartdisease, but without elevated serum creatine-kinase levels atthe time of hospital admission. Patients were subsequently dividedinto two groups based on their final diagnosis: group 1 comprisedpatients with unstable angina; group 2 patients with acute myocardialinfarction. We measured the C-reactive protein at the time ofhospital admission. The concentration of C-reactive proteinwas elevated in 59% of the patients with a final diagnosis ofacute myocardial infarction, and in 5% of the patients witha final diagnosis of unstable angina, (P<0·001). CONCLUSION: This study indicates that C-reactive protein levels measuredat the time of admission in patients with suspected ischaemicheart disease could be a marker for acute coronary syndromes,and helpful in identifying patients at high risk for acute myocardialinfarction. Measurement of C-reactive protein may have practicalclinical significance in the management of patients hospitalizedfor suspected acute coronary syndromes.     

Long-term prognosis of south Asians following acute coronary syndromes

BACKGROUND:

South Asians (SAs) have a higher prevalence of coronary artery disease than Caucasians. The long-term prognosis following acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in SA compared with non-SA patients is unclear.

OBJECTIVES:

To compare the long-term adverse cardiovascular outcomes between SA and non-SA patients who have ACS.

METHODS:

A case-control study of 65 consecutive SA patients admitted with ACS to the McGill University Health Centre (Montreal, Quebec) between 1995 and 2000 was conducted. Control subjects included 65 non-SA patients admitted to the same hospital with ACS matched by age, sex and year of hospitalization.

RESULTS:

The mean ± SD age was 59.7±9.9 years and 12% of patients were women. There were more cases of diabetes mellitus among the SA patients than non-SA patients (43% versus 23%, respectively). Only 19% of SA patients were active smokers, compared with 34% of non-SA patients. At one year, 35% of SA patients had undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery, compared with 22% of non-SA patients. One-year mortality was increased among the SA patients compared with the non-SA patients (6% versus 2%, respectively). However, SA ethnicity was not an independent predictor of one-year adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS:

The present study demonstrated an increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus among the SA patients with ACS compared with non-SA patients. SA patients had increased one-year mortality compared with non-SA patients. However, SA ethnicity was not an independent predictor of one-year mortality and coronary intervention.     

Bleeding and blood transfusion issues in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes.

Antithrombotic therapy and invasive risk stratification in selected high-risk patients have improved outcomes from non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS), but carry a risk of bleeding and blood transfusion. Although the true incidence of bleeding depends on the population studied (i.e. clinical trial vs. registry), the definition used, and the use of invasive procedures, it is becoming clear that bleeding is associated with an increased risk for adverse outcomes including myocardial infarction and death. Blood transfusion itself may carry a risk for ischaemic outcomes that is independent of bleeding. Therefore, therapies that provide an adequate level of anticoagulation to reduce ischaemia while simultaneously minimizing the risk of bleeding and transfusion have the potential to improve outcomes among patients with NSTE-ACS. Anticoagulants studied in recent clinical trials that have focused on bleeding reduction include fondaparinux and bivalirudin. In this review, we discuss the clinical trial evidence for these agents, the association between bleeding and clinical outcomes, the biology of blood transfusion and potential mechanisms underlying its association with adverse outcomes, and propose strategies to deal with bleeding complications. Future directions for research and clinical practice are also discussed.     

老年急性冠脉综合征的临床研究

目的 探讨老年男性与女性患者急性冠脉综合征(ACS)、冠脉高危因素、冠脉造影结构、冠脉血管再通术、住院期间死亡及复发心梗的特点.方法 177例ACS老年患者,诊断为ST段抬高AMI、非ST段抬高AMI及不稳定型心绞痛,行冠脉造影检查.结果 老年男性患者心梗史、冠脉再通史、周围血管病变史、吸烟史均高于女性,冠脉高危因素高于女性.结论 老年男性比女性患者有更高的三支血管病变发生,因ACS住院的老年患者冠脉高危因素及完全性闭塞病变比例更高.     

血清胱抑素C水平与急性冠脉综合征患者短期预后的相关性研究

摘要：目的 探讨急性冠脉综合症（ACS）患者血清胱抑素C(Cys-C)水平与短期预后的关系。方法 入选2010年1月1日至2014年10月31日在中国医科大学附属盛京医院住院并行PCI介入治疗的ACS患者970例,检测纳入研究患者临床资料及冠脉病变情况,并记录所有患者住院期间及出院后30天内主要不良心血管事件(MACE)发生情况。结果 根据ROC曲线确定Cys-C界值为1.45并以此将患者分为高Cys-C组和低Cys-C组。高Cys-C组年龄水平、高血压病史人数占比、Cr值、NLR值、BNP值、GRACE评分、冠脉三支病变占比、Gensini评分均较高,差异均有显著统计学意义（P＜0.01）。多因素分析显示Cys-C 、GRACE评分、CK是MACE发生的危险因素。高Cys-C组患者全因死亡率及心源性死亡率显著升高(P< 0．001)。Cys-C水平ROC曲线下面积与GRACE评分相比较,两者之间无统计学意义的差异性（P=0.247)。结论 ACS患者血清Cys-C水平可作为短期预后的评估指标,较高的Cys-C水平为此类患者全因死亡及心源性死亡的独立危险因素。且Cys-C水平对ACS患者短期预后的预测能力与GRACE评分接近。可强化Cys-C监测,对水平较高者应加强随访和预后干预。