早产儿宫外生长迟缓

随着新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)的建立以及呼吸支持、营养支持技术的快速发展,早产儿成活率逐年上升.但由于宫内营养储备不足、生后早期生活能力差且多有营养热卡供给不足、加之各种并发症的影响,而导致其生长发育进一步落后.许多患儿在出院时存在累积营养不足及随之而来的生长迟缓,即宫外生长迟缓(EUGR),这已经成为早产儿研究领域的一个新热点.大量研究证实,EUGR患儿在婴幼儿期体重和头围增长较差,这种生长迟缓与后期语言困难、认知能力较差密切相关.因此,了解与EUGR发生的相关因素,探讨如何避免EUGR,早期积极的应用肠外营养(PN)与胃肠道营养(EN),对于减少EUGR的发生、促进早产儿正常生长发育、提高其生存质量具有重要的临床意义.     

34周以下早产儿宫外生长发育迟缓发生的影响因素

目的　研究34周以下早产儿宫外生长发育迟缓(EUGR)发生的相关因素。方法　选取<34周早产儿694例, 根据出院时体重分为EUGR组和非EUGR组, 回顾性分析两组早产儿的围生期资料、住院期间生长、营养摄入情况及相关合并症等资料。结果　694例早产儿中, 发生EUGR 284例(40.9%)。宫内生长发育迟缓(IUGR)患儿发生EUGR的比例明显高于非IUGR组(P<0.01); 极低出生体重儿发生EUGR比例明显高于非极低出生体重儿(P<0.01)。胎龄越小、出生体重越低的早产儿EUGR的发生率越高(P<0.01)。EUGR组早产儿禁食天数、静脉营养持续天数、首次肠内营养的日龄、全肠内营养的日龄均大于非EUGR组(P<0.01)。EUGR组患儿生后第1周蛋白质累积损失量与热卡累积损失量均大于非EUGR组(P<0.05)。EUGR组生后发生呼吸窘迫综合征、呼吸暂停、坏死性小肠结肠炎、败血症等并发症的比例高于非EUGR组(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示, 出生体重、出生胎龄及IUGR是EUGR发生的独立危险因素。结论 34周以下早产儿EUGR发生率较高, 尤其是已经存在IUGR的早产儿或极低出生体重儿; 生后早期积极的营养支持, 预防呼吸暂停、败血症等并发症将会在一定程度上减少EUGR的发生。     

延迟脐带结扎对胎龄<32周早产儿的影响

目的评价延迟脐带结扎(DCC)对胎龄32周早产儿的影响。方法将2015年1~12月自然分娩的90例胎龄32周早产儿随机分为DCC组(46例)和早期结扎(ICC)组(44例),对比两组的血常规、红细胞输注总量、血气、平均动脉压、胆红素峰值、光疗总时间,以及坏死性小肠结肠炎、晚发性败血症、颅内出血和视网膜病、支气管肺发育不良的发生几率。结果 DCC组的血红蛋白、红细胞压积、平均动脉压、标准碱剩余(s BE)高于ICC组,而接受扩容及多巴胺升压治疗的早产儿比例以及红细胞输注量低于ICC组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组间体温、p H值、HCO3-浓度、血清胆红素峰值、总光疗时间以及晚发型败血症、视网膜病、Ⅱ级以上颅内出血及Ⅱ级以上新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 DCC是一项安全的、可以改善胎龄32周早产儿预后的临床干预措施。     

胎龄<32周早产儿支气管肺发育不良临床特点

目的 分析支气管肺发育不良（BPD）患儿6年的流行病学特点及不同时期BPD临床特点的变化。方法 回顾性收集2015年1月至2020年12月确诊BPD患儿的出生后及母亲孕期的临床资料，根据胎龄和出生体质量分组，比较各组BPD发生率变化趋势；并根据确诊时间分为2015—2017年与2018—2020年两组，比较两组临床特点。结果 2015—2020年共收治1 237例<32周胎龄的早产儿，其中BPD患儿155例（12.5%）。不同胎龄组间BPD发生率的差异有统计学意义（P<0.001），≤26周早产儿BPD发生率最高，BPD发生率随着胎龄的增大而降低。2015—2020年各年份之间BPD患儿的胎龄分布差异有统计学意义（P=0.001）。2015和2016年以28～32周胎龄的比例较高，2017—2020年以26～29⁺⁶周胎龄的比例较高。不同出生体质量组间BPD发生率的差异有统计学意义（P<0.001），≤750g 早产儿BPD发生率最高，BPD发生率随着出生体质量的增大而降低。2015—2020年各年份之间BPD患儿的出生体质量分布差异有统计学意义...     

Extrauterine growth restriction in very-low-birthweight infants

Postnatal growth failure of very-low-birthweight (VLBW) infants may result from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors, including inadequate nutrition, morbidities affecting nutrient requirements, endocrine abnormalities and treatments. Among VLBW infants, those small for gestational age (SGA) at birth and those with postnatal growth restriction at the time of discharge are at higher risk of later growth failure and long-term consequences. Nutritional intervention with an "aggressive nutrition" during the first weeks of life may be able to minimize the interruption of nutrients that occurs at birth, and reduce as much as possible the incidence of growth restriction at the time of discharge and later. Even though aggressive parenteral and enteral nutrition appear to be effective and safe in VLBW infants, further evaluations of their long-term effect on growth and health consequences are needed. Several studies evaluating the effect of enriched nutrient formulas after hospital discharge on growth and neurodevelopment have produced conflicting results, whereas the potential deleterious long-term effects of prolonged use of high protein and/or of later catch-up growth have been questioned. In contrast, recent data seem to indicate that the use of human milk after hospital discharge could be the most beneficial diet for subsequent health and development.

Conclusion: VLBW infants SGA at birth and those with early postnatal growth restriction are at high risk of later growth failure and long-term consequences. Therefore, the first objective of early nutrition should be to reduce the incidence of growth restriction at the time of discharge. Further studies on VLBW infants to evaluate the safety and beneficial effects of prolonged dietary manipulation during the first year of life are needed.     

Behaviour at 2 years of age in very preterm infants (gestational age < 32 weeks)

AIM: The objective of this study was to determine behavioural outcome and risk factors for abnormal behaviour at 2 y corrected age in very premature infants in a regionally defined, prospective cohort study. METHODS: The Leiden Follow-Up Project on Prematurity includes all liveborn infants of < 32 wk gestational age, born in 1996/1997 (n = 266). Behaviour was assessed with the Child Behaviour Checklist 2-3. RESULTS: An analysis of 158 questionnaires of 206 survivors (77%) was carried out. Fourteen children (9%) had a total problem score > p90 ("clinical range"). This percentage is comparable with the 10% found in a sample of 2- to 3-y-olds from the Dutch general population. Univariate analysis showed higher syndrome scale scores in one or more of the Child Behaviour Checklist scales in children of lower gestational age, small for gestational age (birthweight < p10), with neurological abnormalities at term or at 2 y and of non-Dutch origin. Lower socioeconomic status and postnatal treatment with dexamethasone were associated with higher scores in the somatic problems scale and lower maternal age at birth with a higher total problem score. After correction for confounding variables, the associations between small for gestational age, neurological abnormalities at 2 y and the anxious/depressed and/or withdrawn scales remained significant. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of behavioural problems at 2 y corrected age in this cohort of very premature infants (gestational age < 32 wk) was comparable with that in a general population sample. Children born small for gestational age or with neurological abnormalities at 2 y of age had higher syndrome scale scores, mainly for anxious/depressed and/or withdrawn behaviour.     

胎龄≤32周早产儿低血糖的危险因素分析

目的 探讨胎龄≤32周早产儿出生后发生低血糖的危险因素。方法 回顾性纳入2017年1月至2020年6月入住新生儿重症监护病房的86例胎龄≤32周低血糖早产儿作为低血糖组,随机选取同期住院监测血糖正常的早产儿172例为对照组。采用单因素分析与多因素logistic回归分析筛选早产儿低血糖的危险因素。结果 研究期间早产儿共计515例,其中低血糖86例（16.7%）。低血糖组小于胎龄儿（SGA）、剖宫产出生、孕母高血压、产前使用激素的比例均高于对照组（P < 0.05）,而出生体重及血糖检测前已静脉使用葡萄糖的比例均低于对照组（P < 0.05）。SGA（OR=4.311,95% CI：1.285~14.462）、孕母高血压（OR=2.469,95% CI：1.310~4.652）和产前使用激素（OR=6.337,95% CI：1.430~28.095）为早产儿低血糖的危险因素（P < 0.05）,静脉使用葡萄糖（OR=0.318,95% CI：0.171~0.591）为早产儿低血糖的保护因素（P < 0.05）。结论 SGA、孕母高血压和产前使用激素可增加胎龄≤32周早产儿早期发生低血糖的风险;对胎龄≤32周早产儿,建议生后尽早静脉使用葡萄糖,以减少低血糖的发生。     

胎龄≤32周早产儿低血糖的危险因素分析

目的 探讨胎龄≤32周早产儿出生后发生低血糖的危险因素。方法 回顾性纳入2017年1月至2020年6月入住新生儿重症监护病房的86例胎龄≤32周低血糖早产儿作为低血糖组,随机选取同期住院监测血糖正常的早产儿172例为对照组。采用单因素分析与多因素logistic回归分析筛选早产儿低血糖的危险因素。结果 研究期间早产儿共计515例,其中低血糖86例（16.7%）。低血糖组小于胎龄儿（SGA）、剖宫产出生、孕母高血压、产前使用激素的比例均高于对照组（P < 0.05）,而出生体重及血糖检测前已静脉使用葡萄糖的比例均低于对照组（P < 0.05）。SGA（OR=4.311,95% CI：1.285~14.462）、孕母高血压（OR=2.469,95% CI：1.310~4.652）和产前使用激素（OR=6.337,95% CI：1.430~28.095）为早产儿低血糖的危险因素（P < 0.05）,静脉使用葡萄糖（OR=0.318,95% CI：0.171~0.591）为早产儿低血糖的保护因素（P < 0.05）。结论 SGA、孕母高血压和产前使用激素可增加胎龄≤32周早产儿早期发生低血糖的风险;对胎龄≤32周早产儿,建议生后尽早静脉使用葡萄糖,以减少低血糖的发生。     

胎龄<28周早产儿动脉导管未闭的治疗进展

动脉导管未闭(PDA)是早产儿常见疾病,目前早产儿PDA的自然发展过程仍未完全明确,PDA发生的有些高危因素仍存在争议,对PDA是否进行药物、手术干预,以及何时进行药物、手术干预仍存在争议。尽管已经有相当多的证据证实动脉导管持续开放可能有害,但目前尚缺乏关闭导管治疗方案的远期益处或害处的相关证据。大多数临床试验旨在评估短期导管开放对患儿的影响。目前尚无评估动脉导管持续开放对早产儿死亡率及并发症影响的临床试验。近年来PDA治疗上最大的变化是减少对PDA的治疗。该文重点总结胎龄28周早产儿PDA的治疗策略。     

Impact of chorioamnionitis and preeclampsia on neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants below 32 weeks gestational age

Aim: Intrauterine conditions may interfere with foetal brain development. We compared the neurodevelopmental outcome between infants <32 weeks gestational age after maternal preeclampsia or chorioamnionitis and controls. Methods: Case‐control study on infants with maternal preeclampsia, chorioamnionitis and controls (each n = 33) matched for gestational age. Neurodevelopment at 2 years was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II. Results: A total of 99 infants were included with a median gestational age of 29 weeks (range 25–32). Median mental developmental index (MDI) was 96 in the control, 90 in the chorioamnionitis and 86 in the preeclampsia group. Preeclampsia infants had a lower MDI compared with the control group (univariate p = 0.021, multivariate p = 0.183) and with the chorioamnionitis group (univariate p = 0.242; multivariate p = 0.027). Median psychomotor index was 80.5 in the control, 80 in the preeclampsia and 85 in the chorioamnionitis group and was not different between these three groups (p > 0.05). Chorioamnionitis or preeclampsia exposure was not associated with major neurodevelopmental impairments (cerebral palsy, MDI<70, PDI<70). Conclusion: The results of this preliminary study suggest that preeclampsia and chorioamnionitis play a relatively minor role among risk factors for adverse neurodevelopment outcome. Postnatal factors such as ventilation and bronchopulmonary dysplasia may have a greater impact on neurodevelopmental outcome.     

Serum cortisol concentrations in ill preterm infants less than 30 weeks gestational age

Adrenal insufficiency is suspected in some ill preterm infants. The aim of this prospective study was to compare serum cortisol concentrations during the first 2 wk of life of well preterm infants (group A) less than 30 wk of gestational age with the cortisol concentrations of ill preterm infants whose arterial hypotension-a potential sign of adrenal insufficiency-had been treated with catecholamine (group B), and the cortisol concentrations of ill preterm infants who had not been so treated (group C). Cortisol concentrations did not differ significantly between group A (240 nmol/l, 58-659; n = 46) (median, minimum-maximum) and group C (268 nmol/l, 58-1007; n = 25). Group B had a double-peaked distribution of cortisol. Two subgroups were formed by taking the highest cortisol level of group A as a threshold: group B1 (110 nmol/l, 41-378; n = 20) and group B2 (1200nmol/l, 764-1482; n = 8). The cortisol concentrations of group B1 were significantly lower (p = 0.00097) compared to the cortisol concentrations of the well preterm infants (group A). The severity of illness, which was quantified by two scoring systems, differed significantly among the groups (p < 0.003 for all comparisons) with the following sequence: A < C < B, but not between B1 and B2, as clinical variables were not different between the subgroups.     

低血压对胎龄<32周早产儿近期预后的影响

目的 探讨以平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)<胎龄(周)和MAP<30 mmHg定义为低血压的2种定义的早期低血压对胎龄<32周早产儿近期预后的影响。方法 前瞻性纳入华中科技大学同济医学院附属湖北妇幼保健院2020年4月—2021年8月收治的符合纳入标准的早产儿320例,监测生后72 h内血压。低血压的定义与分组采取以下2种方式：(1)连续2次MAP<胎龄者为低血压组(n=104),其余病例为对照组(n=216);(2)连续2次MAP<30 mmHg者为低血压组(n=114),其余病例为对照组(n=206)。收集患儿围生期资料及住院期间的临床资料。近期预后不良定义为住院期间死亡和/或出生1周内发生Ⅲ～Ⅳ度脑室周围-脑室内出血。采用多因素logistic回归分析法评估上述2种定义下的低血压对近期预后的影响。结果 2种定义下的低血压组低灌注临床表现、预后不良、有血流动力学意义的动脉导管未闭、肺出血的发生率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。此外,MAP<30 mmHg定义下的低血压组脑室周围-脑室内出...     

Postnatal closure of ductus venosus in preterm infants < or = 32 weeks. An ultrasonographic study

AIM: To assess ultrasonographically the flow pattern and the time of postnatal closure of ductus venosus in preterm infants < or = 32 weeks. METHODS: Thirty-three preterm infants < or = 32 weeks were studied within the first 1 to 5 days of life and followed every second day with ultrasound until no flow was detected either through the ductus venosus or the ductus arteriosus. RESULTS: The ductus venosus was closed in only 9% by day 3, in 40% by day 8 and 88% by day 18. All were closed by day 37. This is significantly later than in healthy term neonates. Closure of the ductus venosus was not significantly correlated with closure of ductus arteriosus. CONCLUSION: The ductus venosus shows a delayed closure in preterm infants, with no significant correlation to the closure of the ductus arteriosus or the condition of the infant. We speculate that immaturity of the ductus venosus and possibly increased levels of dilating prostaglandins leads to a delayed obliteration of the vessel. An open ductus venosus represents a portocaval shunt and may have metabolical and pharmacological consequences.     

Intrauterine growth and gestational age in preterm infants with cerebral palsy

In a case-control study, gestational age and intrauterine growth of 191 preterm singleton infants 1971–1982 with cerebral palsy were compared to all preterm live-born singletons in Denmark in 1982 (N = 2203). The distribution of gestational age among preterm cases was slightly bimodal with maximum values at 29 and 32 weeks. The risk for cerebral palsy was highest in the infants with gestational age 28–30 weeks (OR = 5.6 (4.0 – 7.8), 95% confidence interval). Birth weight deviation, in the 34–36 weeks infants, expressed as the number of standard deviations from the mean birth weight for gestational age, was more negative in cases than in controls (P < 0.001). The frequency of small for gestational age (SGA) was 13% in cases and 9% in controls (OR = 1.5 (0.96 – 2.3), 95% confidence interval). The odds for cerebral palsy being SGA, was lower in 28–30 weeks (OR = 0.22 (0.06 – 0.86), 95% confidence interval), the same in 31–33 weeks (OR = 0.83 (0.35 – 2.0), 95% confidence interval) and higher in 34–36 weeks (OR = 5.2 (2.9 – 9.5), 95% confidence interval). In conclusion, preterm infants with cerebral palsy are born earlier than other preterm infants. Small for gestational age is associated with cerebral palsy in preterm infants only above 33 weeks.     

Catch-up growth in appropriate- or small-for-gestational age preterm infants

The aim was to evaluate postnatal growth of preterm infants in childhood and to determine factors that have an effect on catch-up growth (CUG). Ninety-six (42F, 54M) preterm born children with a gestational age of 32.6+/-2.9 weeks and birth weight of 1815+/-668 g were evaluated at age 4.7+/-1.1 years. Preterm children with birth weight and/or length below 10th percentile were accepted as small-for-gestational age (SGA) and those above as appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA). Height SDS was similar (-0.5+/-1.0) in preterm AGA and SGA children. Both groups had low body mass index (BMI) SDS (-0.6+/-1.4 and -1.0+/-1.5, respectively). Of the preterm SGA children, 65.8% showed a CUG in height and 3.8% catch- down growth. These rates were 24.6% and 33.5% in preterm AGA children. CUG in height was best explained by birth length and mother's height and CUG in weight by birth weight and mother's weight. In conclusion, although most of the preterm SGA children show CUG, they reach a compromised height in childhood. A number of preterm AGA children show a catch-down growth.     

Postnatal overestimation of gestational age in preterm infants

In a study involving 25 preterm infants, obstetric clinical age (standard gestational age) was determined by history, physical examination, and ultrasonographic evaluation. Postnatally, these infants were then evaluated using the Dubowitz Scoring System (DSS) for gestational age assessment. The DSS, as administered by us, significantly overestimated gestational age compared with the standard gestational age (mean +/- 1 SD: 34.2 +/- 2.9 vs 32.5 +/- 3.9 weeks, respectively) in preterm infants. To illustrate, the gestational ages of 13 newborns (52%) in the total study group were each overestimated by more than two weeks. This percentage increased to 75% among the 16 infants whose gestational ages were less than 34 weeks (by standard gestational age). When the standard gestational age was underestimated by the DSS, this difference never exceeded two weeks. These findings suggest that the present system of postnatal assessment of gestational age in preterm infants needs further investigation.     

不同分期组织学绒毛膜羊膜炎与胎龄小于32周早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征关系的研究

目的 探讨不同分期组织学绒毛膜羊膜炎(HCA)与早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)发生率及不同分期HCA与RDS严重程度的关系.方法 收集2018年1月至2020年6月于青岛大学附属青岛妇女儿童医院NICU治疗的患儿及其孕母资料,根据是否发生HCA及分期情况分为对照组(109例)、HCA早期组(126例)、HCA中期组(1...