全膝关节置换术中度屈曲不稳定的影响因素

随着人口老龄化的到来,全膝关节置换例数逐年上升。目前两种学派使用的假体后交叉保留型(CR)和后方稳定型(PS),国内学者更倾向于PS。近年来翻修病例越来越多,不稳定逐步取代感染成为早期翻修的主要原因。中度屈曲的稳定性对于行走功能非常重要,因此得到业内广泛关注。现在任何一种假体和手术技术都无法彻底解决中度屈曲不稳。本文分析了CR和PS术后中度屈曲稳定性的差异,旨在给关节科同道提供理论依据和发展方向。     

全膝关节置换术后慢性疼痛的非手术相关影响因素的研究进展

全膝关节置换术后慢性疼痛是一个较为常见且严重影响患者术后生存质量的健康问题.本文综述了术后慢性疼痛的概念、全膝关节置换术后慢性疼痛的流行病学现状及其非手术相关的影响因素,为进一步探究预防和控制全膝关节置换术后慢性疼痛的干预措施提供有效依据.     

单侧全膝关节置换术后两下肢受力不对称性的影响因素

全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)是晚期膝骨关节炎最常见的手术治疗手段。已有研究发现,单侧TKA术后两下肢受力不对称,对侧膝关节承担更大载荷,从而使骨关节炎加重面临再次置换的风险。综述单侧TKA术后可能引起两下肢受力不对称的影响因素,主要介绍下肢力线、疼痛、肌肉、本体感受、心理原因等;同时探讨这些影响因素对人体总的影响效果、人体对不对称载荷的补偿机制以及临床干预手段。通过对单侧TKA术后两下肢受力影响因素的分析,可以制定针对性的临床干预手段,用以减小患者对侧膝关节发展为骨关节炎甚至置换的风险。     

新型国产膝关节假体用于全膝关节置换术的临床研究

目的 通过随机对照临床试验,验证新型国产膝关节假体临床应用的安全性和有效性.方法 本研究采用多中心、随机、单盲、阳性平行对照设计,自2017年3月至2019年3月在全国6家医院共招募72例受试者,试验组和对照组各36例.试验组使用新型国产膝关节假体,对照组使用成熟的膝关节假体.所有受试者在术前和术后3个月、6个月、1年...     

全膝关节置换术的康复治疗及护理

目的 探讨人工全膝关节置换术后的康复训练方法。方法 回顾分析2001年8月至2005年8月16例（17膝）人工全膝关节置换术后病人康复训练的过程及效果。结果 人工全膝关节置换术后经过系统康复训练，所有膝关节功能评分达到（70-86分）平均80分。结论 人工全膝关节置换手术效果与术后全面系统的康复训练密切相关。     

高屈曲与旋转平台假体全膝关节置换术后早期疗效的比较

目的比较采用高屈曲与旋转平台假体的全膝关节置换术的早期疗效。方法选取2013年2月~10月首次行全膝关节置换术的患者,分为RPF组和RP组,随访时间为6个月。记录术前、6个月的关节活动度与HSS评分。结果 RPF组与RP组术前活动度、HSS评分、一般资料比较均无统计学差异,具有可比性。 RPF组术后6个月活动度较RP组差异有统计学意义,=0.001;HSS评分RPF组较RP组差异有统计学意义,=0.028;术前活动度大于等于100o的RPF假体术后6个月增加的活动度小于术前小于100o的术后6个月增加的活动度,差异有统计学意义。术前小于100o和大于等于100o的RPF假体术后6个月活动度均大于相对应的术前小于100o和大于等于100o的RP假体,差异有统计学意义。术前小于100o的RPF假体术后6个月增加的活动度大于术前小于100o的RP假体,差异有统计学意义。术前大于等于100o的RPF假体术后6个月增加的活动度与RP假体无统计学差异。结论术后6个月活动度及功能评分高屈曲假体优于一般假体;术前活动度小于100o采用高屈曲假体在术后6个月能获得更多的活动度。     

全膝关节置换术后疗效评分系统的研究进展

全膝关节置换术是当前治疗各种严重膝关节疾病最有效的方法,能有效缓解膝关节疼痛,改善膝关节功能,提高患者满意度。临床医生常通过以医生为主的评分量表和病人报告的评分量表来评价膝关节置换术的疗效。本文旨在综合临床上运用最多及最新的评分量表,对膝关节置换术后的疗效评分系统进展进行综述。     

全膝关节置换术后静脉血栓栓塞的预防研究

静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）是全膝关节置换术后发生和死亡的主要原因。研究显示,术后发生静脉血栓栓塞症可延长住院时间。在过去15年中,尽管临床上采用了全面的静脉血栓栓塞预防方案,但全膝关节置换术后出现肺栓塞的发生率基本保持不变,约为0.4%。目前VTE预防方案包括早期下地行走、患者评估和药物治疗等。对于具有静脉血栓栓塞症风险的患者,阿司匹林应用越来越广泛。最新研究证实,阿司匹林具有相对较低的出血风险和低成本效益。也有研究认为,新型口服抗凝剂、华法林、低分子肝素,包括Xa因子和直接凝血酶抑制剂均对降低术后VTE有效,但可能与出血和伤口并发症发生率的增加有关。本文主要综述近年来VTE预防的研究进展,旨在为临床医生提供用药指导。     

术前膝内外翻畸形程度对全膝关节置换术后疗效的影响研究

目的 探讨术前膝内外翻畸形程度对全膝关节置换术（TKA）后疗效的影响。方法 回顾性分析2016年3月至2020年6月因膝关节骨关节炎于武汉大学人民医院行初次全膝关节置换术的患者174例（178膝）。依据术前患肢髋膝踝角度分为A组（膝内翻≤10°）、B组（10°＜膝内翻≤20°）、C组（膝外翻≤10°）、D组（10°＜膝外翻≤20°）。其中,男27例,女147例;年龄65 ～ 88岁,平均（72.8±6.2）岁。记录术前及术后1周术侧HKA角,术前1周及术后末次随访时的HSS、ROM、AKS评分、VAS评分、AOFAS评分。对以上指标进行组间比较及相关性分析。结果 174例患者均获得随访,随访15 ～ 66个月,平均（42.0±16.0）个月。各组术后1周时HKA角均较术前明显改善（P＜0.05）;末次随访时各组患者的HSS评分、ROM评分、AKS功能和活动评分、AOFAS评分均较术前明显提高（P＜0.05）;VAS评分均较术前明显下降（P＜0.05）。不同程度内/外翻的术前各项指标、术后HKA及优良率、AOFAS评分比较,内/外翻程度越严重,结果越差（P＜0.05）;术后HSS评分、ROM、AKS功能及活动评分、VAS评分比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。膝内翻患者的术前HKA角与术前HSS评分、ROM、AKS活动及功能评分、VAS评分、AOFAS评分、术后AOFAS评分正相关（P＜0.05）,与术后HSS评分、ROM、AKS活动及功能评分、VAS评分无相关（P＞0.05）。膝外翻患者的术前HKA角与术前HSS评分、ROM、AKS活动及功能评分、AOFAS评分、术后AOFAS评分负相关（P＜0.05）,与术后HSS评分、ROM、AKS活动及功能评分、VAS评分、术前VAS评分无相关（P＞0.05）。结论 从中期随访来看,患者术前膝内、外翻畸形的严重程度对术后HKA对线优良率、术后踝关节功能、术前膝关节功能有显著影响,而对术后膝关节功能无显著影响。     

全膝关节表面置换术治疗膝骨性关节炎

目的分析人工全膝表面置换（TKR）治疗膝骨性关节炎的临床效果。方法对15例20膝的膝骨性关节炎病例行人工膝关节置换术，单膝关节置换10例，双膝关节置5例，全部采用后方稳定性假体。结果随访10～48个月，平均11月，采用HSS评分系统进行分析，优13例，良1例，可1例，优良率86．7％。患者术后在疼痛、功能方面都有明显改善。结论TKR对治疗严重膝骨性关节炎效果满意，术中精确的截骨操作，正确的软组织松解，注重术中髌骨轨迹的纠正及术后指导康复是手术治疗成功的关键。     

Successful Two-Stage Exchange Arthroplasty for Periprosthetic Infection Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: The Impact of Timing on Eradication of Infection

Background: Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) represents a serious complication following total knee arthroplasty. In the setting of chronic infections, the two-staged approach has traditionally been the preferred treatment method. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal period of rest between the first and second stage. Furthermore, we analyzed potentially outcome-relevant parameters, such as general and local conditions and the presence of difficult-to-treat or unidentified microorganisms, with regard to their impact on successful treatment of PJI.Patients and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data for all patients treated for PJI at our institution. Seventy-seven patients who had undergone two-stage revision arthroplasty for PJI of the knee were included into the study. Antibiotic-loaded cement spacers were used for all patients.Results: After a median follow-up time of 24.5 months, infection had reoccurred in 14 (18.7%) patients. A prolonged spacer-retention period of more than 83 days was related to a significantly higher proportion of reinfections. Furthermore, significant compromising local conditions of the prosthetic tissue and surrounding skin, as well as repeated spacer-exchanges between first- and second-stage surgery, negatively influenced the outcome. Neither the patients'' age nor gender exerted a significant influence on the outcome regarding reinfection rates for patients'' age or gender.Conclusions: We observed the best outcome regarding infection control in patients who had undergone second-stage surgery within 12 weeks after first-stage surgery. Nearly 90% of these patients stayed free from infection until the final follow-up. An increased number of performed spacer-exchanges and a bad local extremity grade also had a negative impact on the outcome.     

Same-Day Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty: Incidence and Perioperative Outcome Trends from 2009 to 2016

BackgroundSame-day bilateral total knee arthroplasty (BiTKA) is a controversial topic in orthopedics, prompting a consensus statement to be released by national experts. To date, no studies have evaluated the trends of this method since these recommendations. This study utilized a national database to evaluate: 1) incidence; 2) patient characteristics; 3) hospital characteristics; and 4) inpatient course for same-day BiTKAs in the United States from 2009 to 2016.MethodThe National Inpatient Sample database was queried for individuals undergoing same-day BiTKAs, yielding 245,138 patients. Patient demographics included age, sex, race, obesity status and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score. Hospital characteristics consisted of location/teaching status, geographic region, charges, and costs. Inpatient course included length of stay, discharge disposition, and complications.ResultsSame-day BiTKA incidence decreased from 5.6% to 4.0% over the study (p < 0.001). Decreases in patient age and female proportion (p < 0.001 for both) were seen, while African American and Hispanic patients increased (p < 0.001), as did obese patient proportions (p < 0.001). Patients with CCI scores of 2 increased, while those with ≥3 decreased (p < 0.001). Hospital charges increased, while costs decreased (p < 0.001 for both). Length of stay following same-day BiTKA decreased (p < 0.001) and routine home discharges increased (p < 0.001). Most inpatient complications decreased, although the percentage of mechanical complications and respiratory failures increased (p < 0.01 for all).ConclusionsDuring the study period, younger patients with fewer comorbidities underwent BiTKAs, which likely resulted from improved patient assessment and management. Future investigations should include an evaluation of long-term complications and outcomes in certain patient populations for this procedure.     

全膝关节置换前后患者下肢肌骨模型步态模拟与分析

目的比较分析全膝关节置换患者术前、术后步态周期站立相下肢肌肉激活规律和膝关节受力。方法基于Open Sim平台建立1名健康受试者和3名单侧全膝关节置换(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)患者术前、术后下肢肌骨模型。使用三维动作捕捉系统和测力台采集受试者步行期间下肢运动学数据和地面反作用力作为输入参数,模拟计算下肢肌肉激活和膝关节受力。结果肌骨模型计算结果与基于三维动作捕捉系统的逆动力学计算结果基本一致。不同于健康受试者,患者股直肌在承重反应期、支撑相中期激活,3名患者术后股四头肌的激活时间与激活程度较术前明显不同。患者TKA术前关节受力峰值为3. 15、2. 95、3. 43倍身体质量(body weight,BW),支撑相中期维持2倍BW以上载荷。TKA术后关节受力峰值分别2. 09、2. 48和3. 73倍BW。结论所建肌骨模型计算结果具有一定的可靠性,该模型今后可为TKA治疗提供生物力学的辅助手段。     

特定序列CT扫描检测全膝关节置换假体旋转稳定性

目的:探讨人工全膝关节假体旋转稳定性与髌骨轨迹的关系,阐明CT技术检测假体轴向旋转稳定性的优越性。方法:28例施行人工全膝关节置换术后出现单纯髌股关节并发症的患者进行膝关节轴位CT扫描,选择股骨髁上轴和胫骨结节作为CT扫描的参考标志来测量股骨假体和胫骨假体的旋转角度,分析旋转稳定性与髌股关节并发症的相关性。结果:研究组患者的全关节假体(股骨假体 胫骨假体)旋转角度存在过度内旋,内旋的角度与髌股关节并发症的严重程度存在对应关系。轻度(1°～4°)内旋对应髌骨轨迹不良髌骨翘起,中度(3°～9°)内旋对应髌骨半脱位,重度(6°～18°)内旋对应早期的髌骨脱位和晚期的髌骨假体失败。结论:假体的内旋可能是人工膝关节置换手术后出现髌股关节并发症的重要原因,使用CT技术可以确定人工关节假体是否存在旋转不良,提示进行单一假体翻修或全关节翻修手术。     

Easy Identification of Mechanical Axis during Total Knee Arthroplasty

Purpose

We devised an intraoperatively identifiable mechanical axis (IIMA) as a reference of alignment in total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Materials and Methods

Between February 2010 and January 2011, primary TKAs were consecutively performed on 672 patients (1007 knees) using an IIMA as a reference in the coronal plane.

Results

The alignment of the lower extremity improved from a mean of 11.4±6.7° (-10.3-34.4°) of varus preop. to 0.7±3.5° (-5.2-8.6°) immediately after surgery. Mean alignment of the femoral component in the coronal plane was 89.3±2.3° (83.4-97.2°) postop. and mean alignment of the tibial component was 90.4±2.2° (85.1-94.2°) postop.

Conclusion

This study showed that IIMA could be of considerable value as a new guider of alignment that is easily accessible and highly effective during total knee arthroplasty.     

Periarticular Injection with Corticosteroid Has an Additional Pain Management Effect in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Purpose

Although the analgesic effects of corticosteroids have been well documented, little information is available on periarticular injection (PI) containing corticosteroids for early postoperative pain management after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We performed a prospective double-blind randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an intraoperative corticosteroid PI in patients undergoing TKA.

Materials and Methods

Seventy-six consecutive female patients undergoing bilateral staged TKA were randomized to receive steroid or non-steroid PI, with 3 months separating the procedures. The steroid group received PI with a mixture containing triamcinolone acetonide (40 mg). The non-steroid group received the same injection mixture without corticosteroid. During the postoperative period, nighttime pain, functional recovery [straight leg raising (SLR) ability and maximal flexion], patient satisfaction, and complications were recorded. Short-term postoperative clinical scores and patient satisfaction were evaluated at 6 months.

Results

The pain level was significantly lower in the PI steroid than the non-steroid group on the night of the operation (VAS, 1.2 vs. 2.3; p=0.021). Rebound pain was observed in both groups at POD1 (VAS, 3.2 vs. 3.8; p=0.248), but pain remained at a low level thereafter. No significant differences were seen in maximal flexion, frequency of acute rescuer, clinical scores, and patient satisfaction. The steroid group was able to perform SLR earlier than the non-steroid group (p=0.013). The incidence of complications was similar between the groups.

Conclusion

PI containing a corticosteroid provided an additional pain-relieving effect on the night of the operation. In addition, corticosteroid PI did not increase the perioperative complications of TKA.     

骑行时不同屈曲角度膝关节软骨受力分析

在对骑行人车系统动力学研究的基础上,分析在骑行周期内膝关节软骨的受力状态,以期获得关节软骨受力的规律,增加对骑行时膝关节生物力学特性的理解。基于有限元分析法,建立包括股骨、胫骨、腓骨、髌骨、关节软骨、半月板及韧带组织的人体全膝关节有限元模型。将骨组织刚体化,并对其施加屈曲位移边界条件,包括胫骨相对股骨的内旋、内收、前移和外移以及髌骨相对股骨的屈曲、内旋、内倾以及外移。通过显式动力学分析计算,获得膝关节屈曲60°、80°和100°相位,同时得到骑行状态上述屈曲位处膝关节软骨的应力分布。结果 通过有限元分析,获得骑行姿态下膝关节相关相位的力学分布规律。结果表明,相同载荷下,最大von-Mises应力出现在屈曲100°位置,股骨软骨应力增幅达71.25%,髌骨软骨增大29.36%;随着骑行屈曲角度的增加,胫股关节高应力区逐渐向膝关节后部转移,髌股关节软骨受力逐渐上移。骑行时高应力发生在膝关节屈曲角度较大位置,胫骨平台软骨后侧、髌骨软骨上侧承受更大应力。     

单侧全膝置换前后女性患者步态特征分析

目的研究单侧全膝置换(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)手术前后女性患者双侧下肢步态特征。方法基于三维步态采集和独立样本t检验,对比10例女性患者单侧TKA手术前后双侧下肢的步态参数,并分别与对照组10例健康志愿者比较,分析女性患者双侧步态差异及分别与正常步态的差异。结果术前患者非手术侧支撑期、膝关节内收角度峰值、冠状面活动度和屈曲力矩峰值显著大于手术侧(P0.05),术后无统计学差异;与对照组比较,术前患者步速、步长较小,双支撑期较长,手术侧膝关节伸展和内收角度峰值、冠状面活动度、屈曲和外展力矩峰值较小,内收力矩峰值较大,非手术侧膝关节伸展角度峰值较小,屈曲和内收力矩峰值较大,均存在统计学差异(P0.05),术后双侧膝关节伸展角度和内收力矩峰值与对照组的显著差异持续存在(P0.05)。结论单侧TKA能减轻患者疼痛,改善双侧下肢步态偏差,但与对照步态仍存在差异。患者肌力及本体感受等关节功能尚未恢复,病理步态与不良体态仍然存在,应加强患侧肌力锻炼及步态矫正训练。女性患者术后同时应注意步速控制,以防膝关节受力增加。     

单间室与全膝关节置换术对膝骨关节炎患者楼梯行走时生物力学特征的影响

目的 探究单间室膝关节置换术（unicompartmental knee arthroplasty,UKA）与全膝关节置换术（total knee arthroplasty,TKA）对膝骨关节炎术后的临床疗效。方法 随机招募TKA患者21例、UKA患者15例。分别在术前以及术后6、12个月进行生物力学测试。采用Vicon红外动作捕捉系统和Kistler三维测力台同步采集受试者楼梯行走的运动学和动力学数据。结果 在上楼梯时,TKA组受试者术前膝屈曲力矩峰值显著低于UKA组,术后6个月到达膝屈曲/内收力矩峰值时间、膝屈曲力矩冲量及膝内收力矩峰值负载率显著小于UKA组。在下楼梯时,UKA组术前和术后6个月伸膝功率峰值显著较小,垂直地面反作用力峰值负载率术前显著较大,膝伸展力矩峰值术后6个月显著较大;在术后12个月,楼梯行走的生物力学特征未出现明显的差异性。结论 TKA组和UKA组在手术后表现出相似的膝关节功能,但TKA组可能采取不同于UKA组的下肢生物力学模式。在楼梯行走时,UKA组术后表现出更好的股四头肌控制能力,提高了楼梯行走尤其是下楼梯的姿势控制能力,而TKA组则采取保守的楼梯步态策略以降低楼梯行走的膝关节负荷。相比于力矩峰值,到达力矩峰值的时间及力矩峰值负载率是发现膝关节负荷差异性更灵敏的指标。     

全膝关节置换术后早期步态与预后功能的相关性分析

目的探讨全膝关节置换(total knee arthroplasty, TKA)术后14 d步态参数与术后3个月膝关节功能和生活质量的相关性。方法采用三维步态系统分析18名患者TKA术后14 d患侧步行特征,运用WOMAC和SF-36评价量表评估患者TKA术后3个月的膝关节功能指数及生活质量并分析其相关性。结果 TKA术后14 d,术侧单支撑时间和摆动期膝关节屈角峰值均显著小于健侧,术侧站立中期膝关节屈角和膝外翻角均显著大于健侧;步行过程中,术侧的时空参数指标与WOMAC评分存在中度负相关,膝屈角峰值、站立中期膝屈角及外翻角与WOMAC评分存在高度相关性;除步长、步速外,其余步态参数指标均与SF-36生活质量评分具有显著相关性。其中,单支撑时间和膝关节屈角峰值具有高度正相关,站立中期膝屈角及外翻角具有中度负相关。结论术后早期(14 d)步态分析结果中术侧单支撑时间、站立中期膝关节屈角、膝外翻角及摆动期膝关节屈角峰值可以作为判断TKA手术预后膝关节功能及生活质量康复疗效的有效指标。