高效液相色谱法测定牛黄清火丸中黄芩苷的含量

目的:建立牛黄清火丸中黄芩苷的含量测定方法.方法:采用高效液相色谱法.色谱柱:Thermo ODS-2HYPERSIL C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相:甲醇-0.4%磷酸溶液(45:55,V/V),流速:1.0ml·min-1,检测波长:312 nm,柱温:30℃.结果:黄芩苷在-.01～0.06 mg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6);平均加样回收率为99.06%,RSD=0.8%(n=9).结论:方法简便易行,结果准确可靠,可适用于牛黄清火丸的质量控制.     

高效液相色谱法测定牛黄至宝丸中胆红素的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定牛黄至宝丸中胆红素含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为Dikma C_(18)(250mm×4.6mm, 5μm);流动相为氯仿-甲醇-2%二乙胺水溶液(80:19:1),检测波长:450nm,流速:1 ml·min~(-1)柱温:45℃。结果:胆红素在0.63～1.89μg·ml~(-1)浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),加样回收率为99.4%,RSD为0.5%(n=9)。结论:本方法准确可靠,方法简便,可用于测定牛黄至宝丸中胆红素的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定脑塞通丸中人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1的含量

目的建立脑塞通丸的含量测定方法.方法采用高效液相色谱法.色谱柱Agilent Technologies ZORBAX ExtendC18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长203 nm,柱温35℃.结果人参皂苷Rg1在8.516～425.8μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为97.6%,RSD=1.7%(n=6);人参皂苷Re在20.06～1003μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),平均加样回收率为97.6%,RSD=2.0%(n=6);人参皂苷Rb1在19.456～972.8μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),平均加样回收率为96.8%,RSD=1.3%(n=6).结论该方法简便易行,结果准确可靠,可适用于脑塞通丸的质量控制.     

HPLC法测定红药片中三七皂苷R1和人参皂苷Rg1的含量

目的:建立红药片的HPLC含量测定方法。方法:色谱柱:Agilent Extend-C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相:乙腈-0.3%磷酸溶液(19:81),流速:1.0ml·min~(-1),检测波长:203 nm,柱温:40℃。结果:三七皂苷R_1在0.03～0.90μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9);平均加样回收率为100.0%,RSD=1.3%(n=5);人参皂苷Rg_1在0.10～3.00μg范围内线性关系良好(r=1.000 0);平均加样回收率为99.5%,RSD=0.6%(n=5)。结论:该方法简便易行,结果准确,可适用于红药片的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定盐酸普鲁卡因葡萄糖注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因和对氨基苯甲酸的含量

目的:用HPLC法同时测定盐酸普鲁卡因葡萄糖注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因和对氨基苯甲酸含量.方法:色谱柱为Nova-PakC18(150 mm×4.0 mm,4μm);流动相为甲醇-10mmol·L-1 NaH2PO4溶液(用磷酸调pH6.48,含2 mml·L-1三乙胺)(30:70,V/V);流速为0.7 ml·min-1;检测波长为287 nm,柱温30℃.结果:盐酸普鲁卡因浓度在O.1～1.0 mg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.998 9),平均加样回收率98.9%(n=3,RSD=1.4%);对氨基苯甲酸浓度在1～10μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6),平均加样回收率99.2%(n=3,RSD=1.6%).结论:该方法准确、直观、便于盐酸普鲁卡因葡萄糖注射液质量控制.     

HPLC法测定抗菌消炎胶囊中槲皮素和山柰素的含量

目的建立抗菌消炎胶囊中槲皮素和山柰素含量测定的高效液相色谱方法。方法色谱柱:Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-4mL·L~(-1)磷酸溶液(50∶50);柱温:30℃;流速:1.0mL·min~(-1);检测波长:360nm。结果槲皮素质量浓度在1.034~20.68μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 3),加样回收率为97.14%,RSD值为0.84%(n=6);山柰素质量浓度在2.061~41.22μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 1),加样回收率为98.05%,RSD值为0.59%(n=6)。结论该方法定量准确可靠,操作简便,灵敏度高,可用于抗菌消炎胶囊的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方利血平片中4种成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定复方利血平片中硫酸双肼屈嗪、氢氯噻嗪、维生素B_1和维生素B_6含量的高效液相色谱法。方法:采用Hypersil BDS C_(18)柱(200mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为0.01mol·L~(-1)庚烷磺酸钠溶液-乙腈-甲醇-三乙胺(65:20:15:0.02),用5%磷酸溶液调节pH至3.6;检测波长为240nm。结果:硫酸双肼屈嗪在32.5～406.7μg·ml~(-1)(r=0.999 2),氢氯噻嗪在24.4～304.4μg·ml~(-1)(r=0.999 4),维生素B_1在8.5～106.6μg·ml~(-1)(r=0.999 3),维生素B_6在8.5～106.0μg·ml~(-1) (r=0.999 1)浓度范围内线性关系良好;硫酸双肼屈嗪回收率为100.2%,RSD为0.8%(n=9),氢氯噻嗪回收率为99.7%,RSD为1.0%(n=9),维生素B_1回收率为100.0%,RSD为0.9%(n=9),维生素B_6回收率为100.5%,RSD为0.9%(n=9)。结论:本法操作简便、快捷,结果准确,可用于复方利血平片的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法测定固经丸中芍药苷的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定固经丸中芍药苷的含量。方法:ZORBAX SB-C_(18)分析柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-0.05 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾溶液-三乙胺(28:72:0.5);检测波长:230 nm;流速:1.0 ml·min~(-1),柱温:40℃。结果:芍药苷在0.44～3.96μg范围内的线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均加样回收率为99.2%(n=5),RSD 1.2%(n=5)。结论:该方法准确,灵敏度高,重现性好。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定鹿蹄草中齐墩果酸和熊果酸的含量

目的:建立同时测定鹿蹄草中齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量的方法。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Kromasil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸(88∶12∶0.15,V/V/V),流速为0.9 ml/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长为210 nm。结果:齐墩果酸进样量在0.462⁴.620μg时,与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 98,n=6),平均加样回收率为98.6%,RSD=2.1%(n=6);熊果酸进样量在1.0644.620μg时,与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 98,n=6),平均加样回收率为98.6%,RSD=2.1%(n=6);熊果酸进样量在1.064¹0.640μg时,与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 99,n=6),平均加样回收率为98.5%,RSD=2.2%(n=6)。结论:该方法操作简单、结果准确、重复性好,适用于鹿蹄草中齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量的同时测定。     

HPLC法测定生血颗粒中补骨脂素、异补骨脂素的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定生血颗粒中补骨脂素和异补骨素的含量。方法:色谱柱为SB-C_(18)柱(250mm×4.6mm,10μm);柱温:40℃;流动相为甲醇-水(50:50);流速为1.0ml·min~(-1);检测波长为246nm。结果:补骨脂素在1.135～45.400μg·ml~(-1)范围内、异补骨脂素在1.035～41.400μg·ml~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(相关系数分别为r=0.999 9和r=1.000 0),平均回收率分别为97.05%和96.36%(RSD分别为0.78%和0.86%,n=6)。结论:所建立的方法稳定性可靠、灵敏,结果准确,可用于生血颗粒的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.